Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Idiana Marina Dalastra.pdf: 417569 bytes, checksum: 7aadf5ff85c0cf188731924d8a749c19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the several options of fruits species with good perspectives for the organic production, it can stand out the fig (Ficus carica L.) as one of the most promising, mainly in relation to production of destined green figs the industrialization, front to possibility of aggregation of values in the final product, in the industrialization process. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of pruning time and number of productive branches on production of the Roxo de Valinhos by production of green figs, in the subtropical region, under organic culture. The experiment using four year-old plants, with spacing 3 x 2 m, in Quatro Pontes-PR (24º35 42 South latitude and 53º59 54 West longitude, altitude of 472 m and Cfa Koppen climate, with annual maximum medium temperature of 28.5ºC and minimum of 16.6ºC). They settled two experiments, with the design utilized was randomized blocks with four blocks and three plants of parcel, and the first related the pruning time: April, May, June, July, August and September; and second related the number of productive branches: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24. The referring data the phenology of the plants, as well as of the vegetative development and cropping cycles of 2007/2008 were collected. There were yield differences between pruning times; the July and August pruned plants presented higher yields, among the December to February months, with production pick in January. The highest green fig yield (2,949.55 g for plant) and dear productivity (4,916.9 kg for ha) was observed in the treatment which had plants conducted with 18 and 21 productive branches / Dentre as várias opções de espécies frutíferas com boas perspectivas para a produção orgânica, pode-se destacar a figueira (Ficus carica L.) como umas das mais promissoras, principalmente em relação à produção de figos verdes destinados a industrialização, devido à possibilidade de agregação de valores no produto final, no processo de industrialização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da época de poda e do número de ramos produtivos sobre a produção da figueira Roxo de Valinhos para a produção de figos verdes, cultivada em condições subtropicais sob cultivo orgânico. Para a realização dos experimentos utilizou-se plantas de quatro anos de idade, com espaçamento 3 x 2 m, localizadas em Quatro Pontes-PR (24º35 42 latitude Sul e 53º59 54 longitude Oeste, altitude de 472 m e clima Cfa Köppen, com temperatura média máxima anual de 28,5ºC e mínima de 16,6ºC). Instalaram-se dois experimentos, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e três plantas úteis por parcela, sendo o primeiro relacionado à época de poda: abril, maio, junho, julho, agosto e setembro; e o segundo com diferentes números de ramos produtivos: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 e 24. Foram mensurados os dados referentes à fenologia das plantas, bem como o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produção durante o ciclo 2007/2008. Houve diferenças de produção entre as épocas de poda; plantas podadas em julho e agosto apresentaram maiores produções, escalonadas entre os meses de dezembro a fevereiro, com pico de produção em janeiro. A maior produção (2.949,55 g por planta) e produtividade estimada (4.916,9 kg por ha) de figos verdes foram obtidas quando as plantas foram conduzidas com 18 e 21 ramos produtivos

Les biofloculants sont une alternative durable aux sels métalliques et aux polymères de synthèse pour le traitement des eaux par coagulation floculation (CF). La littérature a surtout décrit les paramètres optimaux pour l’application des matériaux biosourcés en CF. En étudiant deux exemples, Opuntia ficus indica, connu pour ses propriétés coagulantes et les margines, un déchet peu valorisable issu de la trituration des olives, nous proposons une méthodologie pour déterminer la nature des molécules actives et appréhender le mécanisme de CF impliqué. L’expérimentation a été menée sur un effluent synthétique à base de kaolinite. Les conditions optimales de CF, ont été déterminées par la méthode classique du jar test couplée à de la zétamètrie et de la microscopie. Pour les margines, les conditions optimales sont obtenues pour un pH de 11 et une dose d’extrait de 62.5 mg L-1. La couleur des margines impose néanmoins l’utilisation de 50 mg L-1 de coagulant métallique (Al2 (SO4)3). Nous avons ensuite basé notre étude sur une approche comparative de différentes fractions hydrosolubles en fonction du pH, dans les deux cas les molécules actives ont montré une solubilité maximale au pH optimal de CF. La détermination des pKa, la réalisation de dosages colorimétriques (protéine, sucres, polyphénols, tanin) et l’analyse infrarouge du matériel brut a permis d’envisager les familles de molécules