SCA Östrand implements an expansion of its current production of pulp. Today's 435 000 tonnes will be 900 000 tonnes when the new production line is put into operation in 2018. SCA Logistics, which is responsible for the storage and transportation of pulp would therefore like to know how much area that is currently storing pulp and if the existing surface is sufficient to cope with the increase in volume from SCA Östrand. If the surface is not enough, SCA Logistics want to know how much space will be needed to cope with the increase in volume. The study is a combined case study and design methodology. Through process mapping, various scenarios are being developed to implement the current status and future analysis where the purpose of the study can be determined by calculating the maximum area, volume and fill rate. Information has been obtained from printed literature, scientific papers, previous theses, and observations of the process in SCA Logistics in the port of Tunadal. Relevant data has been obtained from an external supervisor at SCA Logistics. The study provides answers to how much space is available at present time, the fact that the current surface will not be sufficient to cope with the increase in volume and a minimum of additional 5800 m2 surface area will be needed to store pulp on. / SCA Östrand genomför i dagsläget en expansion av dess nuvarande produktion av pappersmassa. Dagens 435 000 ton kommer dubbleras när den nya produktionslinjen tas i bruk 2018. SCA Logistics som ansvarar för lagring och transportering av pappersmassan vill således veta hur mycket yta som finns i nuläget att lagra pappersmassa på och om den befintliga ytan är tillräcklig för att klara av volymökningen från SCA Östrand. Om ytan inte räcker till, vill SCA Logistics veta hur mycket yta som kommer behövas för att klara av volymökningen. Studien är en kombinerad fallstudie och designmetodik. Genom en processkartläggning kommer olika scenarion tas fram för att genomföra en nuläges-och framtidsanalys där syftet med studien kommer bestäm-mas genom att beräkna maximal area, volym och fyllnadsgrad. Inform-ation införskaffas från tryckt litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar, tidigare examensarbeten, samt processpromenader på SCA Logistics i Tunadals-hamnen. Relevant data erhålls från extern handledare på SCA Logistics. Studien ger svar på hur mycket yta som finns tillgängligt i nuläget, att denna yta inte kommer vara tillräcklig för att klara av volymökningen och ett minimum av ytterligare 5800 m2 behövs utöver den nuvarande ytan som finns tillgänglig.

<p> </p><p>The environmental aspect of transportation has got a lot of attention over the past years. It has its origin in the growing awareness of environmental problems such as the global warming. Today the environmental aspect of transportation is widely discussed and is being recognized as a very important question to deal with for everyone involved. In Europe the transportation industry is responsible for 21 per cent of the total emission. While studies of the subject show that an environmental friendly supply chain is considered a success factor for many companies, there is a lack of interest from them to invest in order to obtain it. The question this dilemma raises is what a company can do in terms of reducing its impact on the environment without making big investments.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how, from a company perspective, efficient logistics solutions for the distribution of products can reduce transportation costs as well as the environmental impact from a company. To gather data the authors will conduct a qualitative single case study in the form of interviews at a company to create the deep understanding needed to comprehend a company’s distribution system.</p><p>The result of the analysis shows that areas considering fill rate and selection of transportation mode are findings that would increase the efficiency, which would reduce the cost of transportation and the environmental impact. Also benefits from the option to outsource the logistics function regarding the distribution of the product to a TPL have been found.</p><p>The conclusion suggests that for a company to become as efficient as possible, while at the same time reduce their negative impact on the environment they should try to maximize the fill rate, which brings along that as much goods as possible is being distributed with as limited amounts of transportations as possible. Additional important conclusions from the thesis involve the significance of choosing the most suitable mode of transportation, something that will affect a range of different factors where cost and service are found to be the most important.</p><p> </p>

