The master's thesis analyses the contemporary corporate governance standards and their legal framework. The paper describes the development of different corporate governance principles and the key legal pieces that regulate the corporate governance area (eg. Sarbanes-Oxley, Basel II, EC regulation). The core of the paper focuses on corporate governance failures that led to the current financial crisis, analyses their link to the corporate governance principles and describes the trends for development in the corporate governance regulation.

The objective of the thesis is to analyze the accumulated public debt of France including its structure during the financial and economic crisis between 2008 and 2012 with possible short-term and medium-term scenarios for the future. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter describes the development of the French economy and the main macroeconomic indicators from 1991 until 2012. The second chapter deals with the accumulated public debt of France, its development in the past, structure of the debt and debt of French municipalities. The last chapter is dedicated to the possible scenarios for the development of French public debt and public debt problems with specific options for their removal. The next section describes the attitude of the French government toward the debt crisis in the eurozone.

The field of financial derivatives is rather complicated and usually not familiar to general public. Financial derivatives are used for three different reasons: arbitrage, speculation and hedging. This paper focuses mainly on the last one - hedging. The goal of the thesis is to clarify the heart of the matter, to explain the reasons why derivatives exist and to systemize their individual types and classification. It compares basic types of derivatives and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages and possible practical usage of them. Apart from companies as final users, the paper remembers also external subjects, such as clearing. It explains the terms of risk and uncertainty and goes into their identification, the risk management and its hedging. It also analyzes the current situation on OTC (over the counter) market and brings output from interviews with experts and consultants about their experience from working with their clients dealing with derivatives. The thesis also covers information about recently passed law called European Market Infrastructure Regulation, which is closely connected with working with financial derivatives. Furthermore, it includes a case study of L'Oréal Company, describing procedures and principles, based on which the Company deals with derivatives, and analyzing problems which L'Oréal has to face.

This work deals with the tools of financial market. It is demonstrated to a reader, what is the financial market composed from, how it actually works and what are the characteristics of securities, why the securities are used, what are the advantages and disadvantages. We are going to focus on field of mutual funds, as a part of collective investment. Thanks to investment questionary is made a research to find out which strategy is prefered by citizens. We are going to suggest the optimal financial portfolio to this strategy by the program GRANT. We are going to use the fuzzy logic characteristic and we are going to show to the investor how can he choose the suitable invesment tools to his portfolio according to his requierements.

This master’s thesis discusses the accounting of securities and financial derivatives in accordance with the Czech accounting legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards. The goal is to suggest the methodology based on the performed analysis of differencies between the both accounting systems. The parts of the master’s thesis are the processing of the theoretical data, the analysis of differencies and their application to the case studies with the assessment of their influence on the basic indicators of the financial analysis.

En el presente trabajo se abordarán investigaciones realizadas en los últimos 20 años acerca del uso de los derivados financieros en las empresas y que beneficios o aportes generan en las mismas. En la primera parte de la literatura analizada, se detalla la definición y tipos de derivados, así como los tipos de riesgos a los que una empresa puede ser más sensible dependiente del sector en el que se encuentre. Entre estos, destaca el riesgo de tipo de cambio, de precio, de tasa de interés. En otro momento, se revisan las investigaciones que analizan los principales usos de los derivados en las empresas, lo cuales van desde los temas de cobertura y especulación, hasta los beneficios que genera el uso de estos derivados, considerando su uso tanto en países de economías desarrolladas como de economías emergentes y la regulación que siguen ambos bloques. Finalmente, se desarrollará la participación y evolución de los derivados financieros como parte de la innovación financiera, así como la aparición y funcionalidad de nuevos productos derivados. Se entiende que estos productos han sido claves para la gestión y el crecimiento para las áreas de desarrollo e innovación en las empresas alrededor del mundo. / This paper focus in literature produced at the last 20 years on the use of financial derivatives in companies and the benefits or contributions they generate for them. The first part of the literature analyzed details the definition and types of derivatives, as well as the types of risks to which a company may be more sensitive, depending on the sector in which it operates. These include exchange rate, price and interest rate risk. In another moment, research that analyzes the main uses of derivatives in companies will be reviewed, ranging from hedging and speculation issues to the benefits generated by the use of these derivatives, considering their use in both developed and emerging economies and the regulations followed by both blocks. Finally, the participation and evolution of financial derivatives as part of financial innovation will be developed, as well as the appearance and functionality of new derivative products. It is understood that these products have been key to the management and growth for the development and innovation areas in companies around the world. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

