Drawing on earlier research and theories regarding female political representation and its effects on gender equality, the attempt in this study is to investigate whether political gender quotas, legislated in the constitution, has a positive association and effect on gender equality in a society. A substantial number of studies supports the notion that quotas increase female representation in the political context. Yet, few studies examine gender quotas effect on women’s everyday life. The study investigates the variation in gender equality amongst new democracies where countries with gender quotas are compared to countries without. The overall findings appoint that political gender quotas demonstrate more far-reaching effects than to increase the number of women elected. Having a high female representation does affect women’s everyday life and a quota will increase gender equality in a society. This should be regarded as a solid argument in favour of an implementation of a gender quota. Additionally, the results from this study indicate that Anne Phillips theory the Politics of Presence, which points out the importance of having high female representation, does exert an effect.

Esta dissertação reflete sobre o papel da televisão na construção da memória sobre a representação feminina no Brasil. Através de percepções sobre memória, relações de gênero e do papel social do jornalismo e da televisão, nos dedicamos a analisar o TV Mulher. Procuramos compreender de que forma o programa constrói a memória sobre a representação feminina no passado e no presente e problematizamos a importância da televisão nessa construção. O corpus foi delimitado em três programas do TV Mulher de 1980, disponibilizados pela Globo Universidade para esta pesquisa, e na captação em tempo real do remake do TV Mulher em 2016. O material foi investigado a partir da Análise de Conteúdo, sistematizada por Laurence Bardin (2016), a partir da qual foi possível construir categorias temáticas que permitiram compreender os dois momentos de exibição do TV Mulher e pela análise do modo de endereçamento de Itania Gomes (2011) que, através de operadores, viabiliza a compreensão sobre como o programa se relaciona com a audiência. Na fundamentação teórica utilizamos, entre outros, os conceitos de Alfredo Vizeu (2005; 2009), Carlos Scolari (2014) e Joan Ferrés (1998) sobre televisão, Ivàn Izquierdo (2006), Marialva Barbosa (1995), Michael Pollak (1992) e Pierre Nora (1993) sobre memória, Branca Alves e Jaqueline Pitanguy (1991), Gilles Lipovetsky (2000) e Joan Scott (1995) sobre relações de gênero e Ana Carolina Rocha Pessôa Temer (2005) e Rosa Maria Bueno Fischer (2002) sobre a representação feminina na televisão. Os resultados finais mostraram que o TV Mulher constrói a memória sobre a representação feminina no Brasil ao se constituir em um lugar de memória, em que os temas discutidos em diferentes épocas podem ser revisitados. / This thesis reflects on the role television plays in constructing memory about female representation in Brazil. We seek to analyze TV Mulher [literally,Women TV, a TV show directed towards a female audience] through perceptions about memory, gender relations and the social role of journalism and television. We aim to comprehend how that particular television show constructs the memory on female representation in the past and in the present and we question the importance of television on that construction. The corpus consists in three programs of TV Mulher in 1980, which have been made available by Globo Universidade for the present research, and also of real-time capture of TV Mulher’s remake in 2016. The material was investigated based on Content Analysis Theory, systematized by Laurence Bardin (2016), allowing for the construction of thematic categories that made possible understanding the two historical moments the show was on air. We also follow Itania Gomes’ (2011) addressing mode, which, through certain tools, enables the apprehension about how a television program relates to the audience. Our theoretical framework applies, among others, the concepts of Alfredo Vizeu (2005; 2009), Carlos Scolari (2014) and Joan Ferrés (1998) on television; of Ivàn Izquierdo (2006), Marialva Barbosa (1995), Michael Pollak (1992) and Pierre Nora (1993) on memory; of Branca Alves and Jaqueline Pitanguy (1991), Gilles Lipovestsky (2000) and Joan Scott (1995) on gender relations; and of Ana Carolina Rocha Pessôa Temer (2005) and Rosa Maria Bueno Fischer (2002) on female representation on television. The final results show that TV Mulher builds the memory on female representation in Brazil by being a place of memory where the themes discussed in different times can be reviewed.

