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THE EFFECTS OF USING BEHAVIORAL SKILLS TRAINING TO TEACH PARENTS TO IMPLEMENT ESCAPE EXTINCTION PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC FEEDING DISORDERSHeckers, Desiree Noelle January 2019 (has links)
The current study evaluated the effects of a Behavioral Skills Training (BST) package on parental implementation of escape extinction in a feeding clinic. Three parents of children enrolled in a clinic-based three-week intensive feeding disorder treatment program participated. The goal of the current study was to improve the already existing parent training component of the clinic’s program by utilizing BST to teach the participants critical skills needed to implement the feeding interventions at home. The BST package included verbal instruction, modeling, and role play with feedback. Generalization probes were conducted during parent-child feeding trials. A multiple baseline across behaviors design demonstrated the effectiveness of the BST package for all participants: percentage of steps implemented correctly increased to high levels for each skill. This study was limited by aspects of the experimental design and lack of generalization data. Future research should aim to close the gaps in the feeding disorder literature regarding parent training; additional research is needed in this subject area. / Applied Behavioral Analysis
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A Little PEP Goes a Long Way in the Treatment of Pediatric Feeding DisordersBoggs, Teresa, Ferguson, Neina 31 March 2016 (has links)
Feeding disorder in young children is a growing concern, particularly feeding challenges with sensory and/or behavioral underpinning. These feeding disorders are characterized by food refusal, anxiety when presented with novel foods, failure to advance to textured foods, and inappropriate mealtime behaviors. The Positive Eating Program (PEP) was developed to remediate feeding disorders by providing rich experiences in food vocabulary, positive sensory nonfood and food activities, and structured and predictable through trials.
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Evaluating the utility of trial-based functional analyses of inappropriate mealtime behavior: A comparison of identified functions across functional analysis methodsStaggers, Meredith Huff 12 May 2023 (has links) (PDF)
A critical first step in addressing problem behavior is to identify the function of the problem, or reason for engaging in the problem behavior, using systematic assessment procedures known as a functional analysis (FA). The literature consistently demonstrates the effectiveness of FAs, and variations of FAs (e.g., trial-based functional analysis [TBFA]) for assessing a variety of topographies of problem behaviors across populations, age groups, and settings; however, the use of TBFAs for assessing the function of inappropriate mealtime behavior (IMB) has been documented in the literature only once. The purpose of the current study was to contribute to the research examining the efficacy of using TBFAs to identify functions of IMB. Results from the current study are mixed. TBFAs lead to the identification of functions of IMB for 1 out of 3 participants. When comparing TBFA results to traditional FA results, partial correspondence was observed for one participant, and no correspondence was observed for the other two participants. Future research should continue to evaluate the efficacy of TBFAs for IMB as well as evaluate the validity of TBFAs for IMB when results yield evidence of functional relationships.
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Desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais de alimentação em lactentes prematuros durante o primeiro ano de vida / Development of oral motor abilities for feeding in premature infants during the first year of lifePagliaro, Carla Lucchi 04 November 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A prematuridade é considerada condição de risco, pois a imaturidade anatomo-fisiológica predispõe a dificuldades para adaptação e evolução na vida após o nascimento. Os problemas alimentares podem persistir nos lactentes prematuros após a alta hospitalar e podem ter consequências a longo prazo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) avaliar o desempenho das habilidades motoras orais (HMO) em lactentes prematuros em três momentos, considerando a idade corrigida (IC), com variação de consistência alimentar: líquido aos 4 meses, semissólido e/ou purê aos 6 meses e sólido aos 12 meses e comparar os resultados obtidos com o grupo controle (GC), (2) avaliar o desempenho das HMO para os lactentes prematuros divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a IG ao nascimento, < 34 semanas (s) e > 34s, e (3) analisar