This thesis sets out to examine if and how private equity funds should hedge foreign exchange exposure. To our knowledge the field of foreign exchange hedging within private equity, from the private equity firms’ point of view, is vastly unexplored scientifically. The subject is important since foreign ex-change risk has a larger impact on private equity returns now than historically due to increased competition, cross-boarder investments and foreign exchange volatility. In order to answer the research question a simulation model is constructed and implemented under different scenarios. Foreign exchange rates are simulated and theoretical private equity funds are investigated and com-pared under different performance measures. The underlying mathematical theory originates from the work of Black and Scholes. The main result of this thesis is that private equity funds cannot achieve a higher internal rate of return on average through hedging of foreign exchange exposure independent of the slope of the foreign exchange forward curve. However, hedging strategies yielding the same mean internal rate of return but performing better in terms of performance measures accounting for volatility of returns have been found. Furthermore, we found that the conclusions are independent of whether the current or forward foreign exchange rate is a better approximation for the future foreign exchange rate. / Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur private equity fonder ska hedgea valutaexponering. Ämnet är såvitt vi vet ej tidigare undersökt inom vetenskaplig forskning ur private equity företagens synvinkel. Ämnet är viktigt eftersom valutarisk har fått en större påverkan på private equity företagens avkastning jämfört med hur det har sett ut historiskt på grund av högre konkurrens, mer internationella investeringar samt ökad volatilitet i valutakurser. En simuleringsmodell har konstruerats och implementerats under olika scenarier för att besvara forskningsfrågan. Valutakurser simuleras och teoretiska private equity fonder undersöks samt jämförs utefter olika nyckeltal. Den underliggande matematiska modelleringen härstammar från Black och Scholes forskning. Uppsatsens viktigaste resultat är att private equity fonder inte kan uppnå en högre avkastning genom att hedgea valutaexponering oavsett lutningen av den förväntade valutautvecklingskurvan. Vi har dock funnit att det existerar hedgingstrategier som ger samma avkastning med lägre volatilitet. Vidare är slutsatserna oberoende av om nuvarande eller förväntad framtida valutakurs är den bästa approximationen av den framtida valutakursen.

本研究論述分為兩大部份，均是以實務上之動態避險並以DELTA NEUTRAL為分析上之比較基礎，第一個部分是以認購權證發行商角度出發，考量發行實論述務架構、避險成本、交易成本，進而說明發行商造市及避險之損益結構及其關鍵因子，並以商品實例，分別使用模擬的資料、歷史回溯資料、發行後真實資料，配合不同的避險策略方法以量化方法來分析發行商損益及其風險。 另一部份則探討結構型商品，結構型商品在銷售上即對行銷通路付出通路手續費支出，發行後勿需有如認購權證之次級市場造市交易問題，因此在發行商損益上觀察，交易報價即反映了預期利潤與風險的對價或承擔，並以商品實例，藉以歷史資料基礎來估計分析模型之參數風險，並說明理論定價其值本為分配而非一固定數之本質，再者又取『發行商稅後損益佔期初理論利潤之比例』來作為衡量避險（複製商品之報償（PAYOFF））效率之指標，進一步論述發行商作交價報價時需充份考慮其本身之實際避險能力（即複製選擇權之成本），以免高估本身獲利能力而低報商品報價。 本文另從券商風險管理角度而言，建議以上兩項業務均可以設定商品標的之評價波動率等參數之計算準則，來區隔交易員避險操作使用之避險波動率等參數，並以DELTA NEUTRAL及上述評價參數為基礎來求算應避險金額，以利與實際避險金額作比較，了解商品操作其超缺避情況是否有逾發行商內外規規定，以此來落實執行證券商商品操作風險管理。 本論文最重要結論是具體建議並提出發行商對所發行商品標的之篩選及避險策略等之系統性評估方法，並對商品發行前及發行後之評估所用之研究方法作詳細說明，對發行商而言其重點為了解此系統性評估方法，並利用電腦化在每次發行前作此研究，可作為標的是否適合發行之考量參考，及交易員之發行前指導及情境分析使用，以提昇操作上對市況變化之因應敏感度，發行後也可以交易員其操作實際損益來比較是否有優於本文所論述之程式性交易結果，以作為判別交易員表績效表現參考，並作為該商品在未來再發行時，其交易操作方法提昇之參考。

