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En kombinerad fallstudie och designmetodik om lagerutrymme : Scenario- och processanalys på SCA LogisticsGabriel, Paul, Torberntsson, David January 2016 (has links)
SCA Östrand implements an expansion of its current production of pulp. Today's 435 000 tonnes will be 900 000 tonnes when the new production line is put into operation in 2018. SCA Logistics, which is responsible for the storage and transportation of pulp would therefore like to know how much area that is currently storing pulp and if the existing surface is sufficient to cope with the increase in volume from SCA Östrand. If the surface is not enough, SCA Logistics want to know how much space will be needed to cope with the increase in volume. The study is a combined case study and design methodology. Through process mapping, various scenarios are being developed to implement the current status and future analysis where the purpose of the study can be determined by calculating the maximum area, volume and fill rate. Information has been obtained from printed literature, scientific papers, previous theses, and observations of the process in SCA Logistics in the port of Tunadal. Relevant data has been obtained from an external supervisor at SCA Logistics. The study provides answers to how much space is available at present time, the fact that the current surface will not be sufficient to cope with the increase in volume and a minimum of additional 5800 m2 surface area will be needed to store pulp on. / SCA Östrand genomför i dagsläget en expansion av dess nuvarande produktion av pappersmassa. Dagens 435 000 ton kommer dubbleras när den nya produktionslinjen tas i bruk 2018. SCA Logistics som ansvarar för lagring och transportering av pappersmassan vill således veta hur mycket yta som finns i nuläget att lagra pappersmassa på och om den befintliga ytan är tillräcklig för att klara av volymökningen från SCA Östrand. Om ytan inte räcker till, vill SCA Logistics veta hur mycket yta som kommer behövas för att klara av volymökningen. Studien är en kombinerad fallstudie och designmetodik. Genom en processkartläggning kommer olika scenarion tas fram för att genomföra en nuläges-och framtidsanalys där syftet med studien kommer bestäm-mas genom att beräkna maximal area, volym och fyllnadsgrad. Inform-ation införskaffas från tryckt litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar, tidigare examensarbeten, samt processpromenader på SCA Logistics i Tunadals-hamnen. Relevant data erhålls från extern handledare på SCA Logistics. Studien ger svar på hur mycket yta som finns tillgängligt i nuläget, att denna yta inte kommer vara tillräcklig för att klara av volymökningen och ett minimum av ytterligare 5800 m2 behövs utöver den nuvarande ytan som finns tillgänglig.
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Efficiency in distribution : as a cost saver and environmental impact reducerLindholm Johnsson, Anton, Almén, Tomas January 2009 (has links)
<p> </p><p>The environmental aspect of transportation has got a lot of attention over the past years. It has its origin in the growing awareness of environmental problems such as the global warming. Today the environmental aspect of transportation is widely discussed and is being recognized as a very important question to deal with for everyone involved. In Europe the transportation industry is responsible for 21 per cent of the total emission. While studies of the subject show that an environmental friendly supply chain is considered a success factor for many companies, there is a lack of interest from them to invest in order to obtain it. The question this dilemma raises is what a company can do in terms of reducing its impact on the environment without making big investments.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how, from a company perspective, efficient logistics solutions for the distribution of products can reduce transportation costs as well as the environmental impact from a company. To gather data the authors will conduct a qualitative single case study in the form of interviews at a company to create the deep understanding needed to comprehend a company’s distribution system.</p><p>The result of the analysis shows that areas considering fill rate and selection of transportation mode are findings that would increase the efficiency, which would reduce the cost of transportation and the environmental impact. Also benefits from the option to outsource the logistics function regarding the distribution of the product to a TPL have been found.</p><p>The conclusion suggests that for a company to become as efficient as possible, while at the same time reduce their negative impact on the environment they should try to maximize the fill rate, which brings along that as much goods as possible is being distributed with as limited amounts of transportations as possible. Additional important conclusions from the thesis involve the significance of choosing the most suitable mode of transportation, something that will affect a range of different factors where cost and service are found to be the most important.</p><p> </p>