se as variáveis neonatais prematuridade, idade gestacional (IG), gênero, ser pequeno para idade gestacional (PIG), uso de sonda nasogástrica (SNG), intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento e o grau de escolaridade materna interferem no resultado final das avaliações de alimentação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e longitudinal de caráter observacional. Os lactentes foram divididos em grupo pesquisa (GP) (n=55) e GC (n=54). Os critérios de inclusão do GP: lactentes nascidos prematuros acompanhados no ambulatório de neonatologia de um hospital universitário, IG < 37s, peso de nascimento (PN) < 2500g, ausência de síndromes genéticas e de problemas neurológicos. Para o GC: lactentes de termo acompanhados no ambulatório geral de pediatria do mesmo hospital, IG >= 37 semanas, PN >= 2500g, ausência de síndromes genéticas e de problemas neurológicos e sem histórico de dificuldades com a alimentação. Utilizou-se o protocolo SOMA (Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment) para avaliação das HMO para todas as consistências alimentares nos lactentes do GP e GC. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado e adotado nível de significância de 5% e tendência a significância de 5 a 10%. A regressão logística foi conduzida para predizer se o desempenho dos lactentes nas avaliações da alimentação estaria associado ao fato de ser prematuro, da IG, do gênero, de ser PIG, do uso SNG, da intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento e do grau de escolaridade materna. RESULTADOS: Os lactentes prematuros apresentaram função motora oral normal (FMON) para a consistência líquida com o utensílio mamadeira, aos 4 meses de IC (94%), porém foi evidenciada imaturidade para as HMO Lip 3 (lábios vedados firmemente ao redor do bico) (p=0,056) e Lip 5 (incompleto vedamento do lábio superior) (p=0,098), com tendência a significância na comparação com os lactentes a termo. Aos 6 meses de IC, para a consistência semissólida, a FMON foi vista em 73,5% no GP e em 81% no GC. A disfunção motora oral (DMO) foi encontrada em 23,5% no GP e em 9,5% no GC. Para o purê, o GP apresentou FMON em 60% e DMO em 40% e o GC apresentou FMON em 27,3% e a DMO em 72,7%. Aos 12 meses de idade, para a consistência sólida, GP e GC apresentaram bom desempenho das HMO, porém evidenciou-se imaturidade da HMO Lip 1 (movimento do lábio inferior para cima ao contato com a colher) (p=0,085), com tendência a significância no GP na comparação com o GC. Lactentes prematuros nascidos com IG < 34s apresentaram mais imaturidades das HMO de alimentação quando comparados com os lactentes nascidos com IG > 34s, embora os resultados não mostrassem diferenças significantes. As variáveis prematuridade, IG, gênero, grau de escolaridade materna, ser PIG, intubação orotraqueal e uso de SNG não interferiram de forma significante no resultado final obtido nas avaliações das HMO, para as consistências alimentares líquida e sólida, exceto a para a consistência semissólida, a intubação ao nascimento que mostrou diferença significante (p=0,019) CONCLUSÃO: Lactentes prematuros apresentaram bom desempenho no resultado final das HMO obtido nas avaliações de alimentação, com as consistências alimentares líquida, semissólida, purê e sólida, realizadas no primeiro ano de vida, embora a presença de imaturidade das HMO de lábios foram evidenciadas aos 4 e 12 meses de IC. A fase de alimentação com maior incidência para DMO ocorreu aos 6 meses de IC, para a consistência alimentar purê e semissólida. As variáveis neonatais, como a prematuridade, a IG, o gênero, o uso de SNG, intubação orotraqueal e o grau de escolaridade materna não interferiram de forma significante no desempenho das HMO de alimentação para as consistências alimentares líquida e sólida. Dentre as variáveis neonatais, a variável intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento foi considerada um fator de risco preditivo para a ocorrência de DMO em lactentes prematuros, após a alta hospitalar, aos 6 meses de IC, na avaliação das HMO de alimentação, para a consistência semissólida / INTRODUCTION: Prematurity is considered a risk condition, since the anatomical and physiological immaturity predisposes to difficulties for adaptation and evolution in life after birth. The feeding problems presented by premature infants may persist after hospital discharge and might have long term consequences. The study objectives were: (1) to evaluate the oral motor abilities (OMA) of premature infants in three different moments, considering their corrected age (CA) and varying the food consistency: liquids at 4 months, semisolid foods and/or puree at 6 months, and solid foods at 12 months and compare the results with those of a control group (CG), (2) to evaluate the OMA of premature infants divided into two