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Register clashes are a linguistic phenomenon that occurs in both real and fictional interaction. This study, based on the theory of register as developed by Halliday, examines the functions of register clashes in the television drama series Gilmore Girls. It was hypothesized that the function of register clashes is to create humor, to characterize some characters on the show as sophisticated and witty and some others as lacking in communicative competence, or what is popularly referred to as geeky or nerdy, as well as to characterize the show. A total of 1,306 cases of register clashes were identified, of which 761 cases (58.3 percent) were clear cases and 545 cases (41.7 percent) were somewhat more doubtful. Nearly all cases of register clashes found were considered to have been used to create humor. Eight out of the ten most productive characters with respect to the utterance of register clashes were found to be characterized as witty; the other two characters produced register clashes in a way that characterized them as geeky. Each of the six episodes examined in this study was found to contain many instances of register clashes, regardless of the fact that each was written by a different author. The results thus suggest that the function of register clashes in Gilmore Girls is indeed to create humor, to characterize the characters, and to characterize the show.

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This article analyzes the missing rule and ruling about the protection of characters and fictional objects which are part of works covered by copyright. The author systematizes the criteria used in the administrative jurisprudence for conflicts between the intellectual property and the industrial property to extract specific rules in cases that involve fictional objects and characters, establishing and proposing criteria to find out the originality of these elements. / El presente artículo analiza la omisión normativa y jurisprudencial sobre la protección de los personajes y objetos de ficción que son parte de las obras protegidas por el régimen de derecho de autor. El autor sistematiza los criterios utilizados en los casos de jurisprudencia administrativa en conflictos existentes entre la propiedad intelectual y la propiedad industrial para extraer las reglas específicas existentes en casos que involucran objetos de ficción y personajes, estableciendo y proponiendo criterios para encontrar la originalidad de estos elementos.

Cette thèse interroge les représentations de la diversité et des identités collectives au sein de séries télévisées françaises et britanniques. Les problématiques de la construction identitaire, des imaginaires nationaux et médiatiques, ainsi que les différents imaginaires du métissage et de la communauté arabo-musulmane dans l’espace public européen, retiennent particulièrement l’attention ici. La pluridisciplinarité inhérente à l’approche choisie s’appuie sur la richesse des paradigmes et méthodologies propres aux Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication, ainsi qu’aux études médiatiques dans leur ensemble. Sont ainsi pris en compte les contextes de production (professionnels, techniques, législatifs, esthétiques et socio-politiques), mais aussi les pratiques et usages de réception. Toutefois, c’est bien l’analyse de contenu (aux niveaux figuratif, narratif et thématique) qui se trouve au centre de cette étude. Ce travail s’appuie principalement sur l’étude du personnage de fiction et une typologie des stéréotypes. Les réflexions menées empruntent également aux théories de l’imaginaire, aux études de réception et à la sémiotique du récit. L’hypothèse de départ est que les imaginaires nationaux britannique et français, l’un de tradition multiculturaliste, l’autre régit par l’idéal universaliste républicain, influencent les imaginaires collectifs et les constructions identitaires parmi les différentes communautés de citoyens. Les imaginaires médiatiques, en tant que transmetteurs et en tant qu’arènes des discours et opinions, participent de ce phénomène. Ces imaginaires nationaux laissent des indices parmi les représentations médiatiques, notamment au sein des fictions télévisées, qu’il est possible de repérer et d’analyser. Il ne s’agit pas ici d’opposer les deux modèles. Les cas français et britannique, s’ils diffèrent sur certains points, connaissent des questionnements et difficultés similaires. Les étudier simultanément permet de brosser un plus large tableau des possibles et de chercher d’éventuelles solutions en s’appuyant sur les expériences menées dans ces deux pays. / This thesis examines representations of diversity and collective identities in French and British television series. The issues of identity construction, national and media imaginary, as also the various imaginary of interbreeding - or melting pot - and Arab-Muslim communities in the European public space, particularly hold attention. The pluridisciplinarity, related to our approach, benefit from the paradigmatic and methodological wealth of Information and Communication Sciences, as well as all of Media Studies. We thus take into account production contexts (professional, technical, legal, aesthetic and socio-political) but also reception uses and practices. However, it is the content analysis (at figurative, narrative and thematic levels) that is central to this study. We primarily rely on the study of fictional character and a stereotypes typology. We refer also to imaginary theories, reception studies and narrative semiotics. Our assumption is that the British and French national imaginary, one of multiculturalist tradition, the other governed by the ideal of Republican universalism, influence collective imaginary and identity construction, among the different communities of citizens. The media imaginary, as transmitters and arenas, for speeches and public opinions, participate of this phenomenon. These national imaginary leave clues within media representations, especially inside television dramas, that is possible to identify and analyze. It doesn’t matter of opposing these two models. French and British cases, if they differ on some issues, experience and survey similar difficulties. This simultaneous review helps to paint a wider landscape of possibilities, and to seek possible solutions, based on experiments in these two countries.

