Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Counseling and Educational Psychology of the School of Education, 2007. / Adviser: Thomas L. Sexton. Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-148). Also available online.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 5, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Charles M. Borduin. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Th. M.)--Calvin Theological Seminary, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-110).

Thesis project (D. Min.)--Denver Seminary, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-268).

Många studier har gjorts inom området familjeterapi men sällan har barnens egna upplevelser utvärderats. Studiens syfte är att utforska barns erfarenheter av familjeterapi. Frågeställningarna behandlar barnens förväntningar inför terapin, men även deras skildringar av familjesamtalen och situationen efter avslutad terapi. I studien, som har en kvalitativ ansats, har åtta barn i åldrarna 5-12 år intervjuats med hjälp av semistrukturerade frågor och "tjejpingmetod" (Soltvedt, M. 2005). Resultaten visar att de flesta barn, trots sina positiva förväntningar innan terapin, upplever familjesamtalen i första hand som "vuxensamtal" där det är föräldrarna som får stöd och hjälp. De tycker att det har varit svårt att förstå och göra sig förstådda i samtalen. Barnen uttrycker en önskan om deltagande i samtalen men upplever ofta ett utanförskap, obehag och osäkerhet gällande sin roll i terapin. De flesta av barnen ser sig själva som "ensam problembärare", vilket är en bild som föräldrarna ofta bekräftar. Syskons deltagande lyfts fram som en tryggande faktor för barnen, liksom de icke-verbala inslagen i terapin. De barn som haft BOF (Barnorienterad familjeterapi) som behandlingsmetod eller andra icke-verbala inslag i terapin är nöjdast och har upplevt störst delaktighet. I studien visar barnen prov på sin kapacitet som informanter om sin situation. En förbättrad förståelse för barns upplevelser av familjeterapi möjliggör utvecklingen då det gäller terapeuters kompetens och terapeutiska metoder som på ett tydligare sätt är till gagn för både barn och vuxna. / Many studies have been done in the field of family therapy but the children's own experiences are rarely evaluated. The aim of the present study is to explore children's experiences of family therapy. The research questions addresses the children´s expectations before family therapy but also their descriptions of the family conversations and the situation after finished therapy. In the study, which has a qualitative approach, eight children (five boys and three girls) between 5-12 years of age, have been interviewed by using semi-structured questions and "tape method -playful conversation" (Soltvedt, M. 2005). The results shows that most children, despite their positive expectations prior to family therapy, experience family conversations primarily as an "adult conversation" where it is the parents that get support and help. They think it has been difficult to understand and make themselves understood in the conversations. The children expressed a desire to participate but often experienced exclusion, discomfort and uncertainty regarding their role in therapy. Most of the children see themselves as "single problem carrier", which is an image that parents often confirm. Siblings involvement is highlighted as a securing element, as well as the non-verbal elements of therapy. Those children that had BOF (Child-Oriented Family therapy) as a treatment method or other non-verbal elements of therapy are most satisfied and have experienced the greatest participation. In the study the children demonstrated their capacity as informants about their situation. An improved understanding of children's experiences of family therapy enables progress regarding the therapist's competence and therapeutic methods, which clearly is beneficial to both children and adults.

Internationell forskning visar att samtliga etablerade psykoterapier är likvärdigt effektiva och att utfallet påverkas av såväl egenskaper hos terapeut samt klient som av relationen dem emellan. Syftet med studien var att identifiera innebörden i fenomenet allians i systemisk familjeterapi och studien har genomförts med fyra familjeterapeuter i en semistrukturerad fokusgrupp. Studien visade att allians i familjeterapi är ett samspelsfält inkluderande två relaterandenivåer såsom ram och interaktion. De två nivåerna omfattade aspekterna förtrogenhet, asymmetri, relatera till flera, samförstånd, närvaro och berördhet. I resultatet visades också att allians i systemisk familjeterapi handlar om flera allianser mellan terapeut och klienter i olika system. Frågan som har väckts i studien rör om det är relevant att använda begreppet allians i familjeterapi på klientsystem utöver en individ? Förslag till fortsatt forskning är att studera fenomenet allians i familjeterapi ur ett intersubjektivt perspektiv. / International research shows that all established psychotherapy is equally effective and that the outcome is influenced by capacities of the therapist and client as well as the relationship between them. The aim of this study was to identify meaning to the phenomenon of alliance in family therapy and the study was carried out with four family therapists in a semi-structured focus-group. The study showed that alliance in family therapy is an interplay field including two relation levels such as frame and interaction. The two levels comprised the aspects of familiarity, asymmetry, relation to several, consensus, presence and affectedness. The result also showed that alliance in family therapy is about several alliances between therapist and client in different systems. The question raised in the study deals with the relevance to use the concept alliance in family therapy on client systems beyond an individual? Suggestions for continued research are to study the phenomenon of alliance in family therapy from an intersubjective perspective.