groups, according to their gestational age (GA) at birth: < 34 weeks (w) and > 34w, (3) To analyze whether the neonatal variables prematurity, GA, gender, being small for gestational age (SGA), using a nasogastric feeding tube (NGT), orotracheal intubation at birth, and maternal schooling play a role in the final outcomes of feeding assessments. METHODS: This is an observational longitudinal cross-sectional study, in which infants were divided into CG (n=54) and research group (RG) (n=55). The inclusion criteria for the RG were: premature infants followed-up at the Neonatology outpatient clinic of a university hospital, GA < 37w, birth weight (BW) < 2500g, absence of genetic syndromes and neurological problems. The inclusion criteria for the CG were: full-term infants followed-up at the Pediatrics outpatient clinic of the same hospital, GA >= 37w, BW >= 2500g, absence of genetic syndromes and neurological problems, and no history of feeding difficulties. The SOMA protocol (Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment) was used to evaluate the OMA of both RG and CG subjects in all food consistencies. Fisher\'s Exact test was used in the statistical analysis, considering a significance level of 5% and significance trend between 5 and 10%. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the association between subjects\' performance on the assessment and the variables prematurity, GA, gender, being SGA, using NGT, orotracheal intubation at birth, and maternal schooling. RESULTS: The premature infants presented normal oral motor function (NOMF) for the liquid consistency using a bottle at 4 months CA (94%), however, the assessment evidenced immaturity for the OMA Lip 3 (tightly sealed lips around the nipple) (p=0.056) and Lip 5 (incomplete sealing of the upper lip) (p=0.098), with a tendency towards significance when compared to full-term infants. At 6 months CA, 73.5% of the RG and 81% of the CG presented NOMF for semisolid foods. Oral motor disorders (OMD) were found in 23.5% of the RG and 9.5% of the CG. For the puree consistency, the RG presented NOMF in 60% and OMD in 40% of the subjects, and the CG presented NOMF in 27.3% and OMD in 72.7% of the subjects. At 12 months, both the RG and the CG presented good performances in the OMA assessed with solid food consistency; however, it was evidenced immaturity on the OMA Lip 1 (upward movement of the lower lip when in contact with the spoon) (p=0.085) in the RG, with tendency towards significance when compared to the CG. Premature infants born before 34w GA presented more OMA immaturities during feeding when compared to infants born after 34w, even though the results did not present significant statistical differences. The variables prematurity, GA, gender, maternal schooling, being SGA, using NGT and orotracheal intubation did not play a significant role on the final OMA outcomes for the food consistencies liquid and solid. For the semisolid consistency, the variable intubation at birth significantly interfered on the OMA outcomes (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Premature infants presented good final outcomes on the OMA assessed periodically during feeding with liquid, semi-solid, puree and solid consistencies along their first year of life, despite the immaturity observed in lips OMA at 4 and 12 months CA. The higher incidence of OMD was at 6 months CA, for the consistencies puree and semisolid. The neonatal variables, such as prematurity, GA, gender, use of NGT, orotracheal intubation, and maternal schooling, did not interfere significantly on the feeding OMA for the consistencies liquid and solid. Only for the semisolid food, at 6 months, the variable orotracheal intubation at birth was considered a risk factor that could predict the occurrence of OMD in premature infants after hospital discharge
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Problemas de linguagem oral e de alimentação: co-ocorrências na clínica fonoaudiológicaMachado, Fernanda Prada 06 February 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Background: Speech Therapy studies that concerns about the co-occurrence of
feeding and language disorders emphasize the subjective aspects implied. This
dissertation has had the objective to examine possible connections between
feeding and language disorders, from the bio-psychic perspective. Method: it
was carried out a longitudinal analysis of one clinical case aiming to find out and
analyze the co-occurrence of feeding and language disorders. For this purpose
a literature review about how feeding is dealt with in speech therapy clinics was
carried out. Medical theory contributions about feeding and its disorders were
also raised. Psychoanalyses theory provided the basis to establish the
connections between feeding and language, from the orality concept. Results:
