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Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas, 48 puslapiai, 13 paveikslų, 5 lentelės, 61 literatūros šaltinių, 3 priedai, lietuvių kalba. PRASMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: smulkieji ūkiai, pusiau natūriniai ūkiai, ekonominė atskirtis, ES finansinė parama. Tyrimo objektas – smulkių ūkių ekonominė atskirtis. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti smulkių ūkių ekonominę atskirtį ir ją įtakojančius veiksnius bei įvertinti ES finansinės paramos poveikį šios atskirties mažinimui. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) pateikti ekonominės atskirties sampratą bei identifikuoti smulkiuosius ūkius; 2) apibrėžti ekonominės atskirties veiksnius; 3) nustatyti finansinės paramos būtinumą smulkiems ūkiams; 4) įvertinti smulkių ūkių ekonominę atskirtį ir paramos įtaką šios atskirties mažinimui Šilalės rajone. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės ir publicistinės literatūros, statistinių duomenų, dokumentų ir teisinių aktų analizės bei sintezės metodai; statistinių duomenų rinkimo ir analizės, grupavimo, grafinio modeliavimo metodai; lyginamasis metodas; loginis ir apibendrinimo metodai; detalesnei analizei panaudotas analizuojamas duomenų rinkimas apklausos metodu – anketinė apklausa nukreipta į smulkiesiems ūkininkams suteiktos finansinės paramos poveikio ekonominės atskirties veiksnių mažinimui išaiškinimą. Tyrimo rezultatai: • pirmojoje darbo dalyje teoriniame lygmenyje užsienio ir lietuvių literatūros autorių išnagrinėta ekonominės atskirties samprata, smulkių ūkių tipologija, ūkių dydžio kriterijai bei pateikta tyrimo metodika; •... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Final work of University Master studies: 48 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, 61 references, 3 appendices, in Lithuanian. KEY WORDS: small farms, semi–subsistence farms, economic exclusion, the EU financial support. Research object – the economic exclusion of small farms. Research aim – to explore the economic exclusion of small farms and its determinants, to assess the impact of financial support on the reduction of this exclusion. Objectives: 1) to define the concept of economic exclusion and identify small farms; 2) to explore the determinants of economic exclusion of small farms; 3) to assess the need of financial support for small farms; 4) to examine the impact of financial support on the reduction of the determinants of economic exclusion of small farms in Šilalė district. Research methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific and publicist literature, documents and legislation; statistical data collection and analysis, comparison and graphical representation; logical simulation and summation; questionnaire survey. Research results: • The first part defines the concept of economic exclusion, analizes typology of small farms, criteria of farm size and determines the methods to be used for evaluation of the economic exclusion; • The second part defines the determinants of economic exclusion, reveals the need of financial support for small farms; • The third part evaluates the impact of financial support on the reduction of determinants of economical exclusion of small... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in attitudes of vocational teacher education majors based on age, sex, marital status, earner status, educational level, vocational program area, mother's work history, and familial attitudes. Data for the study were obtained from 1,182 vocational teacher education majors. The more contemporary attitudes were held by those who were female, aged 26 - 35, currently members of dual-income families, graduate students, identified as homemaking education majors, from families whose mothers had worked outside the home when they were growing up, and who were not brought up to believe that a woman's place is in the home.While females had more contemporary attitudes than males, both could be described as having moderate attitudes toward the dual-income financial support of the family. Both females and males felt that women should contribute financially to the support of the family, that it is just as important for a woman to be able to earn a living as it is for a man, and that women should expect to be permanent members of the labor force.

The development of the birth rate and preschool education in the Czech Republic after 1950 Abstract The main aim of the thesis is to map in detail the development of preschool education and financial support for families with children in the Czech Republic in the context of the development of birth rate after 1950. The development of birth rate in the thesis is not only analyzed by using basic indicators, but also through deeper decomposition methods. It turns out, that quality and availability of all network preschool institutions in the context has a certain role in the birth rate. The reconciliation of work and family is very important for lots of parents and sufficient offer of preschool care can help it. However, the demand for preschool institutions exceeded supply, as was shown in accordance with obtained data. It was also found out by the insight into the outcomes of surveys that the vast majority of respondents do not think that a preschool child of working mother would be suffering. In the future, should not only expand the capacity of childcare facilities as well as other options for facilitation of reconciling work and family life, such as better offer of flexible working hours. Keywords: birth rate, decomposition, preschool facilities, financial support for families with children, surveys,...