[pt] Na clínica com famílias, constata-se que os segredos familiares possuem funções de preservação da privacidade e da autonomia. Na psicoterapia familiar, determinados segredos assumem uma função central, enredando os membros em alianças inconscientes e pactos denegativos. Tal situação favorece o surgimento, na família, de angústias primitivas e fantasias relacionadas aos seus efeitos, à sua manutenção e à sua possível descoberta. Essas questões tornam-se particularmente pertinentes nos atendimentos, não só pela psicodinâmica envolvida, mas também por haver ressonâncias dos segredos de família no terapeuta e no processo terapêutico de modo geral. Em termos contratransferenciais, o terapeuta pode ficar às voltas com as mais variadas sensações, como dor de cabeça, entorpecimento, ansiedade e confusão. Pode também sentir medo, constrangimento e vergonha ao abordar determinados assuntos, às vezes chegando a perder sua capacidade de pensar e de fazer ligações entre os conteúdos mentais. Contrastada com tais vivências, observa-se também uma curiosidade detetivesca despertada no terapeuta quando em contato com essas famílias, o que pode comprometer a relação terapêutica e os atendimentos propriamente ditos. Diante das dificuldades envolvidas nessas situações, cabe interrogar: como pode o terapeuta compreender os fenômenos contratransferenciais mobilizados nas situações que envolvem segredos de família e utilizá-los a favor do tratamento? No presente estudo, reflete-se sobre tal questão. O conceito de contratransferência é abordado, desde as primeiras teorizações sobre o fenômeno clínico, assim como as noções de contratransferência familiar e de contratransferência mítica. Posteriormente, aborda-se a literatura psicanalítica sobre os segredos familiares diferenciando os tipos de segredos que são constitutivos do psiquismo e da capacidade de pensar autonomamente, daqueles que são vivenciados com angústia, vergonha e/ou humilhação. Por último, busca-se realizar uma articulação entre contratransferência e segredos familiares, tecendo considerações sobre a técnica envolvida no tratamento dessas situações clínicas. / [en] Based on the clinical practice with families, it was observed that certain secrets assume a fundamental function, entangling the family members in unconscious alliances and denegative pacts. Such a situation favors the emergence, within the family, of primitive angsts and fantasies related to their effects, their maintenance and possible discovery. These questions become particularly pertinent in clinical encounters, not only because of the psychodynamic involved, but also because family secrets resonate in the therapist, as well as in the therapeutic process overall. In regards to the countertransference, the therapist can be faced with diverse sensations, such as headache, numbing, anxiety, and confusion. He might also experience embarrassment when dealing with certain themes, as if he had lost his ability to think and establish connections among mental contents. He might be disturbed by these contents, and sometimes forced to establish agreements with some family members in detriment to other members. In contrast to these experiences, we also observe a detective-like curiosity emerging in the therapist when in contact with these families, which may compromise both the therapeutic relationship and the treatment itself. Given the difficulties involved in these situations, one may ask: how can the therapist understand these counter-transferencial phenomena mobilized in situations that involve family secrets, and how can he use them in the benefit of treatment? Aiming at answering these questions, a literature review on the counter-transference concept was conducted, from the first conceptualizations of this clinical phenomenon established by Freud (1910), Melaine Klein (1946), Paula Heimann (1950; 1969) and Racker (1948) to the notions of family counter-transference (Eiguer, 1995) and mythical counter-transference (Losso, 2001). Later, it was approached the psychoanalytical literature regarding family secrets, differentiating the types of secrets that are fundamental, those that constitute the psyche and the capacity to think autonomously from those that are experienced as angst, shame and/or humiliation. Finally, we attempted to articulate counter-transference and family secrets to the considerations regarding the techniques involved in treating these clinical situations.