the case analyzed was considered as emblematic of connections between
feeding and language disorders. Conclusion: results indicate that the
importance of functional and physilogical aspects of feeding must not be
ignored, but also give advise about the importance of considering the subjective
dimension of feeding disorders, given its elemental function / Introdução: estudos fonoaudiológicos que tratam da co-ocorrência entre
transtornos alimentares e de linguagem dão destaque aos aspectos subjetivos
aí implicados. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo investigar as possíveis
relações entre problemas de alimentação e de linguagem oral, do ponto de
vista bio-psíquico. Método: foi realizado um estudo longitudinal de um caso
clínico, visando averiguar e analisar as co-ocorrências dos problemas
alimentares e de linguagem oral. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão da
literatura a respeito de como a alimentação é tratada na clínica
fonoaudiológica, foram levantadas também as contribuições teóricas da
Medicina sobre a alimentação e seus transtornos. A teoria psicanalítica
forneceu o embasamento necessário para estabelecer a relação entre
alimentação e linguagem oral, a partir do conceito de oralidade. Resultados: o
caso analisado configurou-se como emblemático das relações entre problemas
de linguagem oral e de alimentação. Conclusão: os resultados indicam que não
se deve ignorar a importância do aspecto funcional e fisiológico da
alimentação, porém advertem-nos para a importância de se considerar a
dimensão subjetiva dos sintomas alimentares, pela função constitutiva que a
alimentação tem para o sujeito
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Estado nutricional e desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais para a alimentação em crianças nascidas pré-termo / Nutritional status and oral motor abilities development for feeding in preterm childrenFerreira, Pâmela Fantinel 26 September 2016 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Objectives: Ascertain the nutritional status and oral motor abilities development of preterm children and the association between them, in addition to investigate the maternal variables, feeding type, nursing nipple use and food intake markers during the first year of life. Methodology: descriptive and longitudinal study. Were included 45 children accompanied in a hospital in Southern Brazil, from July 2014 to March 2016 in six stages: birth (M1), hospital discharge (M2), 4 (M3), 6 (M4), 9 (M5 ) and 12 months of corrected age (M6). The data of birth and hospital discharge were collected from medical records. Anthropometric evaluations were conducted, assessment of oral motor skills with Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment (SOMA) protocol and application of food and socioeconomic questionnaire. Results: The average gestational age at birth was 32.9 (± 1.8) weeks and the average weight of 1751 (± 497) grams. Most were female (53.3%), classified as appropriate for gestational age (68.8%). In M2, was observed a significant increase On the sector (M3) the growth was resumed, significantly in weight (p <0.001) compared with M2 and cephalic perimeter (p = 0.016) compared to M1. The percentage of children at risk of overweight (BMI/A) was 11% in M3, 13% in M4 and 23% in M5 (p = 0.039), falling to 13% by M6. Overweight, appeared in 4% of children aged 9 and 12 months of CA (M5 and M6). The HMO evaluation showed that in M3, 78% had OMD, significantly decreasing to 41% (p <0.001) in M4. OMD was not associated with nutritional status in the first year of life. The type of prevalent feeding in the first year was the artificial, occurring early weaning at 4 months. The OMD was not associated with the type of feeding. The complementary feeding was introduced in chronological age on average 5.2 ± 1.2 months, and the CA on average 3.6 ± 1.3 months. In M3, 77.8% used a nursing nippler. Among these, 87.5% were not breastfed (p = 0.022). Nursing nipplers use was not associated with the presence of OMD (p = 0.058) at 4 months. At 12 months 42% consumed soft drinks, 44% artificial juice, 78% honey / molasses / sweets. At this age, 18% consumed cereal added to milk. Most consumed beans, meat, vegetables and fruits since 6 months old. Risk markers consume was not associated with nutritional status. Neonatal and maternal variables were not associated with the type of feeding and OMD on the studied times. Conclusion: Good oral motor performance occurred concomitantly with adequate nutritional status during the first year. The observed overweight and low quality food justify the monitoring of preterm children, mainly due to its relationship with chronic diseases throughout life. The health team should promote greater incentive to breastfeeding, avoiding early weaning and the appearance of deleterious oral habits. / Objetivos: verificar o estado nutricional e o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais de crianças nascidas pré-termo e a associação entre eles, além de investigar as variáveis maternas, o tipo de aleitamento, o uso de chupeta e os marcadores de consumo alimentar, durante o primeiro ano de vida. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e longitudinal. A mostra compreendeu 45 crianças acompanhadas em hospital do Sul do Brasil, entre julho de 2014 a março de 2016, em seis momentos: nascimento (M1), alta hospitalar (M2), 4 (M3), 6 (M4), 9 (M5) e 12 meses de idade corrigida (M6). Os dados do nascimento e alta foram coletados de prontuário clínico. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, avaliação das habilidades motoras orais com o protocolo Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment (SOMA) e aplicação de questionário alimentar e socioeconômico. Resultados: A idade gestacional ao nascer foi em média de 32,9 (±1,8) semanas e o peso médio de 1751 (± 497) gramas. A maioria era meninas (53,3%), classificada como adequados para a idade gestacional (68,8%). No M2, observou-se aumento significativo (p=0,008) de lactentes com peso abaixo do percentil 10° (49%), comparados com o M1 (31%). No seguimento (M3) houve catch-up do crescimento, significativo em peso (p<0,001) comparado com o M2 e em perímetro cefálico (p=0,016) em relação ao M1. O percentual de crianças com risco de sobrepeso (IMC/I) foi de 11%, em M3, 13%, em M4 e 23%, em M5 (p=0,039), caindo para 13%, em M6. Sobrepeso, apareceu em 4% das crianças aos 9 e aos 12 meses de IC (M5 e M6). Na avaliação das HMO verificou-se que no M3, 78% tinham DMO, diminuindo significativamente, para 41% (p < 0,001) no M4. A DMO não se associou com o estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida. O tipo de aleitamento prevalente no primeiro ano foi o artificial, ocorrendo desmame precoce aos 4 meses. A DMO não se associou com o tipo de aleitamento. A alimentação complementar foi introduzida na idade cronológica em média de 5,2 ± 1,2 meses, e na IC em média de 3,6 ± 1,3 meses. No M3, 77,8% usavam chupeta. Destes, 87,5% não haviam sido amamentados ao seio (p=0,022). O uso de chupeta não se associou com a presença de DMO (p = 0,058) aos 4 meses. Aos 12 meses 42% ingeriam refrigerantes, 44% suco industrializado, 78% mel/melado/doces. Nesta idade 18% consumiam cereal adicionado ao leite. A maioria consumia feijão, carnes, hortaliças e frutas a partir dos 6 meses. O consumo de marcadores de risco não associou-se com o estado nutricional. As variáveis neonatais e maternas não se associaram com o tipo de aleitamento e DMO nos momentos estudados. Conclusão: o bom desempenho motor oral ocorreu concomitantemente com o adequado estado nutricional, durante o primeiro ano. O excesso de peso e má qualidade alimentar observados justificam o acompanhamento de crianças nascidas pré-termo, principalmente devido a sua relação com as doenças crônicas ao longo da vida. A equipe de saúde deve promover maior incentivo ao aleitamento materno, evitando o desmame precoce e o aparecimento de hábitos orais deletérios.
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Implication de l'activité constitutive des récepteurs 5-HT4 dans la régulation de la conduite alimentaire : vers une solution thérapeutique. / Implication of the constitutive activity of 5-HT4 receptors in the regulation of food intake : toward a therapeutic treatment.Laurent, Laetitia 19 December 2011 (has links)
La conduite alimentaire n'obéit pas nécessairement au besoin physiologique de consommer des aliments (la faim) ou à la satiété suggérant qu'un système nerveux volontaire de la restriction (anorexie) et de la consommation excessive d'aliments (boulimie, « binge-type eating ») inhibe le système nerveux autonome. Ces deux anomalies affectent plus fréquemment, et souvent à la fois, la femme que l'homme. Si l'utilisation de modèles animaux permet l'étude d'une part des bases neuronales en cause, ceux possiblement responsables de l'alternance « anorexie / boulimie » restent encore à identifier. Dans ce contexte, nous avons ainsi centré nos analyses sur l'étude de l'implication de récepteurs cérébraux couplés aux protéines G ; les récepteurs 4 de la sérotonine (R5-HT4) car leur stimulation dans le noyau accumbens (NAc), une structure du système de la récompense, inhibe la faim y compris après la mise à jeun de souris, par l'action AMPc/PKA dépendante d'un peptide de l'addiction ; « cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript » (CART). Nous montrons que le maintien d'une plus forte expression (ectopique ou physiologique) des R5-HT4 dans le NAc a réduit plus durablement la faim que sa seule stimulation et augmente l'activité locomotrice. En incluant