In this dissertation, I study international financial crises. For this purpose, I build two models. In the first model, I focus on financial crises in developing, large open economies where foreign debt with various maturities and issue dates is available. The objective is to measure the vulnerability of the domestic financial system to domestically triggered bank runs and externally triggered sudden stops. The main contribution of this model is that both types of crises are treated as rational responses of domestic depositors and international creditors. Such vulnerability measures are linked to fundamentals and equilibrium term structure of foreign debt. Banks’ vulnerability to runs increases if they hold a relatively shorter term debt. Also, a larger cost of liquidating the long-term investment before maturity makes the banks more fragile. In the next step, given a domestic banking crisis, I allow international creditors to decide whether they want to stop lending to domestic banks (in which case a “sudden stop” takes place) or not. A sudden stop is more likely if (i) creditors highly discount future consumption, (ii) creditors’ current income is small relative to their future income, and (iii) the cost of liquidating the long-term investment before maturity is small. In the second model, I investigate the merits of alternative monetary policies with respect to financial fragility. In this monetary model of an explicit financial system, I motivate the demand for two fiat currencies by spatial separation and limited communication of agents. There is a domestic and a foreign currency freely traded without restrictions. I analyze the policy of a constant growth rate of domestic money supply with a floating exchange rate regime. Both currencies are held in positive amounts at the steady-state only if the growth rate of domestic money supply is equal to the world inflation rate (WIR). If the former rate is larger than the WIR, domestic currency is not held at the steady-state. Also, total real money balances held is negatively related with WIR. Finally, monetary policy in the form of a constant growth rate of domestic money supply is neutral with respect to welfare.

In this dissertation, I study international financial crises. For this purpose, I build two models. In the first model, I focus on financial crises in developing, large open economies where foreign debt with various maturities and issue dates is available. The objective is to measure the vulnerability of the domestic financial system to domestically triggered bank runs and externally triggered sudden stops. The main contribution of this model is that both types of crises are treated as rational responses of domestic depositors and international creditors. Such vulnerability measures are linked to fundamentals and equilibrium term structure of foreign debt. Banks’ vulnerability to runs increases if they hold a relatively shorter term debt. Also, a larger cost of liquidating the long-term investment before maturity makes the banks more fragile. In the next step, given a domestic banking crisis, I allow international creditors to decide whether they want to stop lending to domestic banks (in which case a “sudden stop” takes place) or not. A sudden stop is more likely if (i) creditors highly discount future consumption, (ii) creditors’ current income is small relative to their future income, and (iii) the cost of liquidating the long-term investment before maturity is small. In the second model, I investigate the merits of alternative monetary policies with respect to financial fragility. In this monetary model of an explicit financial system, I motivate the demand for two fiat currencies by spatial separation and limited communication of agents. There is a domestic and a foreign currency freely traded without restrictions. I analyze the policy of a constant growth rate of domestic money supply with a floating exchange rate regime. Both currencies are held in positive amounts at the steady-state only if the growth rate of domestic money supply is equal to the world inflation rate (WIR). If the former rate is larger than the WIR, domestic currency is not held at the steady-state. Also, total real money balances held is negatively related with WIR. Finally, monetary policy in the form of a constant growth rate of domestic money supply is neutral with respect to welfare.

