The objective of this study is to conduct a cost/effectiveness analysis of the computation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the peninsular of Florida. A meteorological station on the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida was used to provide data for the calculation of ETo. Five ETo equations were tested to determine the accuracy and cost/effectiveness to the fully measured ASCE Penman-Monteith (Full ASCE-PM) equation on daily, monthly, and annually time steps. The ETo equations ranged in amounts of parameters from the Full ASCE-PM to the Hargreaves. The energy terms accounted for approximately 90% of the total ETo flux. Solar radiation alone also accounted for approximately 90% of the total ETo flux. The highest cost-effectiveness ratios were equations that were able to accurately estimate values without relying on expensive meteorological equipment and/or omitted terms that had a lesser influence on the magnitude of ETo. The seasonal variability in the climate and consequently the emphasis of each meteorological parameter on ETo will create seasonal errors in the reduced sets of the ETo equations. Large seasonal errors were associated with temperature based ETo equations, while solar radiation based ETo equations accurately preserved the seasonal trends. At least in Florida, solar radiation is the key driving force in both the magnitude and the seasonality of ETo.

La conception des engrenages spiro-coniques reste encore très complexe de nos jours car la géométrie des dentures, et donc les performances cinématiques, découle du mode de fabrication de ce type d'engrenage. Le taillage est lié à deux constructeurs principaux : Gleason et Klingelnberg. De nombreux paramètres de réglage des machines influencent directement les surfaces de denture, leur optimisation n'est donc pas intuitive. Avec les progrès réalisés cette dernière décennie par les machines d'usinage à commande numérique et la FAO (Fabrication Assistée par Ordinateur), il devient possible de fabriquer des engrenages spiro-coniques de bonne qualité sur une machine 5 axes. Un modèle numérique a été développé pour générer une géométrie simplifiée de type Gleason, usinée par la suite avec une machine 5 axes. Une étude de métrologie, permettant de comparer les dents usinées avec les modèles CAO, a ensuite été réalisée pour prouver que l'usinage par une machine 5 axes peut être une alternative aux méthodes de taillage classiques. De nouveaux types de géométrie peuvent donc être proposés, qui ne pouvaient pas être envisagés par les moyens de fabrication classiques. Une géométrie basée sur la théorie des développantes sphériques, combinée à une spirale logarithmique a été développée, puis usinée. De plus, des corrections de bombé ou de profil peuvent être définies afin d'éviter les contacts en bords de denture. Ce type de géométrie analytique offre des possibilités plus simples d'optimisation de l'engrènement. L'optimisation des surfaces peut être réalisée à l'aide du modèle d'engrènement quasi-statique sous charge développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. L'environnement de l'engrenage est pris en compte dans la simulation : déformation des arbres, des dentures et de leurs supports (jantes et voiles) ainsi que les déformations locales de contact. La méthode des coefficients d'influence est utilisée pour résoudre le partage des charges entre toutes les dents instantanément en contact. Une méthode originale, utilisant sur un seul calcul élément finis et la définition de bases de fonctions, permet de calculer rapidement les flexions de denture dans leur environnement. Les déformations de contacts sont, quant à elles, obtenues par une méthode analytique, basée sur les théories de Boussinesq. De plus, des défauts d'assemblage peuvent être intégrés entre le pignon et la roue spiro-conique. Afin de valider les modèles numériques développés, un banc d'essai a été mis en place, permettant la mesure de l'erreur de transmission et la visualisation des portées. Le banc d'essai est intégré dans une fraiseuse numérique 3 axes : le pignon est monté dans la broche de la fraiseuse, le reste du banc étant bridé sur son plateau. Ainsi, des défauts de montage peuvent être appliqués facilement et précisément.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-11-11T17:02:12Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-11T17:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O Estudo de Dieta Total (EDT) tem sido recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como o método mais adequado para estimar as ingestões dietéticas de contaminantes e nutrientes para um país ou grandes grupos populacionais. O presente estudo é o segundo realizado no Brasil, atualizado com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar-POF 2008-2009 do IBGE, para avaliação de ingestão dietética dos elementos essenciais e tóxicos referente à região Sudeste do Brasil. Os alimentos que compõe a lista de alimentos foram coletados em mercados, preparados como prontos para consumo, liofilizados e homogeneizados para a análise pelos Métodos de Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA) e Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite (GF-AAS). Foram determinados os elementos As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sc, Se e Zn. Os valores de ingestão dietética diária dos elementos foram calculados e mostraram-se