dans notre raisonnement l'activité constitutive des R5-HT4 (e.g. accumulation de la forme active R*), nous montrons que l'injection d'un agoniste inverse (inhibition de l'activité constitutive : accumulation de la forme inactive, R) spécifique des R5-HT4 dans le NAc entraîne une baisse du taux d'AMPc et de CART tout en augmentant celui des ARNm codant le NPY d'autant plus que l'hyperphagie est élevée. Les effets induits par l'injection de l'agoniste inverse ne sont pas observés lorsqu'il est adjoint à un antagoniste des R5-HT4. Ces résultats suggèrent une implication physiologique de l'activité constitutive des R5-HT4 dans la régulation de la conduite alimentaire; son inhibition (agoniste inverse) dans le NAc augmente la prise et reprise alimentaire après un jeûne. L'ensemble de ces résultats rend probable que la plus forte activité des R5-HT4, à la base d'une association « anorexie /hyperactivité locomotrice », souvent décrite comme paradoxale au plan énergétique dans le syndrome de l'anorexie mentale, représente plutôt un mécanisme de compensation globale d'une valeur énergétique à perdre en conséquence d'une trop forte consommation d'aliments. Puisque la densité des R5-HT4 peut varier selon un taux variable de 5-HT après stress, lequel aggrave les anomalies alimentaires, nous avons étudié plus avant l'implication des R5-HT4 dans l'effet anorexigène du stress (immobilisation forcée) chez des souris femelles privées de leur gène : l'hypophagie induite par le stress n'a pas été observée chez les souris privées des R5-HT4 qui présentent une possible hyperactivité de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire corticosurrénalien vraisemblablement compensée par un plus fort rétrocontrôle négatif. Il est donc probable que les R5-HT4 contribuent à réduire les conséquences du stress et que la modification de l'équilibre de leur activité contribue à une part de la symptomatologie de patients atteints d'anorexie / boulimie. / Feeding behavior does not necessarily obey to the physiological need to eat (hunger) or to satiety, suggesting that voluntary nervous system of the restriction (anorexia) and overeating (bulimia, binge-type eating) inhibits the autonomic nervous system. These two anomalies affecting more frequently, and often both, the woman than man. If animal models are used to study a part of neural bases involved, those possibly responsible for the oscillation of"anorexia / bulimia" remain to be identified. In this context, we thus focused our analysis on the study of the involvement of brain receptors coupled to G proteins ; serotonin 4 receptors (5-HTR4) because their stimulation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain reward area, inhibits hunger even after a food deprivation, by the action ofcAMP / PKA, dependent of an addiction peptide, "cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript" (CART). Weshow that maintaining a higher expression (ectopic or physiological) of 5-HTR4 in the NAc, reduced hunger more longer than the acute stimulation and increased locomotor activity. Including in our reasoning the constitutive activity of 5-HTR4 (e.i. accumulation of the active form R*), we show that injecting a specific inverse agonist of the5-HTR4 (inhibition of constitutive activity: accumulation of inactive form, R ) in the NAc induced a decrease incAMP and CART levels, while increasing NPY mRNA level, especially when binge is high. The effects induced by the injection of the inverse agonist are not observed when a 5-HTR4 antagonist was coadministrated. These results suggest a physiological involvement of the constitutive activity of 5-HTR4 in the regulation of feeding behavior ; its inhibition (inverse agonist) in the NAc increases the food intake in fed or food-deprived mice. All of these results makes it likely that the highest activity of 5-HTR4, at the base of the association "anorexia /locomotor hyperactivity", often described as paradoxical in terms of energy, in the syndrome of anorexia nervosa,represent rather a global compensation mechanism of energy to be lost as a result of an excessive consumption of food. Since the density of the 5-HTR4 may vary depending on a variable rate of 5-HT following stress, which aggravates the feeding disorders, we further investigated the involvement of 5-HTR4 in the appetite-suppressant effect of stress (forced immobilization) in female mice deprived of their gene: stress-induced hypophagia was not observed in mice deprived of 5-HTR4 who present a possible hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis likely offset by a stronger negative feedback. It is therefore likely that the 5-HTR4 contribute to reduce the effects of stress and that the modification of the balance of their activities contribute to a part of the symptoms of patients with anorexia / bulimia.