impliquées (dans les deux cas, les tanins / flavonoïdes et les sucres). Des expériences de CF effectuées après digestions enzymatiques permet de confirmer l’identification des molécules impliquées dans le mécanisme. Ainsi la CF se fait par adsorption et pontage pour les deux matériaux. La faisabilité du traitement d’eaux résiduaires (industrie textile, lixiviat de décharge) par des extraits d’Opuntia ficus indica a été validé. Les tanins/ flavonoïdes et particulièrement la quercétine pour le cactus, s’adsorbent sur les colloïdes de l’effluent puis un polymère d’amidon (cactus) ou de cellulose (margine) permet la floculation par adsorption et pontage. / Biofloculants represent a sustainable alternative to metal salts and to synthetic polymers for water treatment by coagulation flocculation (CF). The optimal parameters of biomatrerials applicated in CF were mainly described by literature data. Opuntia ficus indica, known for its flocculating properties and olive mill waste (OMW), which its reuse not deeply examined, were chosen in our study. A methodology was proposed in order to determine the nature of the active molecules and to better understand the involving mechanism in CF. The experiment was conducted on a synthetic water based on kaolinite. The optimal conditions of CF were determined by jar test coupled with zeta potential and microscopy. For OMW, the optimum conditions are obtained for a pH of 11 and an extract dose of 62.5 mg L-1. The removal of OMW colors requires the use of 50 mg L-1 of a metal coagulant (Al2 (SO4)3). Afterwards, our study was based on a comparative approach of different water-soluble fractions as function of pH. The active molecules showed a maximum solubility at the optimal pH of CF, in both cases. The characterization of the raw materials by pKa, colorimetric assays (proteins, sugars, polyphenols and tannins) and the infrared analysis allowed to determine the molecules involved in CF (In both cases, tannins / flavonoids and sugars). CF experiments performed after enzymatic approach confirm the identification of molecules involved in the mechanism and suggest that the two materials operate through an adsorption and bridging mechanism. The efficiency of wastewater treatment (textile industry, landfill leachate) by Opuntia ficus indica extracts has been validated. Tannins/ flavonoids and especially quercetin for cactus promotes a colloidal material destabilization (coagulant) through anion exchanges and bridges; otherwise, the starch (cactus) or cellulose (OMW) forms a large cross-linked polymeric network responsible for bridging.

In order to evaluate morphological and productive varieties of forage cactus, we conducted an experiment in randomized block design with 24 treatments and four replications. The characteristics assessed related to the plant and cladodes were: number, weight, area and volume of cladodes primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, area index and total volume of cladodes, production of fresh and dry, plant height and width. We also determined the correlations between the length, width, thickness, area and volume with the weight of cladodes. For the number of cladodes, area index and total volume of cladodes observed higher values for cultivars of the genus Nopalea For the weight, area and volume of cladodes, observed higher values for cultivars of the genus Opuntia. For the production of fresh and dry matter, the highest values were observed in the varieties Negro Michoacan F7 and Tamazunchale V12, respectively. For plant height varieties of the genus Opuntia, were the ones with the highest values. The area and volume of cladodes were the characteristics that showed the highest correlations with the weight of the green cladodes. Varieties Negro Michoacan F7, V7 and Tamazunchale V12 are the most suitable for cultivation. To increase the production of biomass should prioritize increasing the volume and number of cladodes to Nopalea and varieties of the genus Opuntia, respectively / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Objetivando-se avaliar características morfológicas e produtivas em variedades de palma, conduziu-se um experimento em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 24 tratamentos e quatro repetições. As características avaliadas referentes aos cladódios e a planta foram: número, peso, área e volume de cladódios primários, secundários, terciários e quaternários, índice de área e volume total de cladódios, produção de massa fresca e seca, altura e largura de planta. Determinou-se também as correlações entre o comprimento, largura, espessura, área e volume com o peso dos cladódios. Para o número de cladódios, índice de área e volume total de cladódios observou-se maiores valores para as cultivares do gênero Nopalea, enquanto para peso, área e volume de cladódios, observou-se maiores valores para plantas do o gênero Opuntia. Para, os. Para as produções de massa fresca e seca, os maiores valores foram observados nas variedades Negro Michoacan F7 e Tamazunchale V12, respectivamente. Para altura de plantas as variedades do gênero Opuntia, foram as que apresentaram os maiores valores. A área e o volume dos cladódios foram às características que apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de correlação com o peso verde dos cladódios. As variedades Negro Michoacan F7, V7 e Tamazunchale V12 são as mais indicadas ao cultivo. Para elevação da produção de biomassa deve-se priorizar o aumento do volume e do número dos cladódios para variedades do gênero Nopalea e Opuntia, respectivamente.