Esta dissertação reflete sobre o papel da televisão na construção da memória sobre a representação feminina no Brasil. Através de percepções sobre memória, relações de gênero e do papel social do jornalismo e da televisão, nos dedicamos a analisar o TV Mulher. Procuramos compreender de que forma o programa constrói a memória sobre a representação feminina no passado e no presente e problematizamos a importância da televisão nessa construção. O corpus foi delimitado em três programas do TV Mulher de 1980, disponibilizados pela Globo Universidade para esta pesquisa, e na captação em tempo real do remake do TV Mulher em 2016. O material foi investigado a partir da Análise de Conteúdo, sistematizada por Laurence Bardin (2016), a partir da qual foi possível construir categorias temáticas que permitiram compreender os dois momentos de exibição do TV Mulher e pela análise do modo de endereçamento de Itania Gomes (2011) que, através de operadores, viabiliza a compreensão sobre como o programa se relaciona com a audiência. Na fundamentação teórica utilizamos, entre outros, os conceitos de Alfredo Vizeu (2005; 2009), Carlos Scolari (2014) e Joan Ferrés (1998) sobre televisão, Ivàn Izquierdo (2006), Marialva Barbosa (1995), Michael Pollak (1992) e Pierre Nora (1993) sobre memória, Branca Alves e Jaqueline Pitanguy (1991), Gilles Lipovetsky (2000) e Joan Scott (1995) sobre relações de gênero e Ana Carolina Rocha Pessôa Temer (2005) e Rosa Maria Bueno Fischer (2002) sobre a representação feminina na televisão. Os resultados finais mostraram que o TV Mulher constrói a memória sobre a representação feminina no Brasil ao se constituir em um lugar de memória, em que os temas discutidos em diferentes épocas podem ser revisitados. / This thesis reflects on the role television plays in constructing memory about female representation in Brazil. We seek to analyze TV Mulher [literally,Women TV, a TV show directed towards a female audience] through perceptions about memory, gender relations and the social role of journalism and television. We aim to comprehend how that particular television show constructs the memory on female representation in the past and in the present and we question the importance of television on that construction. The corpus consists in three programs of TV Mulher in 1980, which have been made available by Globo Universidade for the present research, and also of real-time capture of TV Mulher’s remake in 2016. The material was investigated based on Content Analysis Theory, systematized by Laurence Bardin (2016), allowing for the construction of thematic categories that made possible understanding the two historical moments the show was on air. We also follow Itania Gomes’ (2011) addressing mode, which, through certain tools, enables the apprehension about how a television program relates to the audience. Our theoretical framework applies, among others, the concepts of Alfredo Vizeu (2005; 2009), Carlos Scolari (2014) and Joan Ferrés (1998) on television; of Ivàn Izquierdo (2006), Marialva Barbosa (1995), Michael Pollak (1992) and Pierre Nora (1993) on memory; of Branca Alves and Jaqueline Pitanguy (1991), Gilles Lipovestsky (2000) and Joan Scott (1995) on gender relations; and of Ana Carolina Rocha Pessôa Temer (2005) and Rosa Maria Bueno Fischer (2002) on female representation on television. The final results show that TV Mulher builds the memory on female representation in Brazil by being a place of memory where the themes discussed in different times can be reviewed.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-09-26T15:57:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Aparecida Virgílio Batista - 2017.pdf: 3369560 bytes, checksum: e1c6ab4432a9c56d4250a7ec21bd6e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Reveja as palavras chaves, há uma que todas iniciais estão em maiúsculas. Também, olhe o local na citação. on 2017-09-27T11:24:18Z (GMT) / Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-09-27T19:15:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Aparecida Virgílio Batista - 2017.pdf: 3369560 bytes, checksum: e1c6ab4432a9c56d4250a7ec21bd6e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T14:17:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Aparecida Virgílio Batista - 2017.pdf: 3369560 bytes, checksum: e1c6ab4432a9c56d4250a7ec21bd6e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T14:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Aparecida Virgílio Batista - 2017.pdf: 3369560 bytes, checksum: e1c6ab4432a9c56d4250a7ec21bd6e0c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This