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Efficiency in distribution : as a cost saver and environmental impact reducerLindholm Johnsson, Anton, Almén, Tomas January 2009 (has links)
The environmental aspect of transportation has got a lot of attention over the past years. It has its origin in the growing awareness of environmental problems such as the global warming. Today the environmental aspect of transportation is widely discussed and is being recognized as a very important question to deal with for everyone involved. In Europe the transportation industry is responsible for 21 per cent of the total emission. While studies of the subject show that an environmental friendly supply chain is considered a success factor for many companies, there is a lack of interest from them to invest in order to obtain it. The question this dilemma raises is what a company can do in terms of reducing its impact on the environment without making big investments. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how, from a company perspective, efficient logistics solutions for the distribution of products can reduce transportation costs as well as the environmental impact from a company. To gather data the authors will conduct a qualitative single case study in the form of interviews at a company to create the deep understanding needed to comprehend a company’s distribution system. The result of the analysis shows that areas considering fill rate and selection of transportation mode are findings that would increase the efficiency, which would reduce the cost of transportation and the environmental impact. Also benefits from the option to outsource the logistics function regarding the distribution of the product to a TPL have been found. The conclusion suggests that for a company to become as efficient as possible, while at the same time reduce their negative impact on the environment they should try to maximize the fill rate, which brings along that as much goods as possible is being distributed with as limited amounts of transportations as possible. Additional important conclusions from the thesis involve the significance of choosing the most suitable mode of transportation, something that will affect a range of different factors where cost and service are found to be the most important.
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Řízení zásob v Sephora / Stock management in SephoraNatokina, Marina January 2015 (has links)
The goal of this diploma thesis is, through three performance indicators: Stock Depreciation, Supplier Fill Rate and On Shelves Availability, to analyze stock management at Sephora Czech Republic, propose, implement and evaluate selected methods of improving strategy. Thematically, the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part includes theoretical background, basic concepts related to the stock and its management. The second chapter is a practical part, where the main focus is given to analysis of current state of inventory management, recommendations for improvement, their implementation and evaluation of the results.
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UN MARCO DE REFERENCIA PARA EL DISEÑO DE POLÍTICAS DE INVENTARIO EN REVISIÓN PERIÓDICA CON DEMANDA DISCRETA Y FILL RATE OBJETIVOGuijarro Tarradellas, Ester 20 September 2012 (has links)
Una de las métricas de servicio al cliente más utilizadas en la gestión de inventarios para el diseño de las políticas es el fill rate que mide la fracción de demanda que puede servirse directamente con el stock físico que está disponible en la estantería. El propósito fundamental de la presente tesis es proponer un marco de referencia para el diseño de políticas de inventario en revisión periódica (R, S) cuando se utiliza esta métrica como restricción de diseño, asumiéndose que el proceso de demanda es estacionario con una función de probabilidad discreta, independiente, e idénticamente distribuida, y distinguiendo además entre el contexto en el que se acepta diferir la demanda no servida del ciclo al ciclo siguiente (en inglés, backorderig case) y el contexto en el que no se acepta (en inglés, lost sales case). Para ello se analiza el comportamiento de los métodos de cálculo que existen en la literatura para el cálculo del fill rate (en la mayoría de los casos, aproximaciones), lo que permite establecer cuándo es posible la utilización de cada uno de ellos para la estimación del stock de referencia así como los riesgos asociados a su utilización.