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity fig tree (Ficus carica L) subjected to different drip irrigation levels. The fig tree is a species susceptible to drought, especially in the fruiting period. An experiment was conducted in the fruit-growing sector of the Polytechnic School of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS. The plants were in the eighth year of production, and were evaluated from August 2012 to April 2013. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 4 replications, considering two plants per unit experimental, totaling 40 plants arranged in spaced 2.5 x 2.0 m. The irrigation system used was located drip, in which treatments consisted of applying water slides, corresponding to replacement of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125%, applied every 20 mm of maximum crop evapotranspiration (ETc) which was estimated by the equation Penmam Monteith. The variables analyzed were: fruit weight (g), fruit diameter (mm), fruit length (mm), number of fruits per plant, yield in t. ha-1 and ranked as the ripe fruit diameter (mm) and length (mm) of fruit. Evaluation results were submitted to analysis of variance (F test) and the differences between means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results of this study showed that the treatments had no answer for the fruit weight parameters (g), fruit diameter (mm), number of fruits per plant and yield (t. Ha-1), but the irrigation did not influence the length fruits (mm). / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade da figueira (Ficus carica L) submetida a diferentes lâminas de irrigação por gotejamento. A figueira é uma espécie sensível ao déficit hídrico, principalmente, no período de frutificação. Um experimento foi conduzido no setor de fruticultura do Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. As plantas encontravam-se no seu oitavo ano de produção, e foram avaliadas no período de agosto de 2012 a abril de 2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições, considerando-se duas plantas por unidade experimental, totalizando 40 plantas dispostas no espaçamento 2,5 x 2,0 m. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o localizado por gotejamento, em que tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de lâminas de água, correspondentes a reposições de 0, 50, 75, 100, e 125%, aplicados a cada 20 mm da evapotranspiração máxima da cultura (ETc) a qual foi estimada através da equação de Penmam Monteith . As variáveis analisadas foram: peso de frutos (g), diâmetro de frutos (mm), comprimento de frutos (mm), número de frutos por planta, produtividade em t. ha-1 e classificou-se os frutos maduros quanto ao diâmetro (mm) e comprimento (mm) de frutos. Os resultados das avaliações foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as diferenças entre médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo mostraram que os tratamentos tiveram resposta para os parâmetros peso de frutos (g), diâmetro de frutos (mm), número de frutos por planta e produtividade (t. ha-1), porém as irrigações não influenciaram no comprimento de frutos (mm).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / An experiment of surface and subsurface drip irrigation in figs was held in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, with aim of evaluate the disposables materials efficiency for protecting water emitters in subsuperface irrigation against root intrusion. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were five irrigation options: A - no irrigation, B - drip tape; C - surface drip, D - subsurface drip-protected with rice husk, and E - subsurface drip-protected with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. In subsurface irrigation the effect of the emitter protections was analyzed on root intrusion and response variables of fig trees (fruits diameter and number per plant, plant production and productivity, and final dry mass of roots). For the process of root intrusion in buried emitters, an index of root intrusion (IRI) was created and after an index of root intrusion (IIR) subsurface was determined. The final dry mass of roots was determined in all treatments. It was found that the PET bottle protect the emitters in subsurface irrigation against obstruction by root intrusion. The use of rice husk is an inadequate technique for protecting emitters in subsurface