satisfatórios para os elementos Cl, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se e Zn. Para Ca, Cr e K as ingestões dietéticas calculadas encontraram-se abaixo das recomendações nutricionais. Já para os elementos cujos valores de ingestão diária média superaram as recomendações nutricionais (Cu, Fe, Mg e Mn), as ingestões foram comparadas com os valores de Limite tolerável de ingestão (UL). Concluiu-se que nenhum elemento se encontrava em quantidade acima desses limites, exceto o Na que apresentou valor ligeiramente mais alto que o UL. Em relação aos elementos tóxicos, os valores de concentração estiveram muito abaixo dos valores limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, exceto para o As no grupo de peixes. Porém a ingestão de peixe é baixa, o que contribuiu para que a ingestão dietética de As nesse estudo estivesse bem abaixo do limite máximo tolerável preconizado pela JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), assim como o valor de ingestão dietética mensal de Cd, que esteve bem abaixo limite tolerável mensal (PTMI). / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La stéatohépatite non alcoolique (NASH) est une maladie du foie à évolution clinique grave, dont la prévalence est en constante progression. La stéatohépatite non alcoolique est caractérisée par un dépôt excessif de lipides dans les hépatocytes (stéatose) associé à une inflammation chronique, au contraire de la stéatose hépatique (NAFLD), manifestation initiale mais bénigne d'un dérèglement métabolique. Le NASH augmente le risque de progression vers la fibrose, la cirrhose et le carcinome hépatocellulaire et ne peut être soigné que par une greffe hépatique. Le risque de développer un diabète de type est aussi significativement augmenté chez les patients atteints de NASH. PPAR⍺ est un récepteur nucléaire connu pour réguler l'utilisation des acides gras dans le foie et réprimer les voies de signalisation pro-inflammatoires. [...]Nous avons conçu mutant de PPAR⍺ dont l'activité de liaison à l'ADN est abolie. La comparaison de ses activités transcriptionnelles in vitro avec le PPAR⍺ non muté démontre que les activités de contrôle du métabolisme sont abolies pour ce mutant, alors que les activités anti-inflammatoires restent intactes. [...] Dans cette étude, nous montrons donc pour la première fois que PPAR⍺ inhibe la progression de la stéatose vers le NASH et la fibrose par un mécanisme anti-inflammatoire direct, indépendant de son effet sur le métabolisme lipidique hépatique. / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent liver condition characterized by excessive lipid deposition in the hepatocytes steatohepatitis (NASH) is hallamarked by chronic inflammation. NASH markedly increases the risk of progression towards liver fibrosis, cirrhosis ans hepatocellular carcinoma. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR⍺) regulates hepatic fatty acid utilization and represses pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. [...]Liver-specific expression of wild type or DNA binding-deficient PPAR⍺ in acute and chronic models of inflammation demonstrated that PPAR's anti-inflammatory, but not metabolic activities, result from DNA binding-independent mechanisms in vivo. We futher show that PPAR⍺ inhits the transition from steatosis toward NASH and fibrosis through a direct, anti-inflammatory mechanism independent of its effetc on hepatic lipid metabolism.

What happens when resources get valuable and scarce? How is Intellectual Property dealing with market failures related to sub-patentable innovation or purely traditional knowledge with interesting applications? The protection of traditional knowledge and genetic resources (TKGR) has been one of the major modern challenges in international IP law. The entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its implementation in national legislation has created more questions than the ones it answered. The objective of this dissertation is to assist in the evaluation of current national and regional implementation initiatives as well in the presentation and evaluation of different forms of entitlements that could be applicable in the case of TKGR. The dissertation has employed a theoretical framework for this evaluation, by combining the Coase Theorem and Rawls' theory of justice. The choice of these two theoretical models is not a random one. In order for the entitlement covering TKGR to be successful, it has to be efficient. It has to offer a stable and efficient marketplace where access to TKGR is possible without unnecessary frictions. However, efficiency could not be the only objective.  An entitlement focusing solely on efficiency would fall short of the needs and special considerations of TKGR trade. It would above all be counter to the objectives and major principles of the CBD, the “fair and equitable sharing of the benefits” and would certainly fail to address the very important North-South perspective.  Fairness is thus a necessary complement to the efficiency of the proposed entitlement. This dissertation proposes a thorough investigation of the special characteristics, of right-holders, subject-matter, market place as well as of the general expectations that an entitlement is supposed to fulfill. In parallel to that, it  looks into the meaning and scope of alternative entitlements in order to be able to propose the best alternative.