Orientador: David Dequech Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T01:15:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_AndreLuisMotados_M.pdf: 615304 bytes, checksum: ffba5fa146fc3893fd42875dc9bd3336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo desenvolver uma família de modelos formais em que sejam consideradas restrição no balanço de pagamentos e fragilidade financeira, sendo esta tomada no sentido minskyano. O trabalho está organizado em cinco capítulos, levando em conta a apresentação e as últimas observações. O segundo capítulo tem por objetivo analisar os dois principais modelos de crescimento com inspiração minskyana, além de revisar aspectos principais da teoria de Minsky e tecer considerações sobre as hipóteses da instabilidade e da fragilidade em uma economia aberta. O terceiro capítulo trata dos principais modelos de crescimento com restrição no balanço de pagamentos, cuja expressão mais conhecida é a Lei de Thirlwall. No capítulo posterior, faz-se uma tentativa de empreender o tratamento de restrição no balanço de pagamentos e de fragilidade financeira num único modelo. Especificações diferentes para a variação do prêmio de risco permitem a construção de uma família de modelos, sendo que dois destes exigem resolução numérica e um é passível de interpretação geométrica (qualitativa). Este, no curto prazo, é capaz de descrever o mecanismo de stop-and-go, que economias com restrição ao crescimento dada pelo balanço de pagamentos enfrentam, além de expressar a fragilidade financeira na conta corrente. No longo prazo, novamente surge a Lei de Thirlwall, com o adendo de que importam também os valores atribuídos no longo prazo à taxa de juros e ao prêmio de risco para o resgate de dívida. Por outro lado, realizando simulações com os modelos que exigem resolução numérica, utilizando valores estimados ou observados para parte dos parâmetros e atribuindo valores a outros, os resultados não são favoráveis para a economia brasileira. Uma observação, porém, é que os modelos que utilizam métodos numéricos precisam ser modificados, a fim de serem utilizados ¿dados de entrada¿ com boa precisão / Abstract: The main objective of this dissertation is to develop a family of formal models in which balance-of-payments constrains and financial fragility have being considered, in the sense considered by Minsky. This work is organized in five chapters, considering the presentation and the last observations. The second chapter has as objective analyze the two main growth models based on Minsky inspiration, revising the main aspects of the Minsky¿s theory and to make considerations on the hypothesis of the instability and of the fragility in an open economy. The third chapter treats the most relevants growth models with constrains on balance-of-payments. In the next chapter, it is made an attempt of undertaking the constrains on balance-of-payments and the financial fragility, both two aspects treated in a single model. Different specifications of the risk prize variation allows the construction of a family of models, in which two of these demand numeric resolution and one is susceptible to geometric interpretation (qualitative). This model, in short-term, is capable to describe the stop-and-go mechanism, that economies with growth restriction caused by balance-of-payments faces, besides express the financial fragility in the current account. In long-term, Thirlwall¿s law appears again, with the addendum that also values attributed in long-term to interest rate and risk prize of debt rescue have importance. On the other hand, realizing simulations with the models that demand numeric resolution, using estimated values or observed as part of the parameters and attributing values to the others, the results are unfavorable for the Brazilian economy. An observation, however, it is that the models that use numeric methods need to be modified, in order to ¿input data¿ be used with good precision / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Submitted by Jefferson Bertolai (jdonizeti@fgvmail.br) on 2012-12-10T19:34:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis3.pdf: 652761 bytes, checksum: 8b49645ceaf7c2b51d6842e8637760cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-02-27T12:48:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis3.pdf: 652761 bytes, checksum: 8b49645ceaf7c2b51d6842e8637760cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-27T12:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis3.pdf: 652761 bytes, checksum: 8b49645ceaf7c2b51d6842e8637760cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / This thesis is dedicated to the study of both financial instability and dynamics in monetary theory. It is shown that bank runs are costless prevented in the standard model of banking theory when population is not small. An extension is proposed where aggregate uncertainty is more severe and fi nancial stability cost is relevant. Finally, transitions in the distribution of money are shown to be optimal in an economy where exchanges opportunities are scarce and heterogeneous. In particular, optimality of inflation depends on dynamic incentives provided by such transitions. Chapter 1 establishes the costless result for large economies by studying the e ffects of population size in the Peck-Shell analysis of bank runs. In chapter 2, dynamics optimality is studied