irrigation, because it provides favorable conditions for root intrusion, which significantly to reduce flow of the emitters. The root intrusion due to the use of rice hull around the emitters in subsurface irrigation can negatively affect the fig tree response variables, which, in periods of insufficient rainfall, does not allow greater productivity than that obtained without irrigation. The lack of supplementary irrigation, when dry periods occur during the harvest period, reduces the fruits diameter, average weight, and the number of fruits per plant. The root dry mass per plant is not significantly influenced by any form of irrigation, that is, the values found were similar to values found in non-irrigated soil at any level from surface to the 40 cm soil depth. / Um experimento de irrigação por gotejamento superficial e subsuperficial em figueira foi realizado em Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de materiais descartáveis, na proteção dos emissores de água em irrigação subsuperficial ao processo de intrusão radicular. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram cinco formas de irrigação: A sem irrigação; B fita gotejadora; C - gotejador superficial; D gotejador subsuperficial protegido por casca de arroz e, E - gotejador subsuperficial protegido por garrafa PET. Na irrigação subsuperficial foi analisado o efeito das proteções dos emissores, ao processo de intrusão radicular e associado às variáveis respostas da cultura da figueira (número e diâmetro de frutos por planta, produção por planta e produtividade, massa seca final de raízes). Para o processo de intrusão radicular nos emissores enterrados, foi criado um índice de intrusão radicular (IIR) e após, determinado índice de intrusão radicular (IIR) subsuperficial. Foi determinada a massa seca final das raízes em todos os tratamentos. Verificou-se que a garrafa PET protege os emissores em irrigação subsuperficial a obstrução pelo processo de intrusão radicular. O uso da casca de arroz como protetor de emissores em irrigação subsuperficial é uma técnica inadequada para esse fim, propiciando condições favoráveis ao processo de intrusão radicular, fato que compromete significativamente a vazão dos emissores. A intrusão radicular, decorrente do uso de casca de arroz em torno dos emissores em irrigação subsuperficial, pode afetar negativamente as variáveis respostas da planta da figueira, o que em períodos de precipitação insuficiente não permite obter produtividade maior do que a obtida sem irrigação. A falta de irrigação complementar quando os períodos com precipitação insuficiente ocorrem durante o subperíodo da colheita dos frutos, tende a diminuir o diâmetro e o peso médio dos frutos, o número de frutos colhidos por planta e a produção de frutos das figueiras. A massa seca de raiz por planta não é influenciada significativamente em figueiras por nenhuma forma de irrigação, sendo similar aos valores encontrados em solo não irrigado em qualquer nível até 40 cm de profundidade do solo.

The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Center of the Coastal Plains Agricultural Research - CPATC - Embrapa, in Frei Paulo - SE to evaluate the morphology, chemical composition and productivity of forage cultivars in different planting densities. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 3X4. The treatments consisted of a combination of three species of cactus pear (Palma Giant and Tiny Round), four planting densities (10,000, 20,000, 40,000 and 80,000 plants.ha-1), with three replications. The sample collection was performed at 24 months after planting, and evaluated the morphometric measurements, production and chemical composition in each treatment. The species of forage presented different behaviors regarding morphometry, productivity and chemical composition and independent of the kind denser planting increases productivity and provides greater accumulation of water and nutrients per hectare2 years. / O experimento foi instalado no Campo Experimental do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Tabuleiros Costeiros - CPATC - Embrapa, em Frei Paulo SE objetivando avaliar a morfometria, produtividade e a composição química de cultivares de palma forrageira em diferentes densidades de plantio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3X4. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da combinação de três espécies de palma forrageira (Palma Gigante, Redonda e a Miúda), quatro densidades de plantio (10.000, 20.000, 40.000 e 80.000 plantas.ha-1), com três repetições. A coleta das amostras foi realizada aos 24 meses após plantio, sendo realizadas avaliações das medidas morfométricas, produção e composição química em cada tratamento. As espécies de palma forrageira apresentaram comportamentos diferentes quanto à morfometria, produtividade e composição química e independente da espécie o plantio adensado eleva a produtividade e proporciona maior acúmulo de água e nutrientes por hectare2 anos.

