What is the relationship between gender inequality and resource wealth in the Middle East? Why has progression of women’s rights in the Middle East advanced at a comparatively slower rate than most of the world? Conventional wisdom attributes the continued significant gaps in gender equality to the region’s strong patriarchic culture associated with Islam. However, recent statistical analysis conducted by Michael Ross suggests a correlation between oil production and women’s rights. This thesis examines an emerging schism in the literature and evaluates the relationship between social and political emancipation of women relative to Islam and oil wealth. The findings of this examination conclude that Ross’s theoretical framework is incomplete: Islamic law is a key causal mechanism left out of his examination. Furthermore, Islamic law has a more comprehensive negative impact on women’s social and political rights than oil wealth.

One of the very interesting demographic features in the US over the last three decades of the 20th century is the increase of the married women labor force participation rate. Over the same period, estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially. This dissertation is to investigate the reasons behind them. I first study the determinants of the increase of the labor participation rate for married women with preschool-aged children over the last three decades of the 20th century. Using 5% samples of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) for 1980, 1990 and 2000, I find that the existing explanations proposed in the literature may only account for 9.6% increase in the 1980s and 70% decrease in the 1990s. In this paper, I find that the rising ratio of career type women can explain 30.33% of the growth in the labor force participation rate, and the change in the composition of career motivating career type women can at least explain 17.22% growth across cohorts. Women who have been working three years before their first childbearing are more likely to return to work after the childbearing period. The analyzing data is the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW) from 1968 to 2003 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008. This dissertation sheds some insight about a puzzle on estimated married women's labor supply elasticity variation. This important puzzle (sometimes referred to as the Hausman puzzle) is that the estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially even when similar frameworks and similar datasets are used. I study the role of budget sets in producing this wide range of estimates. In particular, I study the effect of the typical convexification approximation of the non-convex budgets, and the well-known Heckman critique of the lack of bunching at the kink points of budget sets in the Hausman model. I introduce measurement error in nonlabor income to create an uncertain budget constraint that no longer implies bunching at kink points. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) of 1984 and 2001, I find that neither the convexification approximation nor using a model with random budget sets affects the estimates. These results demonstrate that variations in budget constraints alone do not explain the different estimates of labor supply elasticity. Changing the level of budget sets, for example by ignoring the state individual income tax, could affect the variation in elasticities.

Female labor force participation varies widely across regions and cultures, typically with more working women in developed than developing countries. Because there are significant differences between developed and developing countries that go beyond GDP, this paper examines the effects of certain development indicators on female workforce participation across these countries. Using models from past literature, I include indicators that cover personal and labor market characteristics. In this analysis, I find that education and unemployment rates continue to be significant determinants of female labor force participation in both developed and developing countries, with several key differences in the effect of various types of unemployment. Furthermore, my study supports the existence of an initial tradeoff between female labor force participation and development as the economic sectors within a country shift. These results provide valuable insights on these general trends across national borders and therefore are important for policy makers.