Following the Second World War, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) teamed up to construct an international Codex Alimentarius (or “food code”) in 1962. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, the Codex Europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft food standards. Once ratified, the standards were distributed to governments for voluntary adoption and implementation. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards. The role of science within this highly political and economic organization poses interesting questions about the process of knowledge production and the scientific expertise underpinning the food standards. Standards were constructed and contested according to the Codex twin goals of: (1) protecting public health, and (2) facilitating trade. One recent criticism of Codex is that these two aims are opposed, or that one is given primacy over the other, which results in protectionism. Bearing these themes in mind, in this dissertation I examine the relationship between the scientific and the ‘social’ elements embodied by the Codex food standards since its inception after the Second World War. I argue that these attempts to reach scientific standards represent an example of coproduction– one in which the natural and social orders are produced alongside each other. What follows from this central claim is an attempt to characterize the pre-WTO years of the Codex through a case study approach. The narrative begins with a description of the predecessor regional group the Codex europaeus, and then proceeds to key areas affecting human health: 1) food additives, 2) food hygiene, and 3) pesticides residues.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de comprendre le fonctionnement d'un écosystème semi-aride, en développant des méthodologies permettant de combiner des mesures satellites optique et micro-onde et un modèle semi-empirique pour estimer l'évapotranspiration et sa dynamique saisonnière dans une région semi-aride (plaine de Kairouan). L'estimation de cette dernière nécessite une bonne description de la dynamique du couvert végétal et un suivi du stock d'eau dans le sol. Pour se faire, une analyse de la dynamique de la végétation est faite sur la base de la série temporelle SPOT VEGETATION de 1998 à 2010. Pour appréhender le comportement de la végétation face à des fréquentes périodes de sècheresse, une analyse fractale est developpée pour étudier la persistance du couvert végétal. Un nouvel indice statistique VAI " Vegetation Anomaly Index " décrivant l'état du stress hydrique de la végétation a été proposé. Cet indice quantitatif permet de décrire à l'échelle mensuelle l'état de la végétation. Plusieurs approches de validation sont mises en œuvre pour montrer la performance de cet indice. En termes de suivi du stock d'eau dans le sol, l'analyse est basée sur des produits d'humidité (IPF Université de Vienne) des diffusiomètres spatiaux ERS et ASCAT/METOP. Ces produits ont été validés sur notre site d'étude via deux approches différentes. Un indice de sécheresse a été proposé à partir de la longue série de produits d'humidité qui couvre vingt années (de 1991 à 2010). L'indice proposé MAI " Moisture Anomaly Index " est basé sur une analyse des anomalies des variabilités temporelles des stocks d'eau dans le sol, estimées par les satellites ERS et ASCAT/METOP. Une analyse comparative avec d'autres indices de sécheresse, particulièrement le SPI " Standardized Precipitation Index " est faite pour mettre en évidence la performance de cet indice. Ces informations tirées à partir des deux séries temporelles optiques et micro-ondes sont ensuite intégrées dans un modèle simple et opérationnel, le modèle FAO-56 (approche double coefficient culturale) pour la cartographie de l'évapotranspiration réelle journalière. Une validation de cette approche est proposée en confrontant les résultats avec des sorties d'un modèle SVAT : ISBA-A-gs.

Following the Second World War, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) teamed up to construct an international Codex Alimentarius (or “food code”) in 1962. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, the Codex Europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft food standards. Once ratified, the standards were distributed to governments for voluntary adoption and implementation. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards. The role of science within this highly political and economic organization poses interesting questions about the process of knowledge production and the scientific expertise underpinning the food standards. Standards were constructed and contested according to the Codex twin goals of: (1) protecting public health, and (2) facilitating trade. One recent criticism of Codex is that these two aims are opposed, or that one is given primacy over the other, which results in protectionism. Bearing these themes in mind, in this dissertation I examine the relationship between the scientific and the ‘social’ elements embodied by the Codex food standards since its inception after the Second World War. I argue that these attempts to reach scientific standards represent an example of coproduction– one in which the natural and social orders are produced alongside each other. What follows from this central claim is an attempt to characterize the pre-WTO years of the Codex through a case study approach. The narrative begins with a description of the predecessor regional group the Codex europaeus, and then proceeds to key areas affecting human health: 1) food additives, 2) food hygiene, and 3) pesticides residues.