Tras una revisión de la literatura sobre los métodos de estimación del fill rate, se concluye que en un contexto de demanda discreta sólo existen dos métodos de cálculo disponibles, uno exacto y otro aproximado, desarrollados para el caso de no aceptar diferir la demanda no servida del ciclo (lost sales). En cambio, para el caso de aceptar dicho diferimiento, todos los métodos que existen son aproximaciones desarrolladas para distribuciones de demanda continuas. Por ello, para poder cumplir con el objetivo principal de esta tesis, es necesario reformular y adaptar estas aproximaciones partiendo de las hipótesis de cada autor y considerando explícitamente la naturaleza discreta de la demanda. Con esta nueva formulación, se propone una metodología basada en dos experimentos que combinan diferentes funciones de distribución / Guijarro Tarradellas, E. (2012). UN MARCO DE REFERENCIA PARA EL DISEÑO DE POLÍTICAS DE INVENTARIO EN REVISIÓN PERIÓDICA CON DEMANDA DISCRETA Y FILL RATE OBJETIVO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/17175 / Palancia
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Logistics driven packaging for efficient and sustainable road freight : A case study on a global export companyPersson, Robin, Shirpey, Samuel, Salenborg, Elisabeth January 2020 (has links)
Packaging plays a crucial role in logistics as it has a significant effect on the efficiency of transportation. The shape and dimensions of packaging material has considerable impact on transport performance, whereas an optimal packaging system for products enables for improved utilization of the total volume on a load carrier. As a result of improved freight performance, transportation costs can be reduced. Improved vehicle utilization for shipments also has a positive impact on environmental aspects, as increased vehicle fill rate can lead to less required transports which ultimately lowers the overall carbon emissions caused by transports. Therefore, an optimization of the packaging model can lead to substantial benefits, both economically and environmentally. The purpose of this study was to create a cost estimation model for the company Machine Corporation that would illustrate what effects a new packaging strategy would have on transportation costs, fill rate and environmental aspects. To achieve this purpose, relevant data have been collected from the company together with suitable metrics found in the literature. The collected data was thereafter used to create a cost estimation model that served as a tool to determine the total costs and the potential savings. The outcome results of the model showed that Machine Corp. would have made a yearly saving of 2 341 353 SEK. The implementation of a new packaging strategy was estimated to increase the volume-based fill rate for truck loads by approximately 54% which enabled for a reduction of transportation costs by 32%. Furthermore, the results showed a positive impact on environmental aspects as the total amount of road freight shipments needed per year was estimated to reduce by 32% as well and the total tonnes-km per year would decrease by 31%.
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THREE ESSAYS ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENTZHANG, JIANG 17 June 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Förbättring av fyllnadsgrader i vägtransporter mellan distributionslager och butiker : en fallstudie hos PostNord TPL, Norrköping, Sverige / Improvement of fill rates in road transports between distribution center and retail stores : A case study at PostNord TPL, Norrköping, SwedenKristiansson, Johan, Isaksson, Pontus January 2024 (has links)
PostNord TPL ser en utmaning med ineffektiva fyllnadsgrader i sina transporter till deras slutkund, från PostNord TPL:s nya distributionslager Malmölandet i Norrköping. På grund av detta vill PostNord TPL förbättra sina utleveransprocesser för att höja fyllnadsgraden, vilket de vill möjliggöra genom att identifiera olika åtgärder. Vidare, vill företaget även identifiera vilken effekt dessa åtgärder kan medföra på verksamhetens kostnader och klimatpåverkan. Syftet med studien är därför att kartlägga PostNord TPL:s utleveransprocesser för att identifiera förbättringsområden och åtgärder med mål att öka fyllnadsgraden i transporter till slutkundens butiker, samt kartlägga vilka potentiella effekter en ökad fyllnadsgrad har med avseende på kostnader samt klimatpåverkan. I studien kartlades PostNord TPL:s utleveransprocess för att identifiera problem och förbättringsområden. Detta genomfördes genom att analysera intervjusvar från operativ personal hos PostNord TPL, tillsammans med egna observationer av utleveransprocessen. I studien granskades produktflöden mellan Malmölandet och fyra utvalda butiker. De fyra butikerna valdes eftersom dessa flöden ansågs representativa mot resterande flöden sett till transportsträckor