in Kiyotaki-Wright monetary model when society is able to implement a inflationary policy. Despite adopting the mechanism design approach, this chapter parallels Sargent and Wallace (1981) analysis in highlighting dynamic incentives to the interaction between fiscal and monetary policies. Chapter 3 returns to the issue of financial stability by quantifying the costs involved in optimally designing a run-proof banking sector and by proposing an alternative information structure which allows for insolvent banks. Former analysis shows that optimal stability scheme features high long term interest rates, and the latter that imperfect monitoring can lead to bank runs with insolvency. / Esta tese de Doutorado é dedicada ao estudo de instabilidade financeira e dinâmica em Teoria Monet ária. E demonstrado que corridas banc árias são eliminadas sem custos no modelo padrão de teoria banc ária quando a popula ção não é pequena. É proposta uma extensão em que incerteza agregada é mais severa e o custo da estabilidade financeira é relevante. Finalmente, estabelece-se otimalidade de transições na distribui ção de moeda em economias em que oportunidades de trocas são escassas e heterogêneas. Em particular, otimalidade da inflação depende dos incentivos dinâmicos proporcionados por tais transi ções. O capí tulo 1 estabelece o resultado de estabilidade sem custos para economias grandes ao estudar os efeitos do tamanho populacional na an álise de corridas banc árias de Peck & Shell. No capí tulo 2, otimalidade de dinâmica é estudada no modelo de monet ário de Kiyotaki & Wright quando a sociedade é capaz de implementar uma polí tica inflacion ária. Apesar de adotar a abordagem de desenho de mecanismos, este capí tulo faz um paralelo com a an álise de Sargent & Wallace (1981) ao destacar efeitos de incentivos dinâmicos sobre a interação entre as polí ticas monet ária e fiscal. O cap ítulo 3 retoma o tema de estabilidade fi nanceira ao quanti car os custos envolvidos no desenho ótimo de um setor bancário à prova de corridas e ao propor uma estrutura informacional alternativa que possibilita bancos insolventes. A primeira an álise mostra que o esquema de estabilidade ótima exibe altas taxas de juros de longo prazo e a segunda que monitoramento imperfeito pode levar a corridas bancárias com insolvência.

Cette thèse parle de l'impact des comportements spéculatifs sur l'économie réelle. Les comportements spéculatifs peuvent avoir deux origines: les développements positifs de l'économie réelle et les perspectives économiques, les marchés financiers comme par exemple les marchés actions. Nous analyserons les deux origines. Par conséquent, nous allons mettre en ouvre des comportements réalistes dans un contexte évolutif en utilisant l’hétérogénéité grandissante, pour évaluer l'impact des comportements spéculatifs. En se basant sur la bulle dotcom, nous allons nous concentrer sur l'avancement technologique comme possible facteur de l'optimisme grandissant. Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous allons présenter les résultats obtenus via un modèle déterminé par des contraintes de financement, et utilisant les prix des actions. Nous allons nous concentrer sur 3 types de répercussions assez connues: l'information donnée par le marché de l'action en vue de déterminer la solvabilité, la valeur de marché du titre en vue de déterminer la probabilité de banqueroute, et la partie de la rémunération du management qui est adossée sur la performance. La seconde partie de la thèse parlera les contraintes de financement dans un cadre évolutif et soulignera les déterminants de l'offre de crédit qui impactent la fréquence des innovations. Ces déterminants sont basés sur les données de marché et concernent des aspects comportementaux. La troisième partie fournit en détail le comportement des banques et de deux secteurs industriels qui se battent pour le crédit. La troisième partie est donc un approfondissement de la seconde. / This dissertation deals with the impact of speculative behaviour on output patterns of the real economy. The impact may be twofold. Speculative behaviour occurs due to positive developments at the real economy and optimistic outlooks. Also, speculative behaviour may occur at other markets, like the stock market. We address both, a spill-over effect and the build up of speculation due to economic activity. Therefore, we implement realistic behaviour in an evolutionary framework and use emerging heterogeneity for the impact assessment. lnspired by the dotcom-bubble we focus on technological advancement as possible factor of growing optimism. ln the first part of this thesis we introduce feedback from stock prices into a model of economic growth determined by financing constraints. We focus on three known feedback channels: stock market information for the assessment of creditworthiness, stock market value as determinant in determining bankruptcy of a firm and performance based compensation of the firm management. The second part introduces financing constraints into an evolutionary framework and tackles determinants of credit supply for their impact on the occurrence of innovation. Those determinants are market based and also behavioural in nature. The third part provides a more detailed bank behaviour and two industrial sectors competing for credit. Therefore, the third part is a refinement of the second one.