The environmental aspect of transportation has got a lot of attention over the past years. It has its origin in the growing awareness of environmental problems such as the global warming. Today the environmental aspect of transportation is widely discussed and is being recognized as a very important question to deal with for everyone involved. In Europe the transportation industry is responsible for 21 per cent of the total emission. While studies of the subject show that an environmental friendly supply chain is considered a success factor for many companies, there is a lack of interest from them to invest in order to obtain it. The question this dilemma raises is what a company can do in terms of reducing its impact on the environment without making big investments. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how, from a company perspective, efficient logistics solutions for the distribution of products can reduce transportation costs as well as the environmental impact from a company. To gather data the authors will conduct a qualitative single case study in the form of interviews at a company to create the deep understanding needed to comprehend a company’s distribution system. The result of the analysis shows that areas considering fill rate and selection of transportation mode are findings that would increase the efficiency, which would reduce the cost of transportation and the environmental impact. Also benefits from the option to outsource the logistics function regarding the distribution of the product to a TPL have been found. The conclusion suggests that for a company to become as efficient as possible, while at the same time reduce their negative impact on the environment they should try to maximize the fill rate, which brings along that as much goods as possible is being distributed with as limited amounts of transportations as possible. Additional important conclusions from the thesis involve the significance of choosing the most suitable mode of transportation, something that will affect a range of different factors where cost and service are found to be the most important.

The goal of this diploma thesis is, through three performance indicators: Stock Depreciation, Supplier Fill Rate and On Shelves Availability, to analyze stock management at Sephora Czech Republic, propose, implement and evaluate selected methods of improving strategy. Thematically, the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part includes theoretical background, basic concepts related to the stock and its management. The second chapter is a practical part, where the main focus is given to analysis of current state of inventory management, recommendations for improvement, their implementation and evaluation of the results.

Una de las métricas de servicio al cliente más utilizadas en la gestión de inventarios para el diseño de las políticas es el fill rate que mide la fracción de demanda que puede servirse directamente con el stock físico que está disponible en la estantería. El propósito fundamental de la presente tesis es proponer un marco de referencia para el diseño de políticas de inventario en revisión periódica (R, S) cuando se utiliza esta métrica como restricción de diseño, asumiéndose que el proceso de demanda es estacionario con una función de probabilidad discreta, independiente, e idénticamente distribuida, y distinguiendo además entre el contexto en el que se acepta diferir la demanda no servida del ciclo al ciclo siguiente (en inglés, backorderig case) y el contexto en el que no se acepta (en inglés, lost sales case). Para ello se analiza el comportamiento de los métodos de cálculo que existen en la literatura para el cálculo del fill rate (en la mayoría de los casos, aproximaciones), lo que permite establecer cuándo es posible la utilización de cada uno de ellos para la estimación del stock de referencia así como los riesgos asociados a su utilización. Tras una revisión de la literatura sobre los métodos de estimación del fill rate, se concluye que en un contexto de demanda discreta sólo existen dos métodos de cálculo disponibles, uno exacto y otro aproximado, desarrollados para el caso de no aceptar diferir la demanda no servida del ciclo (lost sales). En cambio, para el caso de aceptar dicho diferimiento, todos los métodos que existen son aproximaciones desarrolladas para distribuciones de demanda continuas. Por ello, para poder cumplir con el objetivo principal de esta tesis, es necesario reformular y adaptar estas aproximaciones partiendo de las hipótesis de cada autor y considerando explícitamente la naturaleza discreta de la demanda. Con esta nueva formulación, se propone una metodología basada en dos experimentos que combinan diferentes funciones de distribución / Guijarro Tarradellas, E. (2012). UN MARCO DE REFERENCIA PARA EL DISEÑO DE POLÍTICAS DE INVENTARIO EN REVISIÓN PERIÓDICA CON DEMANDA DISCRETA Y FILL RATE OBJETIVO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/17175 / Palancia