Orientador: Alessandra Turini Bolsoni-Silva / Banca: Dagma Venturini Marques Abramides / Banca: Claudia Moreira Almeida Verdu / Resumo: A supervisão de estágio é um processo de ensino e de aprendizagem que visa gerar mudanças no comportamento do estagiário/terapeuta, a fim de facilitar a prática clínica do futuro psicólogo. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos complementares. O primeiro estudo buscou apresentar dados referentes a uma intervenção realizada por terapeutas com pais que sse queixavam de problemas de comportamentos internalizantes dos filhos. Foram feitas aplicações de instrumentos nos pais para avaliar a efetividade dos atendimentos e analises dos dados referentes ao processo terapêutico, por meio da descrição da interação terapêutica. O que se obteve nesse estudo, foi de que os pais, após a intervenção, reduziram as queixas levantadas antes dos atendimentos. A interação terapêutica se mostrou como uma ferramenta importante que contribuiu para a melhora dos clientes. Pretendeu-se compreender melhor o processo de supervisão de estágio e se a supervisão era uma variável a ser considerada diante dos dados observados no primeiro estudo. A partir da identificação e descrição de categorias comportamentais do supervisor de estágio e de estagiários durante o processo de supervisão oral e escrita. O mesmoe estudo também descreveu se as estagiárias aplicaram ou não as recomendações dadas pela supervisora, além de identificar quais foram essas recomendações. Notou-se que as recomendações fornecidas pela supervisora foram seguidas, em sua maior parte, e possibilitaram a aquisição de habilidades terapêuticas por parte das estagiárias, havendo uma contribuição para o fim das queixas trazidas pelos clientes. Ao fim, questões metodológicas e novas possibilidades de pesquisa foram discutidas / Abstract: The probation supervision is a process of teaching and learning that aims to generat / Mestre

The purpose of this study was to compare western family therapy to the "imbizo" system that is used as a kind of family therapy in the black cultural environment. The "imbizo" system is different from western therapy in its composition. Relatives play a more prominent role than in western family therapy. The imbizo system provides unique support and aftercare to its clients. Unlike western therapy, it requires no payment of fees. The "imbizo" excludes children while western family therapy includes every family member as part of the system in the therapeutic process. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three male respondents from the Nguni ethnic group and one male and two females from the Sotho ethnic group. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Introduction: The study investigates how family treatment done under coercion affects the ability of family therapists to create therapeutic alliance with families, and if this affects the therapist’s feelings of the possibility of creating changes. Questions: How family therapists are affected in their work to create a therapeutic alliance when the family is under / threatening care of young persons act (LVU)? Are there important relational elements in treatment that contribute to change when there is LVU or threat of LVU? Method: Qualitative interview investigation and thematic analysis. Results: The results of the study show that therapists feel it is of the utmost importance that they prove to be a "normal person", are given the opportunity to co-operate with the family and that they raise strengths rather than weaknesses, to reach an alliance. The result also shows that respondents experience it as aggravating when it comes to the creation of alliance, as collaboration with social services is sometimes complicated. They find it easier to create alliance when the family themselves ask for treatment. They believe that change is possible, albeit more difficult, when coercion exists. Discussion: The outcome of the study is discussed, partly from an intersubjective and systemic perspective. / Inledning: Studien undersöker hur familjebehandling som sker under tvång påverkar möjligheten för familjebehandlare att skapa terapeutisk arbetsallians med familjens medlemmar samt om detta i så fall påverkar familjebehandlarnas känsla för möjligheten att skapa förändring i familjer som fått insatsen via socialtjänsten. Frågeställningar:  Hur påverkas familjebehandlarna i sitt arbete med att skapa en terapeutisk allians när familjen är under/eller hot om LVU? Finns speciellt viktiga relationella inslag i familjebehandlingen, som bidrar till förändring då det föreligger LVU eller hot om LVU? Metod: Kvalitativ intervju-undersökning och tematisk analys. Resultat: Resultatet av studien visar att familjebehandlarna för att nå en terapeutisk allians. upplever det som av stor vikt att de visar sig vara en ”vanlig människa”, att de får ges möjligheten att samgå med familjen samt att de lyfter styrkor snarare än svagheter. Resultatet pekar på att familjebehandlarna som tillfrågats upplever det som försvårande när det kommer till skapande av allians, vid de tillfällen då samarbetet med socialtjänsten är komplicerat. De upplever det lättare att skapa allians då familjen själva efterfrågar behandling, än när insatsen är tvingande. De menar att förändring är möjlig, om än svårare, då tvång föreligger. Diskussion: Studiens resultat diskuteras, delvis ur ett intersubjektivt och systemiskt perspektiv.