Les Angiospermes sont le clade le plus diversifié des plantes actuelles et sont exceptionnellement riches en espèces dans les régions tropicales. Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié l’évolution des systèmes sexuels et l’histoire biogéographique de la famille des Moraceae, clade modèle utilisé pour comprendre l’origine et l’évolution de la diversité chez les Angiospermes. Dans le Chapitre I, j’ai reconstruit et calibré un nouvel arbre phylogénétique daté pour les Moraceae. J’ai ensuite utilisé cet arbre pour reconstruire les états ancestraux des systèmes sexuels chez les Moraceae et Ficus. Les âges des groupes-couronne des Moraceae et du genre Ficus sont estimés au Crétacé et à l’Eocène, respectivement. La dioécie est inférée comme l’état ancestral des systèmes sexuels chez les Moraceae, avec plusieurs transitions ultérieures vers la monoécie, y compris chez Ficus. Ce résultat suggère que la dioécie ne représente pas nécessairement un cul-de-sac évolutif. Dans le Chapitre II, j’ai reconstruit un arbre phylogénétique daté pour la tribu des Dorstenieae, distribuée principalement dans les régions tropicales, à partir d’un nouveau jeu de données génomiques nucléaires produit avec une approche Hyb-Seq. L’histoire biogéographique du groupe a ensuite été reconstruite en utilisant les modèles de dispersion-extinction-cladogenèse. Les âges des groupes-couronne des Dorstenieae et du genre Dorstenia sont estimés au Crétacé et dans la période du Crétacé au Paléocène, respectivement. Deux évènements de dispersion à longue distance depuis l’Afrique continentale vers l’Amérique du Sud ont eu lieu au Cénozoïque (Dorstenia et Brosimum s.l.). Dans le Chapitre III, j’ai testé les différences de niche climatique (température et précipitation) entre les deux systèmes sexuels (monoécie et gynodioécie) chez Ficus avec un nouveau jeu de données fiables d’occurrences spatiales et de systèmes sexuels chez 183 espèces. À cette fin, j’ai utilisé deux approches comparatives : équations d’estimation généralisées (GEE) et modèles linéaires généralisés (GLM). Une relation positive entre précipitation et gynodioécie est soutenue par les analyses GLM, et aucune méthode ne soutient une relation entre température et système sexuel. Une meilleure capacité à se disperser et le potentiel d’autopollinisation sont deux explications possibles pour la colonisation et la survie des espèces monoïques dans des environnements plus secs. Cette thèse démontre le potentiel des méthodes phylogénétiques comparatives et des données phylogénomiques pour répondre aux questions d’évolution des systèmes sexuels et de biogéographie chez les Moraceae et ouvre plusieurs nouvelles perspectives importantes méritant d’être approfondies chez d’autres clades de plantes, telles que la relation entre système sexuel et niche climatique. / Angiosperms are the most diversified clade of extant plants and are exceptionally species-rich in tropical regions. In this thesis, I investigated breeding system evolution and biogeographic history in the family Moraceae, which I used as a model clade to understand the origin and evolution of diversity of angiosperms. In Chapter I, I reconstructed and calibrated a new dated phylogenetic tree for Moraceae as a whole. I then used this tree to reconstruct ancestral states of breeding systems in Moraceae and Ficus. The crown group ages of Moraceae and Ficus were estimated in the Cretaceous and in the Eocene, respectively. Dioecy was inferred as the ancestral breeding systems of Moraceae, with several subsequent transitions to monoecy, including in Ficus. This result suggests that dioecy is not necessarily an evolutionary dead end. In Chapter II, I reconstructed a dated phylogenetic tree for tribe Dorstenieae, mainly distributed in tropical regions, with a new data set of nuclear genomic data generated with a Hyb-Seq approach. Biogeographic history was then reconstructed using dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models. The crown group ages of Dorstenieae and Dorstenia were estimated in the Cretaceous and in the Cretaceous/Paleocene period, respectively. Two long-distance dispersal events from continental Africa to South America occurred in the Cenozoic (Dorstenia and Brosimum s.l.). In Chapter III, I tested the climatic niche difference (temperature and precipitation) between the two breeding systems (monoecy and gynodioecy) in Ficus using a new dataset of cleaned spatial occurrence records and breeding systems for 183 species. I used two comparative approaches: generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear models (GLM). A positive relationship between precipitation and gynodioecy was supported by GLM, but not GEE analyses, and no relationship between temperature and breeding systems was supported by either method. Higher dispersal ability and the potential for self-fertilization may explain why monoecious species of Ficus have been able to colonize and survive in drier environments. This thesis highlights the potential of phylogenetic comparative methods and phylogenomic data to address questions of breeding system evolution and biogeography in Moraceae, and opens up several important new perspectives worth investigating in other plant clades, such as a relationship between breeding system and climatic niche.