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Desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais de alimentação em lactentes prematuros durante o primeiro ano de vida / Development of oral motor abilities for feeding in premature infants during the first year of lifeCarla Lucchi Pagliaro 04 November 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A prematuridade é considerada condição de risco, pois a imaturidade anatomo-fisiológica predispõe a dificuldades para adaptação e evolução na vida após o nascimento. Os problemas alimentares podem persistir nos lactentes prematuros após a alta hospitalar e podem ter consequências a longo prazo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) avaliar o desempenho das habilidades motoras orais (HMO) em lactentes prematuros em três momentos, considerando a idade corrigida (IC), com variação de consistência alimentar: líquido aos 4 meses, semissólido e/ou purê aos 6 meses e sólido aos 12 meses e comparar os resultados obtidos com o grupo controle (GC), (2) avaliar o desempenho das HMO para os lactentes prematuros divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a IG ao nascimento, < 34 semanas (s) e > 34s, e (3) analisar se as variáveis neonatais prematuridade, idade gestacional (IG), gênero, ser pequeno para idade gestacional (PIG), uso de sonda nasogástrica (SNG), intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento e o grau de escolaridade materna interferem no resultado final das avaliações de alimentação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e longitudinal de caráter observacional. Os lactentes foram divididos em grupo pesquisa (GP) (n=55) e GC (n=54). Os critérios de inclusão do GP: lactentes nascidos prematuros acompanhados no ambulatório de neonatologia de um hospital universitário, IG < 37s, peso de nascimento (PN) < 2500g, ausência de síndromes genéticas e de problemas neurológicos. Para o GC: lactentes de termo acompanhados no ambulatório geral de pediatria do mesmo hospital, IG >= 37 semanas, PN >= 2500g, ausência de síndromes genéticas e de problemas neurológicos e sem histórico de dificuldades com a alimentação. Utilizou-se o protocolo SOMA (Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment) para avaliação das HMO para todas as consistências alimentares nos lactentes do GP e GC. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado e adotado nível de significância de 5% e tendência a significância de 5 a 10%. A regressão logística foi conduzida para predizer se o desempenho dos lactentes nas avaliações da alimentação estaria associado ao fato de ser prematuro, da IG, do gênero, de ser PIG, do uso SNG, da intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento e do grau de escolaridade materna. RESULTADOS: Os lactentes prematuros apresentaram função motora oral normal (FMON) para a consistência líquida com o utensílio mamadeira, aos 4 meses de IC (94%), porém foi evidenciada imaturidade para as HMO Lip 3 (lábios vedados firmemente ao redor do bico) (p=0,056) e Lip 5 (incompleto vedamento do lábio superior) (p=0,098), com tendência a significância na comparação com os lactentes a termo. Aos 6 meses de IC, para a consistência semissólida, a FMON foi vista em 73,5% no GP e em 81% no GC. A disfunção motora oral (DMO) foi encontrada em 23,5% no GP e em 9,5% no GC. Para o purê, o GP apresentou FMON em 60% e DMO em 40% e o GC apresentou FMON em 27,3% e a DMO em 72,7%. Aos 12 meses de idade, para a consistência sólida, GP e GC apresentaram bom desempenho das HMO, porém evidenciou-se imaturidade da HMO Lip 1 (movimento do lábio inferior para cima ao contato com a colher) (p=0,085), com tendência a significância no GP na comparação com o GC. Lactentes prematuros nascidos com IG < 34s apresentaram mais imaturidades das HMO de alimentação quando comparados com os lactentes nascidos com IG > 34s, embora os resultados não mostrassem diferenças significantes. As variáveis prematuridade, IG, gênero, grau de escolaridade materna, ser PIG, intubação orotraqueal e uso de SNG não interferiram de forma significante no resultado final obtido nas avaliações das HMO, para as consistências alimentares líquida e sólida, exceto a para a consistência semissólida, a intubação ao nascimento que mostrou diferença significante (p=0,019) CONCLUSÃO: Lactentes prematuros apresentaram bom desempenho no resultado final das HMO obtido nas avaliações de alimentação, com as consistências alimentares líquida, semissólida, purê e sólida, realizadas no primeiro ano de vida, embora a presença de imaturidade das HMO de lábios foram evidenciadas aos 4 e 12 meses de IC. A fase de alimentação com maior incidência para DMO ocorreu aos 6 meses de IC, para a consistência alimentar purê e semissólida. As variáveis neonatais, como a prematuridade, a IG, o gênero, o uso de SNG, intubação orotraqueal e o grau de escolaridade materna não interferiram de forma significante no desempenho das HMO de alimentação para