This thesis consists of a summary and four scientific articles. All four articles consider various aspects of stochastic differential equations and the purpose of the summary is to provide an introduction to this subject and to supply the notions required in order to fully understand the articles. In the first article we conduct a thorough study of the multi-dimensional Skorohod problem in time-dependent domains. In particular we prove the existence of cádlág solutions to the Skorohod problem with oblique reflection in time-independent domains with corners. We use this existence result to construct weak solutions to stochastic differential equations with oblique reflection in time-dependent domains. In the process of obtaining these results we also establish convergence results for sequences of solutions to the Skorohod problem and a number of estimates for solutions, with bounded jumps, to the Skorohod problem. The second article considers the problem of determining the sensitivities of a solution to a second order parabolic partial differential equation with respect to perturbations in the parameters of the equation. We derive an approximate representation of the sensitivities and an estimate of the discretization error arising in the sensitivity approximation. We apply these theoretical results to the problem of determining the sensitivities of the price of European swaptions in a LIBOR market model with respect to perturbations in the volatility structure (the so-called ‘Greeks’). The third article treats stopped diffusions in time-dependent graph domains with low regularity. We compare, numerically, the performance of one adaptive and three non-adaptive numerical methods with respect to order of convergence, efficiency and stability. In particular we investigate if the performance of the algorithms can be improved by a transformation which increases the regularity of the domain but, at the same time, reduces the regularity of the parameters of the diffusion. In the fourth article we use the existence results obtained in Article I to construct a projected Euler scheme for weak approximation of stochastic differential equations with oblique reflection in time-dependent domains. We prove theoretically that the order of convergence of the proposed algorithm is 1/2 and conduct numerical simulations which support this claim.

På finansmarknaden finns det flera olika typer finansiella instrument och utbudet ökar stadigt. Utvecklingen har lett till att det har blivit svårare för icke-professionella kunder att utvärdera riskerna med instrumenten. Vissa finansiella instrument som finns på marknaden är så kallade finansiella derivatinstrument, vars värde beror på en underliggande tillgångs värdeutveckling. En ny reglering om produktgodkännande av finansiella instrument introducerades genom Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/65/EU. Processen för produktgodkännande är reglerad i 8 kap. 13 § lag (2007:528) om värdepappersmarknaden. Regleringen innebär att, värdepappersinstitut måste ha en välordnad process för godkännande av egenproducerade finansiella instrument innan marknadsföring eller distribution till kund får ske. I och med Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/65/EU och Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning (EU) nr 600/2014, har nationella behöriga myndigheter och Esma erhållit befogenhet att utföra produktingripanden. Syftet med produktingripanden är att skydda ickeprofessionella kunder från produkter på finansmarknaden som är riskfyllda och har svårbedömda egenskaper. Esma har nyligen publicerat ett åtgärdsförslag avseende begränsningar av marknadsföring, distribution och försäljning av contracts for difference samt ett förbud av marknadsföring, distribution och försäljning av binära optioner till ickeprofessionella kunder. I uppsatsen visas att produktingripanden är ett verktyg som kan komma att gynna både nationella behöriga myndigheter och Esma i tillsynsarbetet, i syfte att stärka investerarskyddet för icke-professionella kunder. Samarbetet mellan Esma och nationella behöriga myndigheter bör även utvecklas för att genomdriva framtida åtgärdsförslag. Åtgärdsförslag bör främst vara antagna av Esma för att därefter antas av nationella behöriga myndigheter inom EU. Genom ett sådant tillvägagångssätt kan harmoniseringsarbetet, avseende regleringen av kapitalmarknaden i EU, fortsätta på ett ändamålsenligt sätt. I uppsatsen visas även att Esma:s nuvarande åtgärdsförslag, angående begränsningar och förbud av marknadsföring, distribution och försäljning av contracts for difference och binära optioner, är ett välgrundat förslag med beaktande av de risker som icke-professionella kunder utsätts för vid handel av dessa riskfyllda finansiella derivatinstrument.