objective work analyzes the construction of the grotesque under the female characters by the bias of the fantastic in the short stories “The Tiger's Bride”, “The Snow Child” and “The Werewolf” from the book The Bloody Chamber (1979) and the short stories “As flores”, “As sereias” and “A gaivota”, by A Friagem (1999) by the writer Augusta Faro. The grotesque revealed itself as an agent for the female characters to enter into a metamorphic process not only on a physical level, but also in the re-signification of language itself, becoming the means for them to question and transgress repressive marks and rules that have long been institutionalized. To reinforce in the analysis we pointed out some aspects: Metamorphosis / The Wild Side, Body Transgressor / Sexuality and Language. We observe how these elements characterized in the grotesque character of the personages and jointly in the communication between the narratives of Angela Carter and Augusta Faro. In order to look at this woman and grotesque relationship, and consecutively at the points of contact that approach the narratives of both writers, the nature of this study is adequate for the theoretical, descriptive, analytical and comparative revision. / Este trabalho objetiva analisar a construção do grotesco sob as personagens femininas pelo viés do fantástico nos contos “A Noiva do Tigre”, “A Garota da Neve” e “ O lobisomem” da escritora Angela Carter que estão no livro O quarto do Barba Azul (1979) e os contos “As Flores”, “As Sereias” e a “A Gaivota”, de A Friagem (1999) da escritora Augusta Faro. O grotesco revelou-se como um agente para que as personagens femininas adentrassem em um processo metamórfico não só a nível físico, mas também na ressignificação da própria linguagem, tornando-se o meio para elas questionarem e transgredirem marcas de repressão e regras que ficaram institucionalizadas há muito tempo. Para reforçar na análise apontamos alguns aspectos: Metamorfose/O Lado Selvagem, Corpo Transgressor/Sexualidade e a Linguagem. Observamos como esses elementos caracterizaram no caráter grotesco das personagens e conjuntamente na comunicação entre as narrativas de Angela Carter e Augusta Faro. Para se atentar nesta relação mulher e grotesco, e consecutivamente nos pontos de contato que aproximam as narrativas de ambas escritoras, a natureza desse estudo se adequa pela revisão teórica, descritiva, analítica e comparativa.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T14:08:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nívea de Souza Moreira Menegassi - 2017.pdf: 1317645 bytes, checksum: 6c7ef6b5071134952d875eb50ea1fae2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T14:08:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nívea de Souza Moreira Menegassi - 2017.pdf: 1317645 bytes, checksum: 6c7ef6b5071134952d875eb50ea1fae2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T14:08:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nívea de Souza Moreira Menegassi - 2017.pdf: 1317645 bytes, checksum: 6c7ef6b5071134952d875eb50ea1fae2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research evidences the representation of the woman, focusing on the themes of body, eroticism and female sexuality in the short stories: "A Gaiola", "A Ceia de Aninha" and "As Sereias" in the book A Friagem (1998) and the short stories “O Homem de Ouro Puro”,"Os pecados de Rosário "and "Gertrudes e seu Homem ", in the book “Boca Benta de Paixão (2007), by Augusta Faro Fleury de Melo, known as Augusta Faro. Considering the outline of the protagonists, it was intended to unveil how fictional women react to the oppression arising from the stigma of tradition imposed by patriarchal society. It was also intended to examine the core of this universe, seeking to understand, through questioning, the attitudes of the characters in relation to their bodies, their sexuality and eroticism. Because it is a theoretical, descriptive and analytical study, the methodology used was the literature review. To enrich this work, an interview with the author mentioned above was carried out. This work initially presents a brief contextualization of the feminist movement in Brazil and in the state of Goiás in order to, through this view, approach the feminine authorship and the intercrossing with the Gender Studies. Next, it deals specifically with the female body and the symbolic violence, which sometimes, in an aggressive and imperceptible way, imprints scars on the body and soul of these women, and finally reflects on how eroticism and