The interaction between figs (Ficus spp.) and their pollinating wasps (fig wasps; Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) is a classic example of an ancient and apparently stable mutualism. A striking property of this mutualism is that fig wasps consistently oviposit in the inner flowers of the fig syconium (gall flowers, which develop into galls that house developing larvae), but typically do not use the outer ring of flowers (seed flowers, which are pollinated and develop into seeds). This dissertation explores the potential differences between gall and seed flowers that might influence oviposition choices, and the unknown mechanisms underlying gall formation. To identify the microbial community that could influence oviposition choice, I identified fungi in both flower types across six species of Ficus. I found that whereas fungal communities differed significantly as a function of developmental stages of syconia and lineages of fig trees, communities did not differ significantly between receptive gall and seed flowers. Because secretions from the poison sac that are deposited at oviposition are thought to be important in gall formation by both pollinating fig wasps and non-pollinating, parasitic wasps, I examined poison sac morphology in diverse galling wasps from several species of Ficus in lowland Panama. I found that the size of the poison sac was positively associated with egg number across pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps. Finally to determine difference in defense and metabolism between gall and seed flowers, and to identify genes involved in galling, I compared gene expression profiles of fig flowers at the time of oviposition choice and early gall development. I found a prominence of flavonoids and defensive genes in both pollinated and receptive gall flowers of Ficus obtusifolia, and revealed detectable differences between gall flowers and seed flowers before oviposition. Several highly expressed genes were also identified that have implications for the mechanism of gall initiation. This dissertation explores previously unstudied aspects of the fig and fig wasp mutualism and provides important molecular tools for future study of this iconic and ecologically important association.

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) is a pest with significant economic impact on the grape growing industry in South Africa and other parts of the world. With the isolation and synthesizing of the vine mealybug sex pheromone in 2001, new control options for the integrated management of the vine mealybug have been created. The status of sex pheromone monitoring as a tool in the integrated management of the vine mealybug has been evaluated from different perspectives. A significant quantitative difference in male vine mealybug trap catch numbers has been observed between wine and table grape vineyards and results indicated that there were differences in the susceptibility of grape cultivars to vine mealybug. Currently, the delta trap design is the accepted trap design for vine mealybug monitoring. No studies have yet been conducted to determine the optimum trap parameters like size or design. Population pressure may have an influence on the qualitative efficiency of various trap designs. The basis for degree-day forecasting models has been established adequately. However, refinements need to be done and the incorporation of factors such as humidity and regionality also need to be considered. Daily maximum temperatures fluctuating around the upper developmental threshold temperature for prolonged periods of time seemed to suppress population numbers. Different vineyard management practices exist for wine and table grape production. While an action threshold of 65 vine mealybug males per trap per two-week period seems an acceptable threshold for table grape production, it may not be appropriate for wine grape (or raisin grape) production. Using sex pheromone traps for population monitoring is a valid technique in the arsenal of management tactics against the vine mealybug. However, refinements and validation of research results must be done further to build credibility into the monitoring system. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Realiza la cuantificación de los principios bioactivos, la determinación químico bromatológico y obtención de colorantes naturales de la cáscara de Opuntia ficus – indica (L.) Miller “tuna” procedente del distrito San Bartolomé, provincia de Huarochirí, región Lima. En la evaluación química bromatológica, mediante el uso de métodos de la AOAC, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados en g% de muestra fresca: 88,46 de humedad; 1,08 de proteína; 1,51 de grasa; 9,06 de carbohidratos; 0,99 de cenizas; 0,22 de fibra cruda; 2,40 de azúcares reductores directos. Minerales, por el método de Absorción Atómica en mg% de muestra fresca: 31,89 de Na; 1052,36 de K; 127,56 de Mg; 605,91 de Ca; 31,89 de P; 0,32 de Fe; 1,10 de Zn; 0,67 de Cu. Se obtiene betalaínas por método espectrofotométrico, 378 mg/L de betaxantinas y 637 mg/L de betacianinas, 132,89 mg% de polifenoles totales por el método de Folin-Ciocalteau, 33,45 mg% de flavonoides totales por el método espectrofotométrico, 27,08mg de Vitamina C por el método de la AOAC y las antocianinas no son detectadas con el método de pH diferencial. La capacidad antioxidante, mediante método del Radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) es 0,901ug/mL expresados como estándar Trolox. Se obtiene un colorante natural de color rojo a pH entre 5 y 6, lo cual muestra buena estabilidad en alimentos ácidos.