och transporterade volymer. Studiens resultat visade att de viktigaste identifierade förbättringsområdena var slutkundens orderläggnings-struktur, bristande systemstöd i PostNord TPL:s arbetsprocesser, transportfrekvens, samt tidsbrist för PostNord TPL:s personal. Sju åtgärdsförslag presenterades till dessa förbättringsområden, där två av åtgärdsförslagen kopplas till orderläggning, ett åtgärdsförslag kan kopplas till transportfrekvens, ett till tidsbrist och tre kan kopplas till bristande systemstöd. Studiens resultat visade även att högre fyllnadsgrader främst påverkar butiker med höga transporterade volymer. Beräkningarna visade att transportbehovet minskar vid högre fyllnadsgrader och på så vis minskar även transportkostnader och CO2e-utsläpp som följd. Vidare, visar resultaten att det finns stora ekonomiska och miljömässiga fördelar med att sänka transportfrekvensen i det fall att slutkunden kan acceptera ändrade leveranskrav. De butiker med lägst transporterad volym påverkas mest av att sänka transportfrekvensen. Önskar slutkunden en högre fyllnadsgrad och mer hållbara transporter behöver de därför göra en avvägning av vad som är viktigast mellan en hög bibehållen leveransservice eller minskad leveransservice med ökade fyllnadsgrader och dess positiva effekter. Resultaten från beräkningarna visade också att om efterfrågan på gods är låg och/eller att fyllnadsgraden höjs men inte är tillräckligt stor för att minska transportbehovet, blir klimatpåverkan och transportkostnaderna oförändrade. Slutligen visade även studiens resultat att det är skillnad om beräkningarna utförs på veckovis eller månadsvis flödesdata. De månadsvisa beräkningarna ger upphov till ett större antal eliminerade transporter, vilket beror på att flödesvolymerna är större. / PostNord TPL sees a challenge with inefficient fill rates in their transports to their end customer, from PostNord TPL's new distribution center Malmölandet in Norrköping. Because of this, PostNord TPL wants to improve their delivery processes to increase the fill rate, which they want to enable by identifying different measures. Furthermore, the company also wants to identify what effect these measures can have on the costs and climate impact of the business. The purpose of the study is therefore to map PostNord TPL's delivery processes to identify areas for improvement and measures aimed at increasing the fill rate in transports to the end customers' stores, as well as to identify the potential effects of an increased fill rate with regard to costs and climate impact. The study mapped PostNord TPL's delivery process to identify problems and areas for improvement. This was done by analysing interview responses from operational staff at PostNord TPL, together with the authors' own observations of the delivery process. The study examined product flows between Malmölandet and four selected customer stores. The four stores were chosen because these flows were considered representative of the rest of the flows in terms of transport distances and transported volumes. The results of the study showed that the most important identified areas for improvement were the end customers' order placement structure, lack of system support in PostNord TPL's work processes, transport frequency, and lack of time for PostNord TPL's staff. Seven proposals for action were presented for these areas of improvement, where two of the proposals for action are linked to order placement, one proposal for action can be linked to transport frequency, one to lack of time and three proposals can be linked to lack of system support. The results of the study also showed that higher fill rates mainly affect stores with high transported volumes. The calculations showed that the need for transport is reduced at higher fill rates and thus also reduces transportation costs and CO2e emissions as a result. Furthermore, the results show that there are significant economic and environmental benefits of reducing the transport frequency in case the end customer can accept changed delivery requirements. The stores with the lowest transported volume are most affected by lowering the transport frequency. Therefore, if the end customer wants a higher load factor and more sustainable transport, they need to make a trade-off between maintaining a high delivery service or reducing the delivery service with an increased fill rate and its positive effects. The results of the calculations also showed that if the demand for goods is low and/or the fill rate is increased but not enough to reduce the transport demand, the climate impact and transport costs remain unchanged. Finally, the results of the study also showed that there is a difference if the calculations are performed on weekly or monthly flow data. The monthly calculations results in a larger number of eliminated transports, which is due to larger transportation volumes.