female sexuality are discussed and investigated in the fiction of the mentioned author. To carry out this work, some theorical authors were consulted as Ria Lemaire (1994), Judith Butler (2003), Constância Lima Duarte 1994), besides of Michel Foucault (2015), Elisabeth Grosz (2000), Elodia Xavier (2007), Octavio Paz (2007) and Georges Bataille (1987), among others. In the conclusion of what was analyzed, it was found that women writers still find obstacles to publicize their works efficiently and that the female representation, from the perspective of a woman, it is one of the starting point necessary to provoke the profound cultural change that society needs in order to have, among people, a coexistence constituted in mutual respect and stripped of any prejudices. In the short stories, the protagonists can be grouped into two categories according to the criteria submission / transgression. There are those that are able to impose themselves before the other, namely the masculine and the patriarchal society, and those that bow before the sexist rules, losing physical and mental health. / Esta pesquisa evidencia a representação da mulher, enfocando os temas corpo, erotismo e sexualidade feminina nos contos “A Gaiola”, “A ceia de Aninha” e “As Sereias” do livro A Friagem (1998) e os contos “O Homem de Ouro Puro”, “Os pecados de Rosário” e “Gertrudes e seu Homem”, de Boca Benta de Paixão (2007), da escritora goiana Augusta Faro Fleury de Melo, conhecida como Augusta Faro. Considerando o delineamento das protagonistas, pretendeu-se desvendar como as mulheres ficcionais reagem diante da opressão advinda do estigma da tradição imposto pela sociedade patriarcal. Tencionou-se, ainda, perscrutar o cerne desse universo, buscando entender, através de questionamentos, as atitudes das personagens em relação a seus corpos, a sua sexualidade e ao erotismo. Por se tratar de um estudo de natureza teórica, descritiva e analítica, a metodologia utilizada foi a revisão de literatura. Para enriquecimento deste trabalho, realizou-se uma entrevista com a autora supramencionada. Este trabalho apresenta inicialmente uma breve contextualização do movimento feminista no Brasil e no estado de Goiás a fim de, por este viés, abordar a autoria feminina e o entrecruzamento com os Estudos de Gênero. Em seguida, trata especificamente do corpo feminino e da violência simbólica que, por vezes, de forma agressiva e imperceptível, imprimem cicatrizes no corpo e na alma dessas mulheres, para finalmente, refletir sobre como o erotismo e a sexualidade feminina são discutidos e investigados na ficção da autora estudada. Para urdidura deste trabalho foram consultadas teóricas como Ria Lemaire (1994), Judith Butler (2003), Constância Lima Duarte (2003), além de Michel Foucault (2015), Elisabeth Grosz (2000), Elódia Xavier (2007), Octávio Paz (1994), Georges Bataille (1987), dentre outros. Face ao analisado, constatou-se que as escritoras ainda encontram óbices para divulgarem suas obras de forma eficiente e que a representação feminina, sob a perspectiva de uma mulher, constitui-se uma das alavancas necessárias para suscitar a profunda mudança cultural de que a sociedade necessita a fim de haja, entre as pessoas, uma convivência constituída no respeito mútuo e despojada de quaisquer preconceitos. Nos contos, as protagonistas podem ser agrupadas em duas categorias segundo o critério submissão/ transgressão. Existem aquelas que conseguem se impor perante o outro, a saber, ao masculino e a sociedade patriarcal, e aquelas que se curvam diante das regras sexistas, perdendo a saúde física e mental.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana_Cristina_Lubke_Mendes_Dissertacao.pdf: 1021348 bytes, checksum: d0ad50d02363c989b5a8f0295e443ac8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / This paper sought to investigate the presence of women in Municipal Councils of Pelotas, in order to identify factors that encourage women to participate in these spaces of discussion and deliberation of public policies. The general hypothesis is that specific features of the Councils encourage women to participate in these forums, in particular the form of representatives selection. The methodology used was documentary analysis and follow-up meetings to the questionnaires aplliance. The data confirmed the hypothesis that the Councils operation format, regarding how the female representatives are chosen, can act as a facilitator for the women presence in these participatory forums / Este trabalho procurou investigar a presença das mulheres nos Conselhos Municipais de Pelotas, com o objetivo de identificar fatores que as estimulem a participar nestes espaços de discussão e deliberação de políticas públicas. A hipótese é a de que características específicas dos Conselhos estimulem as mulheres a participarem nestes fóruns, em especial, a forma de seleção das representantes. A metodologia utilizada foi análise documental e acompanhamento das reuniões para aplicação dos questionários. Os dados confirmaram a hipótese de que o formato de funcionamento dos Conselhos, no que se refere à forma de escolha das representantes, pode atuar como um facilitador para a presença feminina nestes fóruns participativos