Packaging plays a crucial role in logistics as it has a significant effect on the efficiency of transportation. The shape and dimensions of packaging material has considerable impact on transport performance, whereas an optimal packaging system for products enables for improved utilization of the total volume on a load carrier. As a result of improved freight performance, transportation costs can be reduced. Improved vehicle utilization for shipments also has a positive impact on environmental aspects, as increased vehicle fill rate can lead to less required transports which ultimately lowers the overall carbon emissions caused by transports. Therefore, an optimization of the packaging model can lead to substantial benefits, both economically and environmentally. The purpose of this study was to create a cost estimation model for the company Machine Corporation that would illustrate what effects a new packaging strategy would have on transportation costs, fill rate and environmental aspects. To achieve this purpose, relevant data have been collected from the company together with suitable metrics found in the literature. The collected data was thereafter used to create a cost estimation model that served as a tool to determine the total costs and the potential savings. The outcome results of the model showed that Machine Corp. would have made a yearly saving of 2 341 353 SEK. The implementation of a new packaging strategy was estimated to increase the volume-based fill rate for truck loads by approximately 54% which enabled for a reduction of transportation costs by 32%. Furthermore, the results showed a positive impact on environmental aspects as the total amount of road freight shipments needed per year was estimated to reduce by 32% as well and the total tonnes-km per year would decrease by 31%.

No description available.

The thesis has been written as a part of the Bachelor degree in Industrial engineering and management at the School of Engineering in Jönköping. The work is focused on the part of Husqvarna AB’s supply chain that is associated with the lorry transports to Italy. Husqvarna AB has approximately ten Italian customers, whose delivery patterns have been studied from January 2007 to July 2008. Some of the customers have a low delivery frequency and small amounts of goods that they therefore have not been fully analyzed in this report. The main focus has been put on the two largest customers. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze how the lorry transports to Italy can be made more cost-effective with maintained or increased customer service level. In addition, it is intended that the result of this thesis will become applicable for the transports to the rest of the European countries. To structure the work and to reach the main goal, it has been fragmented into three sub targets. Today, Husqvarna AB works with two fixed departure days per week to Italy. Exceptionally there can be more frequent deliveries in case of enough goods to fill up a lorry. The costs for the transports are regulated by the agreement Huqvarna AB has with DHL. To reach the result of this thesis a data collection was made as an introduction, to gather all the information regarding the shipments which had departed during the investigated period. Each customer was put in a separate Excel sheet, where the costs were calculated for the current situation as well as for the different solutions that were introduced by the authors. To assure that consideration was taken to the customer service a structured written interview was distributed to representatives from the two largest customers. The result shows that changes can take place in several steps. It is estimated that the most cost-effective solution would give a reduction of the transportation costs by over 40 percent. However, the authors do not hold this solution as implementable, as it gives a too low delivery frequency to keep an acceptable customer service level. The alternative which the authors would like to recommend the thesis submitter Husqvarna AB gives a reduction of the transportation costs by 13.7 percent and involves lowering the delivery frequency to departures once a week, or more often if there are enough goods to fill a lorry. Furthermore the solution implies a usage of the rules in the agreement with DHL, which allows mixed consignments to customers within the same zone. The authors do not think that this solution will affect the customer service level in a noticeable way, but if further research should show that that is the case, the authors have stressed a number of small changes in the discussion chapter. They do for example concern improvements of packing and loading. / Examensarbetet har utförts som ett led i högskoleingenjörsexamen inom Industriell organisation och ekonomi vid Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping. Arbetet har fokuserats kring den del av Husqvarna AB:s logistikverksamhet som handlar om lastbilstransporter till Italien. Det rör sig om ett tiotal kunder, vars sändningar har studerats under perioden januari 2007 till och med juli 2008. Då vissa av kunderna både har en låg frekvens på avgångar och små godsmängder på varje sändning har fokus framför allt legat på de två största kunderna. Huvudmålet med examensarbetet är att analysera hur lastbilstransporterna till Italien kan göras mer kostnadseffektiva med bibehållen eller ökad leveransservicenivå. I förlängningen ska resultatet även kunna vara applicerbart på transporter till övriga Europa. För att strukturera arbetet och nå huvudmålet delades det i tre delmål. I dagsläget arbetar Husqvarna AB med två fasta avgångar per vecka till Italien, där det i undantagsfall kan avgå gods tätare om det är tillräckligt för att fylla en lastbärare. Transportkostnaderna regleras av det transportavtal som Husqvarna AB har med DHL. För att få fram ett resultat gjordes inledningsvis en datainsamling kring alla de sändningar som hade avgått under den undersökta perioden. Varje kund fördes in i separata Excel-ark där transportkostnader beräknades för nuläget, men också för de olika transportalternativ som togs fram. För att ta hänsyn till leveransserviceaspekten genomfördes en strukturerad skriftlig intervju med representanter från de två största kunderna. Resultatet visar att förändringar kan ske i flera steg och att den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen skulle ge en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med drygt 40 procent. Författarna anser dock inte att denna lösning är genomförbar då den ger för låg avgångsfrekvens för att bibehålla en acceptabel leveransservicenivå. Det alternativ som författarna rekommenderar uppdragsgivaren Husqvarna AB ger en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med 13,7 procent och innebär en sänkning av avgångsfrekvensen så att sändningar avgår en gång i veckan, och oftare om det är tillräckligt med gods för att fylla en lastbärare. Vidare innebär alternativet att de kunder som ligger inom samma zoner enligt transportavtalet med DHL samlastas. Författarna tror inte att ett sådant transportsätt skulle påverka leveransservicen i för stor utsträckning, men om det i vidare studier skulle visa sig att så är fallet, har författarna fokuserat ett antal mindre förändringar i diskussionskapitlet. Bland annat rör det sig om att mer aktivt arbeta med förbättring av packning och lastning.