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It has been previously established that when engaged in a difficult attention intensive task, which involves repeating information while blocking out other information (the dichotic listening task), participants are often able to report hearing their own names in an unattended audio channel (Moray, 1959). This phenomenon, called the cocktail party effect is a result of words that are important to oneself having a lower threshold, resulting in less attention being necessary to process them (Treisman, 1960). The current studies examined the ability of a person who was engaged in an attention demanding task to hear and recall low-threshold words from a fictional story. These low-threshold words included a traditional alert word, "fire" and fictional character names from a popular franchise-Harry Potter. Further, the role of stimulus degradation was examined by including synthetic and accented speech in the task to determine how it would impact attention and performance. In Study 1 participants repeated passages from a novel that was largely unfamiliar to them, The Secret Garden while blocking out a passage from a much more familiar source, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Each unattended Harry Potter passage was edited so that it would include 4 names from the series, and the word "fire" twice. The type of speech present in the attended and unattended ears (Natural or Synthetic) was varied to examine the impact that processing a degraded speech would have on performance. The speech that the participant shadowed did not impact unattended recall, however it did impact shadowing accuracy. The speech type that was present in the unattended ear did impact the ability to recall low-threshold, Harry Potter information. When the unattended speech type was synthetic, significantly less Harry Potter information was recalled. Interestingly, while Harry Potter information was recalled by participants with both high and low Harry Potter experience, the traditional low-threshold word, "fire" was not noticed by participants. In order to determine if synthetic speech impeded the ability to report low-threshold Harry Potter names due to being degraded or simply being different than natural speech, Study 2 was designed. In Study 2 the attended (shadowed) speech was held constant as American Natural speech, and the unattended ear was manipulated. An accent which was different than the native accent of the participants was included as a mild form of degradation. There were four experimental stimuli which contained one of the following in the unattended ear: American Natural, British Natural, American Synthetic and British Synthetic. Overall, more unattended information was reported when the unattended channel was Natural than Synthetic. This implies that synthetic speech does take more working memory processing power than even an accented natural speech. Further, it was found that experience with the Harry Potter franchise played a role in the ability to report unattended Harry Potter information. Those who had high levels of Harry Potter experience, particularly with audiobooks, were able to process and report Harry Potter information from the unattended stimulus when it was British Natural. While, those with low Harry Potter experience were not able to report unattended Harry Potter information from this slightly degraded stimulus. Therefore, it is believed that the previous audiobook experience of those in the high Harry Potter experience group acted as training and resulted in less working memory being necessary to encode the unattended Harry Potter information. A pilot study was designed in order to examine the impact of story familiarity in the attended and unattended channels of a dichotic listening task. In the pilot study, participants shadowed a Harry Potter passage (familiar) in one condition with a passage from The Secret Garden (unfamiliar) playing in the unattended ear. A second condition had participants shadowing The Secret Garden (unfamiliar) with a passage from Harry Potter (familiar) present in the unattended ear. There was no significant difference in the number of unattended names recalled. Those with low Harry Potter experience reported significantly less attended information when they shadowed Harry Potter than when they shadowed The Secret Garden. Further, there appeared to be a trend such that those with high Harry Potter experience were reporting more attended information when they shadowed Harry Potter than The Secret Garden. This implies that experience with a franchise and characters may make it easier to recall information about a passage, while lack of experience provides no assistance. Overall, the results of the studies indicate that we do treat fictional characters in a way similarly to ourselves. Names and information about fictional characters were able to break through into attention during a task that required a great deal of attention. The experience one had with the characters also served to assist the working memory in processing the information in degraded circumstances. These results have important implications for training, design of alerts, and the use of popular media in the classroom.

Children meet adults dressed out in costumes in various situations. One of these characters is Skogsmulle in Friluftsfrämjandets outdoor education. Since the mid-1950´s Skogsmulle has been part of Swedish childhoods, and the concept has also spread to other countries around the world (C. Lindgren, 2021). The last decades forrest kindergartens and other kinds of preschools with focus on outdoor education flourishes around the world (Alme & Reime, 2021; Sobel, 2014), and some of them provides Skogsmulle activities. The purpose with the Skogsmulle outdoor activities is to learn about, and how to take care of nature in a playful way, and create opportunities for the children to bond with nature and strengthen their biophilia (Yılmaz m.fl., 2020; Änggård, 2009a). The aim of this study is to create knowledge about how children can experience situations when adults dress out as fictional characters, and what characterize their encounters with Skogsmulle in the forrest. Reception theory (Iser, 1980b; Rosenblatt, 2002) is used together with the concept of realunreality (A.-L. Lindgren m.fl., 2015) to explore what preschool children express and analyse the aesthetic response of the children. The method is qualitative case studies inspired by ethnographic design with observation and interviews. The result shows that children´s interpretation of fiction and reality is complex, and their encounters with Skogsmulle can be seen as an example of realunreality where the boundaries of real and unreal mingle (see A.-L. Lindgren m.fl., 2015). The children also becomes co-creators of the Skogsmulle story through their interactions, and creators of children´s culture (see Sparrman, 2011) as a response to the culture that the adults offers the children.

Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The political and social changes that occurred after 1994 in South Africa, inevitably led to the emergence of a new educational era. Life Orientation (LO) was introduced as a new learning area within the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) and seeks to preventatively empower learners to take up their legitimate place as citizens within the national and international society (DoE, 2003:2). LO cannot only be liable for the holistic development of individual learners. The community in which learners grow up are faced with unique challenges that will inescapably influence their development. I highlight the influence of “Ubuntu” and “Ukama” on the process of becoming of each individual and therefore use the ecosystemic perspective as a theoretical framework for this study. I reflect on my own experiences within the LO classroom that led to the creation of fictional characters and case studies as a teaching strategy. In this study I distinguish between case study as a teaching strategy and a research methodology. I determine the lived experiences of Grade 8 learners in a secondary school where this teaching strategy was used within the LO classroom. A case study as research methodology is used where qualitative data was produced through personal documentation. A random sample of ten participants from the case study is used to obtain a thorough understanding of their lived experiences. Qualitative data was further produced by twenty individual and two focus group interviews with the sample group. I used the constant comparative method to ensure that I identify the units of meaning and discuss the findings on the basis of three categories. First, the data indicated that the participants found guidance through the case studies of the characters. Secondly, it appeared that the experiences of the characters influenced the participants’ decision making processes. Thirdly, the data indicated that participants used this teaching strategy as a platform to voice their own personal emotions and experiences. On the basis of Gilles Deleuze (in Wallin, 2010) and Magdeleine Grumet (1981) this study emphasizes the potential role that an evolving, active form of curriculum can play in the becoming processes of each individual learner and teacher. I conclude by recommending that uniqueness and diversity must be encouraged within the classroom to ensure that curriculum will not be a homogeneous policy document, but that it will be active and developmental in nature. I use the work of Wallin (2010), Sutton and Martin-Jones (2008) and Grumet (1981) to offer new insights about the pedagogical making process within the South African context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die politiese en sosiale veranderinge wat na 1994 binne Suid-Afrika plaasgevind het, het onvermydelik gelei tot die ontstaan van ʼn nuwe opvoedkundige era. Lewensoriëntering (LO) was as ʼn nuwe leerarea binne die Hersiene Nasionale Kurrikulumverklaring (HNKV) bekendgestel en poog om op ʼn voorkomende wyse leerders te bemagtig om hul geregmatige plek as burgers binne die nasionale, sowel as internasionale samelewing op te neem (DvO, 2003:2). LO kan nie alleen aanpreeklik gehou word vir die holistiese ontwikkeling van individuele leerders nie. Die gemeenskap waarbinne die individuele leerders groot word het sy unieke uitdagings en sal daarom onwillekeurig hierdie ontwikkelingsproses beïnvloed. Ek beklemtoon daarom “Ubuntu” en “Ukama” se invloed op die individu se wordingsproses en gebruik die ekosistemiese perspektief as ʼn teoretiese raamwerk vir hierdie studie. Ek reflekteer oor my eie ervarings binne die LO-klaskamer wat aanleiding gegee het tot die ontstaan van fiktiewe karakters en gevallestudies as onderrigstrategie. In hierdie studie onderskei ek tussen gevallestudies as onderrigstrategie en navorsingsmetodologie. Ek bepaal die geleefde ervaring van graad 8-leerders in een sekondêre skool waar dié onderrigstrategie in die LO-klaskamer gebruik word. ʼn Gevallestudie word as navorsingsmetodologie gebruik waar kwalitatiewe data deur persoonlike dokumentasie geproduseer is. Ten einde ʼn deeglike begrip te verkry van die gevallestudie se geleefde ervaring is ʼn ewekansige steekproef van tien deelnemers gebruik. Kwalitatiewe data is verder deur twintig individuele en twee fokusgroeponderhoude met hierdie steekproef geproduseer. Ek het deurgaans die konstante vergelykende metode om eenhede van betekenis te identifiseer gebruik en bespreek my bevindinge aan die hand van drie kategorieë. Eerstens dui die data aan dat deelnemers leiding uit die gevallestudies van karakters ontvang het. Tweedens blyk dit of die ervarings van die karakters die deelnemers se besluitnemingsproses beïnvloed het. Derdens dui die data aan dat deelnemers hierdie onderrigstrategie as ʼn platform gebruik het wat hulle in staat gestel het om uiting aan hul persoonlike emosies en ervarings te gee. Ten slotte beklemtoon hierdie navorsingstudie aan die hand van Gilles Deleuze (in Wallin, 2010) en Magdeleine Grumet (1981) se werk die potensiële rol wat ʼn ontwikkelende, aktiewe vorm van kurrikulum in die wordingsproses van elke individuele leerder en opvoeder kan speel. Ek beveel daarom aan dat uniekhede en diversiteit binne die klaskamer aangemoedig moet word ten einde te verseker dat kurrikulum nie as ʼn homogene beleidsdokument aanvaar word nie, maar dat dit aktief en ontwikkelend van aard sal wees. Ek gebruik die werk van Wallin (2010), Sutton en Martin-Jones (2008) en Grumet (1981) om nuwe insigte rondom die pedagogiese wordingsproses binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks aan te bied.