Small and Medium-sized enterprises represent the backbone of the economy and they play a crucial role in the development of regions. Promoting position of SMEs within the economy may be done through their financial support. The aim of this work is to depict the current SME environment in the European Union and to determine different levels where the companies may acquire funding. The European level process is analysed on two different real projects with the EU funding.

This thesis aims to analyze the development, its deteminants, instruments and objectives of family policy in the Czech Republic and Norway, focusing on maternity and parental leave. With respect to the different attitude of the two policies, support for families with children is compared on several theoretical levels and also demonstrates the use of supporting families in practice. It was found out, that Norway provides greater support to the ratio of expenditure to GDP, as well has a more appropriate measures for families in the context of harmonization of work and family life. In addition to the comparison between these two systems of family policy the thesis also provides suggestions for improvement using the Norwegian model.

Våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer är ett allvarligt socialt problem i Sverige som ibland leder till dödliga konsekvenser och andra sociala konsekvenser för de utsatta. Forskning bevisa att två sociala konsekvenser av våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer är fattigdom och hemlöshet. Detta för att de flesta kvinnor som utsätts för våld i nära relationer bruka även utsättas för ekonomiskt våld. Boende kan vara ett problem för våldsutsatta kvinnor pga. exempelvis deras dåliga ekonomiska läge. Syftet med studien var att undersöka de professionellas upplevelse och erfarenheter av hur socioekonomiska faktorer som boende och ekonomi kan dröja uppbrottsprocessen från våld i nära relationer och om det förekommer utmaningar kopplade till dessa faktorer i arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Studien genomförs med kvalitativ metod genom tematisk semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem respondenter. Det empiriska materialet analyseras med olika teorier såsom gatubyråkrati, organisationsteori och makt. Resultatet bevisa att det ekonomiska och det akuta boendebehovet bruka alltid lösa sig, men lösningen till det långsiktiga boendebehovet blir svårare, del pga. faktorer utanför socialtjänstens kontroll, som exempelvis bostadsbristen som drabbar hela landet. Resultatet uppmärksamma även vikten av kunskap om våld i nära relationer bland de professionella som jobba med våldsutsatta kvinnor samt andra människobehandlande organisationer. Slutligen, visa resultatet att de professionella möter några utmaningar i arbetet med att bestå våldsutsatta kvinnor med ekonomi och boende, nämligen, brist på kunskap, begränsade resurser, hög arbetsbelastning och avsaknad av konkreta direktiv från politiker om hur arbetet med våldsutsatta kvinnor ska utformas och genomföras. / Domestic violence against women is a serious social problem in Sweden, and sometimes leads to deadly consequences or other social consequences för the victims. Research shows that two of the social consequences of domestic violence against women are poverty and homelessness. This is due to the fact that most women who are victims of domestic violence usually also suffer economic abuse from their partners. Housing can be an issue för domestic violence victims because of their poor financial status among other reasons. The social services has the utmost responsibility to assist women who have been victims of domestic violence. The aim of this study was to investigate social workers understanding and experiences of how factors such as housing and poor financial status can delay the breakup process för women suffering domestic abuse from their partners, and if any challenges arise when working to meet these abused women's housing and financial needs. A qualitative method was used to collect data from five social workers through thematically semi-structured interviews. The results, which are presented in various themes, were analysed using theories such as street level byråcracy, organisation theory and power. The results shows that the social services usually meet the financial and immediate housing needs of these abused women but the long term housing solutions are usually a challenge, and this is mostly due to general housing shortages in Sweden. The results also highlights the importance of basic knowledge about domestic violence among social workers in particular and other human-serviceorganisations in general. Finally, the study brings to light some of the challenges that social workers encounter when working to meet domestic abused women's financial and housing needs, which are: limited knowledge about domestic violence and its consequences, limited resources, high workload and lack of concrete directives and guidelines from the government about how to suppor t and work with victims of domestic violence.