<p>The thesis has been written as a part of the Bachelor degree in Industrial engineering and management at the School of Engineering in Jönköping. The work is focused on the part of Husqvarna AB’s supply chain that is associated with the lorry transports to Italy. Husqvarna AB has approximately ten Italian customers, whose delivery patterns have been studied from January 2007 to July 2008. Some of the customers have a low delivery frequency and small amounts of goods that they therefore have not been fully analyzed in this report. The main focus has been put on the two largest customers.</p><p>The main goal of this thesis is to analyze how the lorry transports to Italy can be made more cost-effective with maintained or increased customer service level. In addition, it is intended that the result of this thesis will become applicable for the transports to the rest of the European countries. To structure the work and to reach the main goal, it has been fragmented into three sub targets.</p><p>Today, Husqvarna AB works with two fixed departure days per week to Italy. Exceptionally there can be more frequent deliveries in case of enough goods to fill up a lorry. The costs for the transports are regulated by the agreement Huqvarna AB has with DHL. To reach the result of this thesis a data collection was made as an introduction, to gather all the information regarding the shipments which had departed during the investigated period. Each customer was put in a separate Excel sheet, where the costs were calculated for the current situation as well as for the different solutions that were introduced by the authors. To assure that consideration was taken to the customer service a structured written interview was distributed to representatives from the two largest customers.</p><p>The result shows that changes can take place in several steps. It is estimated that the most cost-effective solution would give a reduction of the transportation costs by over 40 percent. However, the authors do not hold this solution as implementable, as it gives a too low delivery frequency to keep an acceptable customer service level. The alternative which the authors would like to recommend the thesis submitter Husqvarna AB gives a reduction of the transportation costs by 13.7 percent and involves lowering the delivery frequency to departures once a week, or more often if there are enough goods to fill a lorry. Furthermore the solution implies a usage of the rules in the agreement with DHL, which allows mixed consignments to customers within the same zone. The authors do not think that this solution will affect the customer service level in a noticeable way, but if further research should show that that is the case, the authors have stressed a number of small changes in the discussion chapter. They do for example concern improvements of packing and loading.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet har utförts som ett led i högskoleingenjörsexamen inom Industriell organisation och ekonomi vid Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping. Arbetet har fokuserats kring den del av Husqvarna AB:s logistikverksamhet som handlar om lastbilstransporter till Italien. Det rör sig om ett tiotal kunder, vars sändningar har studerats under perioden januari 2007 till och med juli 2008. Då vissa av kunderna både har en låg frekvens på avgångar och små godsmängder på varje sändning har fokus framför allt legat på de två största kunderna.</p><p>Huvudmålet med examensarbetet är att analysera hur lastbilstransporterna till Italien kan göras mer kostnadseffektiva med bibehållen eller ökad leveransservicenivå. I förlängningen ska resultatet även kunna vara applicerbart på transporter till övriga Europa. För att strukturera arbetet och nå huvudmålet delades det i tre delmål.