Submitted by Gustavo Gomes (gustavolascasas@gmail.com) on 2014-03-11T14:47:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Desigualdade de rendimentos.pdf: 730278 bytes, checksum: 9bdfe2bd28d5d5eb6b90a6c1ef41b70d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Roger Guedes (roger.guedes@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2014-03-11T17:11:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Desigualdade de rendimentos.pdf: 730278 bytes, checksum: 9bdfe2bd28d5d5eb6b90a6c1ef41b70d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-11T17:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Desigualdade de rendimentos.pdf: 730278 bytes, checksum: 9bdfe2bd28d5d5eb6b90a6c1ef41b70d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro / Esta disserta????o tem por objetivo estudar as diferen??as de rendimentos por g??nero no mercado de trabalho brasileiro em 1999. Especificamente, procuramos estudar e mensurar a discrimina????o e a exist??ncia do fen??meno glass ceiling, que representa uma barreira invis??vel no crescimento dos rendimentos das mulheres em rela????o aos homens nos quantis mais elevados da distribui????o de rendimentos. Utilizamos a metodologia de Machado e Mata (2004), que consiste na estima????o da distribui????o marginal de rendimentos consistente com a distribui????o condicional estimada pelo m??todo de regress??o quant??lica. Est?? t??cnica possibilita averiguar o impacto de cada covari??vel e sua respectiva contribui????o na diferen??a de rendimentos entre os g??neros ao longo da escala de quantis, propiciando assim, mais informa????es que o m??todo tradicional de m??nimos quadrados ordin??rios. Podemos tamb??m decompor as mudan??as na distribui????o de rendimentos entre os g??neros, em mudan??as atribu??das ??s caracter??sticas observ??veis dos trabalhadores, ou atributos, e mudan??as atribu??das aos retornos destas caracter??sticas, ou os coeficientes. Os resultados mostram que existem diferencias explicados apenas pelos coeficientes, e eles s??o bastante heterog??neos. Sendo positivas paras as mulheres nos rendimentos mais baixos e negativos para os rendimentos mais altos da distribui????o. Encontramos evid??ncias consider??veis de que existe glass ceiling no mercado de trabalho do Brasil. / Economia e Finan??as