as consistências alimentares líquida e sólida. Dentre as variáveis neonatais, a variável intubação orotraqueal ao nascimento foi considerada um fator de risco preditivo para a ocorrência de DMO em lactentes prematuros, após a alta hospitalar, aos 6 meses de IC, na avaliação das HMO de alimentação, para a consistência semissólida / INTRODUCTION: Prematurity is considered a risk condition, since the anatomical and physiological immaturity predisposes to difficulties for adaptation and evolution in life after birth. The feeding problems presented by premature infants may persist after hospital discharge and might have long term consequences. The study objectives were: (1) to evaluate the oral motor abilities (OMA) of premature infants in three different moments, considering their corrected age (CA) and varying the food consistency: liquids at 4 months, semisolid foods and/or puree at 6 months, and solid foods at 12 months and compare the results with those of a control group (CG), (2) to evaluate the OMA of premature infants divided into two groups, according to their gestational age (GA) at birth: < 34 weeks (w) and > 34w, (3) To analyze whether the neonatal variables prematurity, GA, gender, being small for gestational age (SGA), using a nasogastric feeding tube (NGT), orotracheal intubation at birth, and maternal schooling play a role in the final outcomes of feeding assessments. METHODS: This is an observational longitudinal cross-sectional study, in which infants were divided into CG (n=54) and research group (RG) (n=55). The inclusion criteria for the RG were: premature infants followed-up at the Neonatology outpatient clinic of a university hospital, GA < 37w, birth weight (BW) < 2500g, absence of genetic syndromes and neurological problems. The inclusion criteria for the CG were: full-term infants followed-up at the Pediatrics outpatient clinic of the same hospital, GA >= 37w, BW >= 2500g, absence of genetic syndromes and neurological problems, and no history of feeding difficulties. The SOMA protocol (Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment) was used to evaluate the OMA of both RG and CG subjects in all food consistencies. Fisher\'s Exact test was used in the statistical analysis, considering a significance level of 5% and significance trend between 5 and 10%. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to predict the association between subjects\' performance on the assessment and the variables prematurity, GA, gender, being SGA, using NGT, orotracheal intubation at birth, and maternal schooling. RESULTS: The premature infants presented normal oral motor function (NOMF) for the liquid consistency using a bottle at 4 months CA (94%), however, the assessment evidenced immaturity for the OMA Lip 3 (tightly sealed lips around the nipple) (p=0.056) and Lip 5 (incomplete sealing of the upper lip) (p=0.098), with a tendency towards significance when compared to full-term infants. At 6 months CA, 73.5% of the RG and 81% of the CG presented NOMF for semisolid foods. Oral motor disorders (OMD) were found in 23.5% of the RG and 9.5% of the CG. For the puree consistency, the RG presented NOMF in 60% and OMD in 40% of the subjects, and the CG presented NOMF in 27.3% and OMD in 72.7% of the subjects. At 12 months, both the RG and the CG presented good performances in the OMA assessed with solid food consistency; however, it was evidenced immaturity on the OMA Lip 1 (upward movement of the lower lip when in contact with the spoon) (p=0.085) in the RG, with tendency towards significance when compared to the CG. Premature infants born before 34w GA presented more OMA immaturities during feeding when compared to infants born after 34w, even though the results did not present significant statistical differences. The variables prematurity, GA, gender, maternal schooling, being SGA, using NGT and orotracheal intubation did not play a significant role on the final OMA outcomes for the food consistencies liquid and solid. For the semisolid consistency, the variable intubation at birth significantly interfered on the OMA outcomes (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Premature infants presented good final outcomes on the OMA assessed periodically during feeding with liquid, semi-solid, puree and solid consistencies along their first year of life, despite the immaturity observed in lips OMA at 4 and 12 months CA. The higher incidence of OMD was at 6 months CA, for the consistencies puree and semisolid. The neonatal variables, such as prematurity, GA, gender, use of NGT, orotracheal intubation, and maternal schooling, did not interfere significantly on the feeding OMA for the consistencies liquid and solid. Only for the semisolid food, at 6 months, the variable orotracheal intubation at birth was considered a risk factor that could predict the occurrence of OMD in premature infants after hospital discharge
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