The objective of the paper is to study the effect that female representation in national parliaments have on economic growth in African countries. The foundation for this research question is the assumption that an increase in female representation will lead to an increase in female education and female labour force participation and this will cause a positive effect on economic growth. To test the hypothesis panel data from 50 African countries is used during the time period 2008-2018. An OLS, entity fixed effect and time and entity fixed effect regression was conducted to test the research questions and control variables are included in the regression. The results showed no statistically significant effects of female representation on economic growth and the relationship was negative which contradicts earlier research and the initial hypothesis.

This thesis uses discourse analysis to examine how female characters are portrayed in the Star Wars franchise. It compares the representation of women in three eras aiming to analyze the changes, in views on gender roles. The focus is on Princess Leia, Padme Amidala and Rey and how they reflect these changes. The study explores whether there has been an evolution in the representation of characters over the 40 years. It will delve into their agency, empowerment and identity looking at whether they challenge or reinforce gender stereotypes and how their interactions with characters impact their development and gender dynamics, within the series.

Thesis (MPhil (Visual Arts))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation aims to investigate, from a feminist perspective, representations of female sexuality in fairy tale text and illustrations. I conduct my analysis in the form of a case study of the Brothers Grimm’s The Handless Maiden as it appeared in the 1915 English edition of their Children and Household Tales. My investigation is prompted by the belief that fairy tales play an important role in the social construction of gender relations, a process known as ‘interpellation’ within contemporary feminist discourse. This due to the fact that fairy tales are some of the earliest narratives young children get exposed to and thus help shape their understanding of the world around them and their role as social beings in it. I start my investigation by looking exclusively at fairy tale text – The Handless Maiden by the Brothers Grimm - and how language gets used to construct a specific version of female sexuality; that which is silenced and without agency, thus repressive and problematic from a feminist perspective. Here I firmly situate my argument within a theoretical framework provided by contemporary feminist discourse with reference to the arguments of theorists Judith Butler and Luce Irigaray and their emphasis on the key role of language within processes of ‘interpellation’. I then move on to a discussion of fairy tale illustrations and the important role thereof to underscore, by making visible, the particular version of female sexuality implicit in the accompanying text. The next part of my investigation focuses on images of women in the photo-collages of the early 20th century German artist Hannah Höch. I posit these as exemplary of imagery with the potential to destabilize patriarchal notions of female sexuality. By means of this investigation I hope to provide a discursive framework in which to situate my own set of illustrations of the Grimm’s Handless Maiden, which I completed as part of the practical component of my submission for the current degree. The final part of my discussion focuses on my own illustrations of the Grimm’s Handless Maiden and here I will argue for my illustrations as a means to, not only destabilize notions of female sexuality implicit in the accompanying fairy tale text, but also a means to suggest other, alternative, readings of the nature of the female sexual subject position implicit in the text. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die feministiese tentoonstelling van vroulike seksualiteit in sprokies se illustrasie en teks. My ondersoek analiseer die Broers Grimm se The Handless Maiden soos dit verskyn het in die 1915 Engelse uitgawegenaamd, Children and Household Tales. Hierdie ondersoek word gelei deur die aan-name dat sprokies‘n belangrike rol speel in die sosiale konstruksie van geslag verwantskappe, ‘n proses bekend as “interpellasie” in die diskoers van kontemporêre feminisme. Sprokies is van die vroegste narratiewe waaraan kinders blootgestel word en beïnvloed dus hul begrip van die wêreld, ondermeer hul sosiale rol daarin. My ondersoek begin met die fokus op The Handless Maiden se teksen hoe taal gekonstrueer word rondom ‘n spesifieke weergawe van vroulike seksualiteit. Vanuit ‘n feministiese oogpunt is hierdie seksualiteit problematies, aangesien dit as swygend en sonder agentskap aanskou word. Ek struktureer my ondersoek rondom die argumente van Judith Butler and Luce Irigaray, met klem op die rol van taal in die proses van “interpellasie”. Daarna skuif my fokusna ‘n diskoers omtrent sprokies se illustrasies en die belangrike rol van onderliggende vroulike sexualiteit wat teenwoordig is in die teks sowel as die illustrasies. My ondersoek lei dan na die vroulike figure in die foto-plakskildery van die vroeg 20ste eeuse Duitse kunstenaar, Hannah Höch. My ondersoek van vroulike figure staan dan as voorbeelde van die moontlikheid om patriargale neiging van vroulike seksualiteit te destabiliseer. Ek beoog dus om ‘n diskoers raamwerk te stig waarin ek my eie illustrasies van Grimm se Handless Maiden, wat ek as ‘n deel van my praktiese komponenet voltooi het vir my huidige tesis. Die finale deel van my tesis ondersoek my eie illustrasies van Grimm se Handless Maiden. Hier plaas ek my werk in die destabieliseering raamwerk van vroulike seksualiteit wat vanselfsprekend is in die sprokie en terselfde tyd alternatiewe lesings van die vroulike seksualiteits onderwerp bied.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo promover um maior debate e reflexão sobre a representação do feminino negro na fotografia no século XX e começo do século XXI, especificamente no Brasil, com o projeto fotográfico de Ricardo Teles (1966), na Colômbia com Hernán Díaz (1931-2009) e em Moçambique com Ricardo Rangel (1924-2009) tendo como base seus livros autorais, respectivamente: Terras de Preto: Mocambos, Quilombos: Histórias de Nove Comunidades Negras Rurais do Brasil, de 2004; Cartagena de Siempre, de 2002 e O Pão Nosso de Cada Noite. Our nightly bread, de 2004. Para tanto, comparamos a fotografia como linguagem técnica e artística com a iconografia previamente produzida nos referidos países. A análise da fotografia como um exercício objetivo mostra que a semiótica e a multidisciplinaridade podem ser instrumentos auxiliares na procura por responder a informações contidas na imagem. O fotógrafo encaminha a interpretação de uma narrativa visual, pois é responsável pela produção e a recepção da imagem, no entanto a imagem contém em si um conjunto complexo de interpretações e de construções de alteridades. Por isso, deve-se levar em consideração seu caráter tão subjetivo quanto artístico quando adotando uma metodologia de análise. / The present work aims to promote further debate and reflection on the representation of the black female in photography in the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty - first century, specifically in Brazil, with the photographic project of Ricardo Teles (1966), in Colombia with Hernán Díaz (1931-2009) and in Mozambique with Ricardo Rangel (1924-2009) based on their authorial books, respectively: Terras de Preto: Mocambos, Quilombos: Histórias de Nove Comunidades Negras Rurais do Brasil, 2004; Cartagena de Siempre, 2002 e O Pão Nosso de Cada Noite. Our nightly bread,2004. In order to do so, we compare photography as technical and artistic language with the iconography previously produced in those countries. The analysis of photography as an objective exercise shows that semiotics and multidisciplinarity can be auxiliary tools in the search for information contained in the image. The photographer directs the interpretation of a visual narrative, since it is responsible for the production and reception of the image, however the image contains a complex set of interpretations and constructions of alterities within itself. Therefore, its subjective as well as artistic character must be taken into account when adopting a methodology of analysis.