La conception des engrenages spiro-coniques reste encore très complexe de nos jours car la géométrie des dentures, et donc les performances cinématiques, découle du mode de fabrication de ce type d’engrenage. Le taillage est lié à deux constructeurs principaux : Gleason et Klingelnberg. De nombreux paramètres de réglage des machines influencent directement les surfaces de denture, leur optimisation n’est donc pas intuitive. Avec les progrès réalisés cette dernière décennie par les machines d’usinage à commande numérique et la FAO (Fabrication Assistée par Ordinateur), il devient possible de fabriquer des engrenages spiro-coniques de bonne qualité sur une machine 5 axes. Un modèle numérique a été développé pour générer une géométrie simplifiée de type Gleason, usinée par la suite avec une machine 5 axes. Une étude de métrologie, permettant de comparer les dents usinées avec les modèles CAO, a ensuite été réalisée pour prouver que l’usinage par une machine 5 axes peut être une alternative aux méthodes de taillage classiques. De nouveaux types de géométrie peuvent donc être proposés, qui ne pouvaient pas être envisagés par les moyens de fabrication classiques. Une géométrie basée sur la théorie des développantes sphériques, combinée à une spirale logarithmique a été développée, puis usinée. De plus, des corrections de bombé ou de profil peuvent être définies afin d’éviter les contacts en bords de denture. Ce type de géométrie analytique offre des possibilités plus simples d’optimisation de l’engrènement. L'optimisation des surfaces peut être réalisée à l’aide du modèle d’engrènement quasi-statique sous charge développé dans le cadre de cette thèse. L’environnement de l’engrenage est pris en compte dans la simulation : déformation des arbres, des dentures et de leurs supports (jantes et voiles) ainsi que les déformations locales de contact. La méthode des coefficients d’influence est utilisée pour résoudre le partage des charges entre toutes les dents instantanément en contact. Une méthode originale, utilisant sur un seul calcul élément finis et la définition de bases de fonctions, permet de calculer rapidement les flexions de denture dans leur environnement. Les déformations de contacts sont, quant à elles, obtenues par une méthode analytique, basée sur les théories de Boussinesq. De plus, des défauts d’assemblage peuvent être intégrés entre le pignon et la roue spiro-conique. Afin de valider les modèles numériques développés, un banc d’essai a été mis en place, permettant la mesure de l'erreur de transmission et la visualisation des portées. Le banc d’essai est intégré dans une fraiseuse numérique 3 axes : le pignon est monté dans la broche de la fraiseuse, le reste du banc étant bridé sur son plateau. Ainsi, des défauts de montage peuvent être appliqués facilement et précisément. / The design of spiral bevel gears is still very complex nowadays because the tooth geometry, and thus the kinematic performance, come from the manufacturing process of this type of gear. The cutting is related to two major manufacturers: Gleason and Klingelnberg. Many machine settings drive directly the shape of teeth surfaces, their optimization is therefore not intuitive. Due to the progress made during the last decade by the CNC machines and the CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) softwares, it becomes possible to manufacture spiral bevel gears of quite correct quality on a 5-axis milling machine. A numerical model was developed in order to generate a simplified type Gleason geometry. This last was then manufactured with a 5-axis milling machine. A metrological study, comparing the teeth obtained with the CAD models, was then carried out to prove that the manufacturing by 5-axis milling machine can be an alternative to conventional cutting methods. New types of geometry can be then proposed, which could not be considered by the conventional methods of manufacturing. Geometry based on the theory of spherical involutes, combined with a logarithmic spiral was developed and then manufatured. In addition, profile and crowning modifications can be defined to avoid the tooth edge contacts. This type of analytical geometry offers simpler possibilities for optimizing the meshing. The surface optimization can be achieved using the quasi-static meshing model under load developed in the context of this thesis. The surroundings of the gear are taken into account in the simulation: deformation of the shafts, of the gears and their supports (rims for example) as well as the local contact deformations. The influence coefficient method is used to solve the load sharing between all the teeth instantaneously in contact. An original method, using only one finite element computation and the definition of a set of functions, can quickly calculate the teeth bending, taking into account their surroundings. The contact deformations are obtained with an analytical method, based on Boussinesq theories. In addition, meshing defects can be integrated between the spiral beval pinion and gear. To validate the numerical model, a test bench was achieved, allowing the measurement of the loaded transmission error and the visualization of the contact patterns. The test bench is integrated inside a numerical 3-axis milling machine: the pinion is mounted in the spindle of the milling machine, when the base of the bench is clamped on its plate. Thus, assembly errors can be imposed easily and accurately.