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Analys av Husqvarna AB:s lastbilstransporter till Italien / Analysis of Husqvarna AB's deliveries to the Italian marketEdh, Nina, Jönegård, Mattias January 2008 (has links)
The thesis has been written as a part of the Bachelor degree in Industrial engineering and management at the School of Engineering in Jönköping. The work is focused on the part of Husqvarna AB’s supply chain that is associated with the lorry transports to Italy. Husqvarna AB has approximately ten Italian customers, whose delivery patterns have been studied from January 2007 to July 2008. Some of the customers have a low delivery frequency and small amounts of goods that they therefore have not been fully analyzed in this report. The main focus has been put on the two largest customers. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze how the lorry transports to Italy can be made more cost-effective with maintained or increased customer service level. In addition, it is intended that the result of this thesis will become applicable for the transports to the rest of the European countries. To structure the work and to reach the main goal, it has been fragmented into three sub targets. Today, Husqvarna AB works with two fixed departure days per week to Italy. Exceptionally there can be more frequent deliveries in case of enough goods to fill up a lorry. The costs for the transports are regulated by the agreement Huqvarna AB has with DHL. To reach the result of this thesis a data collection was made as an introduction, to gather all the information regarding the shipments which had departed during the investigated period. Each customer was put in a separate Excel sheet, where the costs were calculated for the current situation as well as for the different solutions that were introduced by the authors. To assure that consideration was taken to the customer service a structured written interview was distributed to representatives from the two largest customers. The result shows that changes can take place in several steps. It is estimated that the most cost-effective solution would give a reduction of the transportation costs by over 40 percent. However, the authors do not hold this solution as implementable, as it gives a too low delivery frequency to keep an acceptable customer service level. The alternative which the authors would like to recommend the thesis submitter Husqvarna AB gives a reduction of the transportation costs by 13.7 percent and involves lowering the delivery frequency to departures once a week, or more often if there are enough goods to fill a lorry. Furthermore the solution implies a usage of the rules in the agreement with DHL, which allows mixed consignments to customers within the same zone. The authors do not think that this solution will affect the customer service level in a noticeable way, but if further research should show that that is the case, the authors have stressed a number of small changes in the discussion chapter. They do for example concern improvements of packing and loading. / Examensarbetet har utförts som ett led i högskoleingenjörsexamen inom Industriell organisation och ekonomi vid Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping. Arbetet har fokuserats kring den del av Husqvarna AB:s logistikverksamhet som handlar om lastbilstransporter till Italien. Det rör sig om ett tiotal kunder, vars sändningar har studerats under perioden januari 2007 till och med juli 2008. Då vissa av kunderna både har en låg frekvens på avgångar och små godsmängder på varje sändning har fokus framför allt legat på de två största kunderna. Huvudmålet med examensarbetet är att analysera hur lastbilstransporterna till Italien kan göras mer kostnadseffektiva med bibehållen eller ökad leveransservicenivå. I förlängningen ska resultatet även kunna vara applicerbart på transporter till övriga Europa. För att strukturera arbetet och nå huvudmålet delades det i tre delmål. I dagsläget arbetar Husqvarna AB med två fasta avgångar per vecka till Italien, där det i undantagsfall kan avgå gods tätare om det är tillräckligt för att fylla en lastbärare. Transportkostnaderna regleras av det transportavtal som Husqvarna AB har med DHL. För att få fram ett resultat gjordes inledningsvis en datainsamling kring alla de sändningar som hade avgått under den undersökta perioden. Varje kund fördes in i separata Excel-ark där transportkostnader beräknades för nuläget, men också för de olika transportalternativ som togs fram. För att ta hänsyn till leveransserviceaspekten genomfördes en strukturerad skriftlig intervju med representanter från de två största kunderna. Resultatet visar att förändringar kan ske i flera steg och att den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen skulle ge en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med drygt 40 procent. Författarna anser dock inte att denna lösning är genomförbar då den ger för låg avgångsfrekvens för att bibehålla en acceptabel leveransservicenivå. Det alternativ som författarna rekommenderar uppdragsgivaren Husqvarna AB ger en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med 13,7 procent och innebär en sänkning av avgångsfrekvensen så att sändningar avgår en gång i veckan, och oftare om det är tillräckligt med gods för att fylla en lastbärare. Vidare innebär alternativet att de kunder som ligger inom samma zoner enligt transportavtalet med DHL samlastas. Författarna tror inte att ett sådant transportsätt skulle påverka leveransservicen i för stor utsträckning, men om det i vidare studier skulle visa sig att så är fallet, har författarna fokuserat ett antal mindre förändringar i diskussionskapitlet. Bland annat rör det sig om att mer aktivt arbeta med förbättring av packning och lastning.