This dissertation consists of three independent essays. The first essay, “Long Waves and Short Cycles in a Model of Endogenous Financial Fragility,” presents a stock flow consistent macroeconomic model in which financial fragility in firm and household sectors evolves endogenously through the interaction between real and financial sectors. Changes in firms’ and households’ financial practices produce long waves. The Hopf bifurcation theorem is applied to clarify the conditions for the existence of limit cycles, and simulations illustrate stable limit cycles. The long waves are characterized by periodic economic crises following long expansions. Short cycles, generated by the interaction between effective demand and labor market dynamics, fluctuate around the long waves. The second essay,“Macroeconomic Implications of Financialization,” examines macroeconomic effects of changes in firms’ financial behavior (retention policy, equity financing, debt financing), and household saving and portfolio decisions using models that pay explicit attention to financial stock-flow relations. Unlike the first essay, the second essay focuses on the effects of financial change on steady growth path. The results are insensitive to the precise specification of household saving behavior but depend critically on the labor market assumptions (labor-constrained vs dual) and the specification of the investment function (Harrodian vs stagnationist). The last essay, “Finance, Sectoral Structure and the Big Push,” studies the role of finance in the presence of investment complementarities using a big push model. Due to complementarities between different investment projects, simultaneous industrialization of many sectors (big push) may be needed for an underdeveloped economy to escape from an underdevelopment trap. Such simultaneous industrialization requires costly coordination by a third party, such as the government. Some recent papers show that private banks with significant market power may also solve the problem of coordination failure. We show that private coordination may not work since even large private banks may find it more profitable to finance firms in the traditional sector than in the modern sector.

O processo de financeirização intensificou-se após a década de 1970, devido a uma série de transformações político-econômicas ocorridas nesse período, movidas pela ideologia neoliberal. A financeirização é um fenômeno que se sustenta de forma independente do crescimento real da economia, pois o capital se reproduz sem, necessariamente, possuir relação direta com o processo produtivo. Com esse descolamento, as finanças se ampliam, formando um cenário de fragilidade financeira para os agentes econômicos. Em países em desenvolvimento ou periféricos, a financeirização ocorre de modo específico, fazendo com que o Estado fique fragilizado, diferente das economias desenvolvidas onde o processo atinge mais fortemente o setor privado. Essa característica justifica o estudo da fragilidade do Setor Público brasileiro, cujo objetivo é analisar como o processo de financeirização o impactou, no período 2008-2014, exatamente no contexto em que ocorria uma grande crise no setor financeiro com repercussão global. Para realizar o estudo proposto, a metodologia consistirá na revisão bibliográfica, na coleta e análise dos dados dos relatórios contábeis do Setor Público brasileiro e na utilização do índice de fragilidade financeira aplicado ao Setor Público elaborado por Terra et al (2009). No Brasil, o processo de financeirização é conduzido pelo endividamento do Setor Público, considerado o fundamental eixo da acumulação rentista-patrimonial. Esse processo tem sido intensificado pela política de manutenção de taxas de juros elevadas e, consequentemente, intrincado as finanças do Setor Público, de modo que seus gastos financeiros, permanentemente alimentados por altas taxas de juros, favorecem o crescimento da dívida pública. Essas circunstâncias regem o Estado para uma situação de fragilidade financeira, a la Minsky, comprometendo sua capacidade de atuar como agente anticíclico e mantendo-o refém dos interesses do capital financeiro. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o Setor Público brasileiro está, de fato, fragilizado e que isso se deve à forma com que a financeirização ocorre no Brasil. / The financialization process after de 70 decade has enhanced due to a succession of political and economical transformations occurred in this time lapse, induced by a neoliberal ideology. Financialization is such a phenomenon that is apparently self sustained within an independent way apart from the real growth of economy, since the capital reproduces itself without necessarily keeping direct relation with the productive process. With such detachment, finances will broaden and making up a sceneray of finance fragility for the economical agents. In non developed or peripheral countries financialization occur on a specific way by conveying the State to fragility, differently of developed economies where process reaches private sector more strongly. Such characteristic justifies itself the very study of fragility of Brazilian public sector, which main objective is the understanding of how financialization process had impacted it, 2008-2014 term, right at the context when a great crisis in the finance sector had been in course and with a global rebouding as well. In order to accomplish the proposed study, the methodology will consist of bibliographic revisal, collecting and analysis of accounting reports data of Brazilian Public Sector and the use of financial fragility index as well, practiced by the Public Sector developed by Terra et al (2009) In Brazil financialization process has been conducted by the indebtedeness of Public Sector, thus considered the fundamental axis of patrimonial-rendering accumulation. Such process has been enhanced by the maintenance of raised interest tax policy, resulting intricate the Public Sector finance so that its continuous finance expenditure supplied by high interest taxes, favours the growth of public debt. Those circunstances drive the State into a “Minsky way” finance fragility position, jeopardizing its competence role of an “anticyling” agent, and keeping it likewise hostage of the finance capital. These attained results follows that Brazilian Public Sector in fact is weakened and this due to means and ways financialization occur in Brazil. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

The aim of this paper is to analyze the pattern of speculation-led growth in Turkey. It is dependent on international capital flows, whose continuity becomes more and more critical given the current account deficit, which is estimated to reach 6.1% as a ratio to GDP at the end of 2005. The paper assesses the sustainability of this speculation-led growth in the context of EU enlargement and compares the current state of fragility with former crises in Turkey as well as in East Asia and Latin America. Following a severe financial crisis in 2001, Turkey has entered a new phase of fragile growth led by boom-euphoric expectations. The paper aims at explaining this new phase and the evolution of the risk perceptions of both the creditors as well as the debtors in this "speculation game" based on the post-Keynesian/Minskyan concepts of endogenous expectations and financial fragility. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The aim of this paper is to analyze the fragility of the New Member States and accession countries in the Central Eastern and South Eastern European countries (henceforth Eastern Europe) to the turbulences in the global economy and the changes in the direction of the international capital flows. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la fragilité financière, c.à.d. la sensibilité du système financier par rapport aux perturbations. La difficulté principale concernant la fragilité financière dans le contexte actuel est la complexité croissante du système financier. piur remédier à ce problème, cette thèse s'inspire des deux courants relativement récents de la recherche économique : l'analyse des réseaux et l'économie comportementale. Les principaux concepts mobilisés sont les mécanismes de diffusion, de cascade et la rationalité limitée. Chapitre 1 étudie les effets des structures locales ds liens, spécifiquement la longueur des cycles transitifs sur la magnitude de la contagion financière. Chapitre 2 propose un modèle dynamique des paniques bancaires, dans lequel les paniques émergent par un mécanisme de cascade des retraits. Le but est de mieux comprendre comment les paniques se forment. Chapitre 3 étudie les paniques bancaires dans un contexte à la fois dynamique et comportemental, avec la présence du mimétisme et l'hétérogénéité des déposants. / This thesis studies financial fragility, i.e. the sensitivity of the financial system with respect to shocks. the main issue of financial fragility in the current context is the increased financial complexity. To address this problem, this study draws inspiration from two relatively recent streams of literature : econopmics of networks and behavioral economics. The main concepts in use are diffusion, cascade and bounded rationality. Chapter 1 studies how petterns of links, specifically, the length of transitive cycles affect the extent of financial contagion. Chapter 2 proposes a dynamic model in which bank runs arise as cascades of withdrawals. The aim is to better understand how bank runs occur. Chapter 3 studies bank runs in a dynamic and behavioral setting, with herding and heterogeneity of depositors.