</p><p>I dagsläget arbetar Husqvarna AB med två fasta avgångar per vecka till Italien, där det i undantagsfall kan avgå gods tätare om det är tillräckligt för att fylla en lastbärare. Transportkostnaderna regleras av det transportavtal som Husqvarna AB har med DHL. För att få fram ett resultat gjordes inledningsvis en datainsamling kring alla de sändningar som hade avgått under den undersökta perioden. Varje kund fördes in i separata Excel-ark där transportkostnader beräknades för nuläget, men också för de olika transportalternativ som togs fram. För att ta hänsyn till leveransserviceaspekten genomfördes en strukturerad skriftlig intervju med representanter från de två största kunderna.</p><p>Resultatet visar att förändringar kan ske i flera steg och att den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen skulle ge en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med drygt 40 procent. Författarna anser dock inte att denna lösning är genomförbar då den ger för låg avgångsfrekvens för att bibehålla en acceptabel leveransservicenivå. Det alternativ som författarna rekommenderar uppdragsgivaren Husqvarna AB ger en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med 13,7 procent och innebär en sänkning av avgångsfrekvensen så att sändningar avgår en gång i veckan, och oftare om det är tillräckligt med gods för att fylla en lastbärare. Vidare innebär alternativet att de kunder som ligger inom samma zoner enligt transportavtalet med DHL samlastas. Författarna tror inte att ett sådant transportsätt skulle påverka leveransservicen i för stor utsträckning, men om det i vidare studier skulle visa sig att så är fallet, har författarna fokuserat ett antal mindre förändringar i diskussionskapitlet. Bland annat rör det sig om att mer aktivt arbeta med förbättring av packning och lastning.</p>

This study is on the service models for dynamic scheduling of multi-class make-to-stock systems. An exponential single-server facility processes different types of items one by one and demand arrivals for different item types occur according to independent Poisson processes. Inventories of the items are managed by base-stock policies and backordering is allowed. The objective is to minimize base-stock investments or average inventory holding costs subject to a constraint on the aggregate fill rate, which is a weighted average of the fill rates of the item types. The base-stock controlled policy that maximizes aggregate fill rate is numerically investigated, for both symmetric and asymmetric systems, and is shown to be optimal for minimizing base-stock investments under an aggregate fill rate constraint. Alternative policies are generated by heuristics in order to approximate the policy that maximizes aggregate fill rate and performances of these policies are compared to those of two well-known Longest Queue and First Come First Served policies. Also, optimal policy for the service model to minimize average inventory holding cost subject to an aggregate fill rate constraint is investigated without restricting the attention to only base-stock controlled dynamic scheduling policies. Based on the equivalence relations between this service model and the corresponding cost model, it is observed that the base-stock controlled policy that maximizes aggregate fill rate is almost the same as the solution to the service model and cost model under consideration, especially when backorder penalties are large in the cost model as compared to cost parameters for inventory holding or equivalently when the target fill rate is large in the service model.