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T20:20:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIGIA SAMPAIO REIS - TESE PPGEA 2006..pdf: 39057759 bytes, checksum: b8a95f345aae5194c46d6f9979e44ece (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T20:20:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIGIA SAMPAIO REIS - TESE PPGEA 2006..pdf: 39057759 bytes, checksum: b8a95f345aae5194c46d6f9979e44ece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12 / CNPq / O conhecimento sobre o crescimento das espécies cultivadas permite planejar e manejar de forma racional os cultivos, contribuindo para que as espécies consigam expressar todo seu potencial, além de fornecer dados para a construção de modelos matemáticos capazes de descrever a necessidade de água das culturas, através do conhecimento da evapotranspiração. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a caracterização energética e hídrica no desenvolvimento do tomate caqui em ambiente protegido, visando determinação da necessidade de água. Foram feitas as seguintes determinações: fluxos de calor sensível e latente pelos métodos do balanço de energia de Bowen e pelo método de Penman- Monteith; coeficiente da cultura através dos métodos de Linacre, Penman-Monteith e radiação; e evapotranspiração pelos métodos do balanço hídrico e Penman-Monteith. Durante o período experimental, foram tomadas medidas semanais de altura das plantas e comprimento e largura das folhas. Foram ajustados modelos para determinação do índice de área foliar, em função da largura e comprimento das folhas. Comparado ao modelo de Penman-Monteith, o modelo de Linacre subestimou os valores de ETo, quando o saldo de radiação (Rn) foi superior a 7,0 MJ m ; por outro lado, quando Rn ocorreu na faixa de 4 MJ m2 o método de Linacre superestimou a ETo. O saldo de radiação foi consumido em 71% para o fluxo de calor latente no interior do ambiente protegido, e em 15% para o fluxo de calor sensível. Apesar do comportamento dos dois métodos serem os mesmos, os valores encontrados pelo método do balanço hídrico foram maiores que os encontrados pelo método de Penman-Monteith. A relação Rgi e Rge permaneceu constante durante o ciclo com transmissividade de 89%, mostrando, portanto, redução de 18%, provocada pela cobertura de polietileno. A Rg apesar de mostrar uma concordância elevada, apresentou um maior erro quando comparada aos outros elementos, mostrando que existem diferenças significativas entre as mediadas obtidas dentro da estufa e as estimadas pelos dados externos. O valor médio de frutos por planta foi de 21,5, com uma produção de 3,04 kg planta e uma produtividade de 7,6 kg m" , totalizando uma produtividade de 76 t ha" , valor este maior que a média Nacional. Verificou-se, que o maior consumo de água ocorreu na fase reprodutiva. / The knowledge on growth of cultivated species allows to planning and to manage, in a rational way, the cultivations, contributing so that the species get to express ali its potential, besides supplying data for construction of mathematical models capable to describe the need of water by crops, through the knowledge of evapotranspiration. The main objective of this work was the energy and hydric characterization in the development of tomato kaki in greenhouse, seeking determination of the need of water. The following determinations were performed: sensitive and latent heat flows by the methods of energy balance of Bowen and by the method of Penman-Monteith; crop coefficient through the methods of Linacre, Penman-Monteith and radiation; and evapotranspiration by the methods of water balance and Penman-Monteith. During the experimental period, weekly measures of plants height and length and width of leaves were taken. Models were adjusted for determination of the foliar area index, in function of the width and length of the leaves. Compared to the model of Penman-Monteith, the model of Linacre underestimated the values of ETo, when the radiation balance (Rn) was superior to 7.0 MJ m" ; on the other hand, when Rn happened in the strip of 4 MJ m"2 the method of Linacre overestimated ETo. The radiation balance was consumed in 71% by the latent heat flow inside of the greenhouse, and in 15% by the sensitive heat flow. In spite of the behavior of the two methods be the same, the values found by the water balance method were larger than the ones found by the method of Penman- Monteith. The relationship Rgi and Rge stayed constant during the cycle with transmissivity of 89%, showing, therefore, reduction of 18%, provoked by the covering of polyethylene. The Rg, in spite of showing a high agreement, presented a larger error when compared to the other elements, showing that significant differences exist among the measures obtained inside of the greenhouse and the ones estimated by the externai data. The mean value of fruits per plant was of 21.5, with a production of 3.04 kg plant"1 and a productivity of 7.6 kg m"2, totaling a productivity of 76 t ha"1, which is a value larger than the National mean. It was verified that the largest water consumption happened in the reproductive phase.