286f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T18:53:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Laumar Souzaseg.pdf: 3039860 bytes, checksum: 859bdea1d5e97cbc3443d364516d4b8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-26T10:53:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Laumar Souzaseg.pdf: 3039860 bytes, checksum: 859bdea1d5e97cbc3443d364516d4b8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-26T10:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Laumar Souzaseg.pdf: 3039860 bytes, checksum: 859bdea1d5e97cbc3443d364516d4b8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O objetivo desta tese é compreender como as mulheres residentes na Região Metropolitana de Salvador (RMS) responderam ao fenomenal aumento da precarização do mercado de trabalho local, ocorrido entre os anos de 1997 e 2003. A tese que se defende aqui é a de que as mudanças ocorridas na economia brasileira, e em particular na economia baiana, na passagem dos anos 1990 para os 2000, impactaram de modo desigual não apenas o modo e as características da inserção de homens e mulheres no mercado de trabalho da RMS situação essa que implicou numa redução das assimetrias estruturais entre gêneros, previamente existentes , mas trouxeram diferenciações de inserção nesse mercado importantes também entre as mulheres metropolitanas. Sustenta-se, adicionalmente, a idéia de que muito provavelmente foram as mulheres na condição de filhas aquelas que mais se lançaram às fronteiras do mercado de trabalho metropolitano, uma vez que era, precisamente, esse grupo de mulheres o que menos pressionava o referido mercado de trabalho no exato momento em que o mencionado processo precarização deixa, por assim dizer, de ser considerado grave e começa a assumir um caráter absolutamente alarmante. Sublinhados esses pontos, cabe informar que o presente estudo se baliza nas informações produzidas pela Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego (PED) para os anos de 1997 e 2003, o que só foi possível graças ao fato do volume de informações levantadas nesses dois momentos permitir a realização de um amplo leque de investigações sobre diversos aspectos do mercado de trabalho regional, especialmente sobre seus componentes estruturais. Diante dessa característica da base de dados da PED, procurase apontar quais respostas as mulheres metropolitanas foram capazes de oferecer a partir de três aspectos diferentes. O primeiro se refere a sua situação do ponto de vista da participação no mercado de trabalho da RMS. Aí se trabalha com informações referentes às taxas de participação e desemprego. O segundo diz respeito às condições e ao tipo de trabalho oferecido às mulheres em tal mercado. Nesse ponto, o estudo se volta para a discussão das questões referentes à distribuição setorial do emprego, bem como a distribuição da ocupação por posição na ocupação. O terceiro, e último, concerne à problemática da mulher que se relaciona aos diferenciais de rendimentos. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 118960.pdf: 1996026 bytes, checksum: 5e3b2b4fc7e3382e785386af002e6e8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this present study is to understand the inclusion of the working woman in the metalworking industry, in the section where mostly men used to work, called macharia , in Joinville city, in the 1970s and 1980s. However, to understand this topic, this study looked for having support in local historiography and other contributions that were required during its development. Documentary sources as reporting and collection of Oral History, under the responsibility of Arquivo Histórico de Joinville - AHJ (Historical Archives of Joinville city), we focused in this study, as well as the periodic Mail Tupy and other journalistic printed city that circulated in the period analyzed in this research, and these, also could be found in the AHJ. These papers help us to understand the images and discourses (Speeches) conveyed in a city dedicated to work. So, it defends itself as a consistent space for the benefits derived from productive activities. However, the growth of Joinville metalworking industry during that period would bring several and different situations, especially due to lack of manpower to the industry (especially in the Metallurgical Section). The shortage of workers led the business group in Joinville to establish a real rush for men and women workers together. Facing this scenario, I decided to understand the insertion of female presence in the metalworking sector, taking Tupy Industry Indústria de Fundição Tupy S.A - as a field for this discussion, because this company is considered one of the biggest factories in Brazil within that segment, and the first to hire women for productive lines in the early 1970s.The women s participation in this industry shows up as a major event of their professional empowerment, embracing in its wake, a number of subsequent social changes. / Este trabalho busca conhecer a inserção da mulher operária na indústria metalmecânica no setor da Macharia, em Joinville, nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. Para entender essa temática, a pesquisa buscou apoio na historiografia local e demais contribuições que se fizeram necessárias durante sua realização. Fontes documentais como relatórios e acervo de História Oral, sob responsabilidade do Arquivo Histórico de Joinville (AHJ), foram privilegiadas nesse estudo, bem como o periódico Correio da Tupy e demais impressos jornalísticos da cidade que circularam no período analisado nessa pesquisa, sendo esses, também, acondicionados no AHJ. Esses informativos ajudam a compreender as imagens e os discursos veiculados em uma cidade voltada ao trabalho. Logo, se defende esse local como um espaço consentâneo pelos benefícios oriundos das atividades produtivas. No entanto, o crescimento da indústria metalmecânica joinvilense, no referido período, traria situações adversas, especialmente por falta de mão de obra para a indústria (sobretudo no setor metalúrgico). O déficit de trabalhadores levou o grupo empresarial desse município a estabelecer uma verdadeira corrida em busca de operários e operárias. Diante desse cenário, busquei entender a inserção da presença feminina no setor metalmecânico, tomando a Indústria de Fundição Tupy S.A., como campo para essa discussão, pois essa empresa é considerada uma das maiores fábricas do país dentro desse segmento e a primeira a contratar mulheres para as linhas produtivas no início da década de 1970. A participação da mulher nesse setor industrial é percebida como um dos principais acontecimentos de sua emancipação profissional, abarcando, em seu bojo, uma série de mudanças sociais subsequentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdriannaA_DISSERT.pdf: 2533658 bytes, checksum: 9e83e6af8ce5c0604adfe989eb60a517 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-26 / The narratives that circulate Caic? tell us that the activity of embroidery would have come to town by the eighteenth century, by the Portuguese colonizers. Initially, the embroidery worked as a constitutive element in the formation of women, especially in the construction of the role of "talented ladies", was later characterized in a income generating activity moving strongly the informal sector of the local economy. In addition to source of income, the practice of embroiderers is redefining the craft tradition, transforming the embroidery on one of the symbols of identity of the city as it reaches other markets, carrying the name "Caic? embroidery". The research aims to investigate the dynamics of artisanal embroidery production, within the family circle and its consequences after its entry in the commercial sphere. It also seeks to investigate how the activity operates within a context in which the subjects (embroiderers and intermediaries) and their distinct negotiations trigger certain discourses, particularly those related to identity and authenticity on behalf of economic, political and cultural purposes / As narrativas que circulam por Caic? contam-nos que a atividade de bordar teria chegado ? cidade por volta do s?culo XVIII, atrav?s dos colonizadores portugueses. Inicialmente, o bordado funcionou como elemento constitutivo na forma??o feminina, sobretudo, na constru??o do papel da mo?a prendada , posteriormente, foi caracterizando-se como atividade geradora de renda, passando a movimentar fortemente o setor informal da economia local. Al?m de fonte de renda, a pr?tica das bordadeiras vem ressignificando a tradi??o artesanal, transformando o bordado em um dos s?mbolos identit?rios do munic?pio ao projet?-lo para outros mercados, carregando o nome de bordados de Caic? . A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a din?mica da produ??o artesanal do bordado, dentro do c?rculo familiar e em seus desdobramentos ap?s a sua entrada na esfera comercial. Tamb?m busca investigar como a atividade opera dentro de um contexto em que os sujeitos (bordadeiras e intermedi?rios) e seus distintos agenciamentos acionam certos discursos, sobretudo aqueles relacionados a identidade e autenticidade, em nome de fins econ?micos, pol?ticos e culturais