Fysisk aktivitet är viktigt för en god hälsa, och svenskarnas hälsa blir allt sämre. Karlstads kommuns mål är att alla kommuninvånare ska ha rätt till en god hälsa på lika villkor, och ger därför stöd till spontanidrotten. Kommunen har även som mål att vara en av landets mest jämställda kommuner. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur utomhusgym i Karlstads kommun används och vem som använder dem. Studien utgick främst ifrån ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv. Huvudfrågan som besvarades var om pengarna används rätt i Karlstads kommun gällande stöd till en jämställd spontanidrott. Metoderna för att undersöka detta var kvalitativa intervjuer där sex respondenter deltog samt via kvantitativa observationer där 147 personer observerades. Huvudresultaten i studien visade att Karlstads kommuns stöd till spontanidrott används rätt ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv, då fördelningen av användarna var jämn med 47% kvinnor och 53% män på de observrade utomhusgymmen. Män fokuserade mer på att nyttja redskap där överkroppen tränades. Respondenterna önskade att kunna justera vikt och passform på redskapen. Kvinnor upplevde i större utsträckning hinder för att inte komma till utomhusgymmen, som kan kopplas till otrygghet. Vidare bör större studier göras för att få ett större underlag för hur fördelningen ser ut, samt för att djupare kunna undersöka manliga och kvinnliga preferenser av redskapen och hur hinder kopplade till otrygghet kan minska. / Physical activity is vital for an adequate health, and the Swedish residents’ health is getting poorer. Karlstad municipality’s aim is that all residents of Karlstad municipality shall have the right to an adequate health on equal terms, and the municipality offer financial support to spontaneous sports. Karlstad municipality have the aim to be one of the country’s most equal municipalities, as well. The aim with this study was to investigate how the outdoor gyms in Karlstad municipality are used and by whom. The study mainly based on a gender theoretical perspective. The main question at issue, which was answered to, was if the Karlstad municipality’s financial support was used right to generate equality in spontaneous sports. The research methods used in this study was qualitative interviews with six respondents, and quantitative observations with 147 people were observed. The main results in this study showed that Karlstad municipality’s financial support was used right in an equality perspective since the gender divide was equal with 47% women and 53% men at the observed outdoor gyms. Men did focus more at using equipment made for exercising the upper body. The respondents wished to be able to adjust the weight and fit at the equipment. Women did experience discouragements to not work out in an outdoor gym in a greater extent, which can be linked to insecurity. Further research should investigate the question in larger studies, to get a greater basis of how the gender divide is divided, and to be able to in a more profound way investigate male and female preferences of the equipment and how discouragement linked to insecurity can be reduced.

Numerous scholars describe agroforestry as an extraordinary food production system that generates viable ecosystems and accommodates regenerative capabilities. Agroforestry may therefore be a promising solution to the future environmental challenges facing food production. This multifunctional land management system is practised in temperate and tropical regions alike, however, it exists to a remarkably limited extent in Sweden. This research points to the complexities in agricultural and forestry policy as a main barrier for wider agroforestry adoption. The foundation of inquiry is thus to analyze various Swedish legislatives and support systems that either facilitate or adverse agroforestry practice, through the lens of political ecology. The research findings derive from a qualitative study, consisting of conducted interviews with key stakeholders in Swedish agricultural and forestry policy. The study contends that a core obstacle for agroforestry development is the dualistic approach to governmental sectors, i.e. forestry and agriculture, and the lack of coordination between them, since agroforestry cannot be classified as neither . A perpetual policy prioritized towards large-volume crop yields, rapid production, large scale investments, calculative assessments and a competitive business sector is moreover identified. The research asserts that these hegemonic discourses permeating policy, consequently act as a disincentive for agroforestry adoption due to the ofttimes long implementation period, high initial investment and uncertain food market for agroforestry produce. In addition, the study illustrates that cultural expectations of landscape mainly give trees a cultural and environmental value, therein neglecting the multifunctionality of woody vegetation - which hence suggest a lack of a holistic approach to food systems. The thesis finally argues that these hegemonic discourses concerning assessment and management of land, together influence the design of state policy and farmers’ attitude towards agroforestry systems. Overall, current policy regulations portray a rather static and incomplete way of managing the dynamic symbiosis of multifunctional food systems.

Donor country initiatives for the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS are not a matter of simple burden sharing. Instead, they have brought in their wake many of the complexities and unforeseen effects that have long been associated with more general overseas development assistance. In the case of funding directed toward HIV/AIDS, these effects are by no means either secondary or easily calculable. It is widely acknowledged that there is no consensus framework on how these impacts may be defined, no framework/toolkit for the evaluation of impacts and no longitudinally significant data that could provide the substance for those evaluations. The subject of this study focuses not on the health outcomes of funding but on how donor-recipient relations could be better deliberated, negotiated and coordinated. We argue that effective leadership and governance of developing country health systems for HIV/AIDS work requires a reconfiguration of how donor-recipient relations are conceived and contracted, and for this purpose, we propose an adaptation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris Declaration principles of aid effectiveness.