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Analys av Husqvarna AB:s lastbilstransporter till Italien / Analysis of Husqvarna AB's deliveries to the Italian marketEdh, Nina, Jönegård, Mattias January 2008 (has links)
<p>The thesis has been written as a part of the Bachelor degree in Industrial engineering and management at the School of Engineering in Jönköping. The work is focused on the part of Husqvarna AB’s supply chain that is associated with the lorry transports to Italy. Husqvarna AB has approximately ten Italian customers, whose delivery patterns have been studied from January 2007 to July 2008. Some of the customers have a low delivery frequency and small amounts of goods that they therefore have not been fully analyzed in this report. The main focus has been put on the two largest customers.</p><p>The main goal of this thesis is to analyze how the lorry transports to Italy can be made more cost-effective with maintained or increased customer service level. In addition, it is intended that the result of this thesis will become applicable for the transports to the rest of the European countries. To structure the work and to reach the main goal, it has been fragmented into three sub targets.</p><p>Today, Husqvarna AB works with two fixed departure days per week to Italy. Exceptionally there can be more frequent deliveries in case of enough goods to fill up a lorry. The costs for the transports are regulated by the agreement Huqvarna AB has with DHL. To reach the result of this thesis a data collection was made as an introduction, to gather all the information regarding the shipments which had departed during the investigated period. Each customer was put in a separate Excel sheet, where the costs were calculated for the current situation as well as for the different solutions that were introduced by the authors. To assure that consideration was taken to the customer service a structured written interview was distributed to representatives from the two largest customers.</p><p>The result shows that changes can take place in several steps. It is estimated that the most cost-effective solution would give a reduction of the transportation costs by over 40 percent. However, the authors do not hold this solution as implementable, as it gives a too low delivery frequency to keep an acceptable customer service level. The alternative which the authors would like to recommend the thesis submitter Husqvarna AB gives a reduction of the transportation costs by 13.7 percent and involves lowering the delivery frequency to departures once a week, or more often if there are enough goods to fill a lorry. Furthermore the solution implies a usage of the rules in the agreement with DHL, which allows mixed consignments to customers within the same zone. The authors do not think that this solution will affect the customer service level in a noticeable way, but if further research should show that that is the case, the authors have stressed a number of small changes in the discussion chapter. They do for example concern improvements of packing and loading.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet har utförts som ett led i högskoleingenjörsexamen inom Industriell organisation och ekonomi vid Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping. Arbetet har fokuserats kring den del av Husqvarna AB:s logistikverksamhet som handlar om lastbilstransporter till Italien. Det rör sig om ett tiotal kunder, vars sändningar har studerats under perioden januari 2007 till och med juli 2008. Då vissa av kunderna både har en låg frekvens på avgångar och små godsmängder på varje sändning har fokus framför allt legat på de två största kunderna.</p><p>Huvudmålet med examensarbetet är att analysera hur lastbilstransporterna till Italien kan göras mer kostnadseffektiva med bibehållen eller ökad leveransservicenivå. I förlängningen ska resultatet även kunna vara applicerbart på transporter till övriga Europa. För att strukturera arbetet och nå huvudmålet delades det i tre delmål.</p><p>I dagsläget arbetar Husqvarna AB med två fasta avgångar per vecka till Italien, där det i undantagsfall kan avgå gods tätare om det är tillräckligt för att fylla en lastbärare. Transportkostnaderna regleras av det transportavtal som Husqvarna AB har med DHL. För att få fram ett resultat gjordes inledningsvis en datainsamling kring alla de sändningar som hade avgått under den undersökta perioden. Varje kund fördes in i separata Excel-ark där transportkostnader beräknades för nuläget, men också för de olika transportalternativ som togs fram. För att ta hänsyn till leveransserviceaspekten genomfördes en strukturerad skriftlig intervju med representanter från de två största kunderna.</p><p>Resultatet visar att förändringar kan ske i flera steg och att den mest kostnadseffektiva lösningen skulle ge en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med drygt 40 procent. Författarna anser dock inte att denna lösning är genomförbar då den ger för låg avgångsfrekvens för att bibehålla en acceptabel leveransservicenivå. Det alternativ som författarna rekommenderar uppdragsgivaren Husqvarna AB ger en sänkning av transportkostnaderna med 13,7 procent och innebär en sänkning av avgångsfrekvensen så att sändningar avgår en gång i veckan, och oftare om det är tillräckligt med gods för att fylla en lastbärare. Vidare innebär alternativet att de kunder som ligger inom samma zoner enligt transportavtalet med DHL samlastas. Författarna tror inte att ett sådant transportsätt skulle påverka leveransservicen i för stor utsträckning, men om det i vidare studier skulle visa sig att så är fallet, har författarna fokuserat ett antal mindre förändringar i diskussionskapitlet. Bland annat rör det sig om att mer aktivt arbeta med förbättring av packning och lastning.</p>
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