The Republic of the Philippines is an example country when it comes to gender equality within education. However, this trend does not persist when it comes to female labor market participation. Current research shows that a mere 53,4% of all Filipinas are currently employed in the labor market against 81% of their male counterparts, indicating a wide engendered gap. This study investigates why so few of the highly educated female population find gainful employment by studying the perspectives of university graduate students in the rural province of Antique through the use of a wide range, quantitative survey across three universities, and 9 qualitative in-depth interviews. By using Nussbaum and Sen’s capability approach, an inventory of both known and new barriers is made, which are organized in the following categories: barriers on the supply side of the labor market, barriers on the demand side of the labor market, and other barriers. Revealing those barriers that have not been researched before contributes to the existing body of knowledge on impediments that hinder graduating Antiqueñas to enter the labor market. The hindrances as described and discussed in this thesis can be used to improve gender sensitive policies that have the ability to expand freedoms, capabilities, and functioning for Antiqueñas, but also for Filipinas in general, since the barriers; lack of good and productive vacancies, (early) motherhood, a wide gender wage gap, unpaid family work, patriarchic views on traditional female roles, and a divide in male and female jobs are all barriers that hinder Filipinas on a national level.

This dissertation is divided into five chapters consisting of three short essays that concentrate on economic analysis of health, savings and labor. The first essay is aimed at investigating the influence of increased work hours on individuals’ health and how this may differ between males and females. It is expected that increased hours of work will have a negative impact on health but this impact may be stronger for females. In the second essay, the relationship between individuals’ health and savings behavior is analyzed. Healthy individuals are expected to be more productive, earn higher incomes, and have lower medical expenditures compared to unhealthy individuals. It is therefore expected that individuals’ health will have a positive influence on their saving behavior. The third paper analyzes the effect of increased work, as proxied by labor force participation, on health, as proxied by life expectancy, at the macro level. The main aim of the analysis in the third essay is to investigate whether or not increased female labor force participation is a contributing factor to the narrowing gap between the life expectancy of females and males. In the final chapter of this dissertation, I provide a summary of my findings on the relationships between work, health, and savings. I also provide directions for future research.

Over the past several decades there has been extensive research done in an attempt to determine what demographic characteristics affect economic growth, measured in GDP per capita. Understanding what influences the growth of a country will vastly help policy makers enact policies to lead the country in a positive direction. This research focuses on isolating a new variable, women in the work force. As well as isolating a new variable, this research will modify a preexisting variable that was shown to be significant in order to make the variable more robust and sensitive to recessions. The intent of this thesis is to explore the relationship between several demographic characteristics and their effect on the growth rate of GDP per capita. The first step is to reproduce the work done by Barlow (1994) to ensure that the United States follows similar rules as the countries in his research. Afterwards, we will introduce new variables into the model, comparing the goodness of fit through the methods of R-squared, AIC and BIC. There have been several models developed to answer each of the research questions independently.