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Se verificó la ocurrencia de mobulas en el terminal pesquero de Zorritos desde enero a diciembre del año 2015, haciendo énfasis en datos morfométricos correspondientes al ancho (AD) y largo (LD) del disco corporal, peso, sexo, madurez sexual en los individuos machos (tamaño de clásper) y arte de pesca utilizados. 4 especies de mobulas fueron identificadas Mobula. japanica, M. munkiana, M.thurstoni y M. tarapacana. De 355 individuos muestreados la especie más abundante y de mayor tamaño fue M. japanica (83.7%, AD: 1719.8 ± 253.6 mm), seguida por M. munkiana (14.9%, AD: 1104.9 ± 133.5mm). Se dieron 4 únicos reportes de M. thurstoni (1.1%, AD: 1047.5± 190.5mm), y un reporte de M. tarapacana (0.3%, AD: 1047.5 mm). La especie que presentó mayor cantidad de juveniles fue M. japanica (95%). Todos los individuos de M. thurstoni y el único ejemplar de M. tarapacana también se encontraron por debajo de la Longitud mínima de madurez sexual (Lm). Adicionalmente se acompañó en 24 viajes a bordo de embarcaciones pesqueras frente a las costas de Puerto Pizarro, La Cruz, Zorritos y Acapulco. Se logró georeferenciar 26 puntos de avistamiento de mobulas en altamar. El arte de pesca predominante utilizado para la captura de estas especies fue el de cerco y cortina a flote. Las características oceanográficas, geográficas y biológicas que presenta el mar del norte de Perú hacen posible la presencia de las diferentes especies de mobulas.Mobula’s occurrence were identified in the fishing terminal Zorritos from January to December 2015, emphasizing morphometric data like width disc (AD) and long disc (LD), weight, sex, sexual maturity in male individuals (size clasper) and fishing gear used. 4 species of mobulas were identified Mobula japanica, M. munkiana, M. thurstoni and M. tarapacana. 355 individuals were sampled. The most abundant and larger species was M. japanica (83.7% AD: 1719.8 ± 253.6 mm), followed by M. munkiana (14.9% AD: 1104.9 ± 133.5mm), 4 unique reports were given by M. thurstoni (1.1% AD: 1047.5 ± 190.5mm), and an unique report of M. tarapacana (0.3% AD: 1047.5 mm). The species that presented the highest number of juveniles was M. japanica (95%). All individuals of M. thurstoni and the only copy of M. tarapacana also found below the minimum length of sexual maturity (Lm). Additionally, 24 boat trips aboard fishing vessels were completed off the coast of Puerto Pizarro, La Cruz, Zorritos and Acapulco. 26 georeferencing points were reported of mobulas sighting at sea. The predominant fishing gear for catching these species were purse sein and longline. Oceanographic, geographic and biological characteristics of the northern Peruvian sea allow for the presence of different species of mobulas.

This thesis endeavours to model a trip demand function for recreationalangling in Sweden, including the individual expected per-trip utility of regionalattributes. The analysis is conducted with the use of a Random Utility Model (RUM)for the estimation of ‘site-specific’ utility, and a negative binomial logit model fortrip demand. The site quality variable is stated as expected catch-rates (CR) definedin terms of three different specifications: sample mean CR, individually perfectlyforesighted CR, and an econometrically predicted individual CR. Results indicatethat the econometrically estimated individual catch-rate specification performs wellas an explanatory variable both when modelling discrete site choice and trip demand,while the sample mean and perfectly foresighted CR specifications provide withunintuitive and insignificant parameter values. The inclusive value of the regionchosen by the angler, estimated with the RUM, was subsequently found to be asignificant predicting variable for the number of recreational angling trips conductedby Swedish anglers.

Um sistema de rastreabilidade possibilita a localização do alimento em todos os elos da cadeia, da matéria-prima ao varejo, podendo prover informação quanto à natureza, origem e qualidade do produto permitindo ao consumidor decidir, conscientemente no momento da compra, e ao produtor/industrial retornar a um procedimento problema, encontrando e solucionando uma inconformidade através de rápidos mecanismos de localização. Na cadeia produtiva do pescado, o meio ambiente se configura no primeiro entrave à produção com qualidade, devido a problemas que possam advir da água de cultivo e captura. Esta pesquisa visou levantar parâmetros a serem analisados gerando dados que possam ser rastreados visando a qualidade total do pescado, tendo como objeto de estudo a captura do cod fish islandês e a Tilápia do Nilo advinda da aquicultura brasileira, visando o desenvolvimento de sistemas de rastreabilidade passíveis de serem aplicados à cadeia produtiva do pescado brasileiro, bem como estudar as variáveis técnicas e ambientais que podem contribuir para melhorar a qualidade da matéria-prima destinada à indústria. Implementar um sistema de rastreabilidade requer o desenvolvimento de padrões que produzam dados objetivos para serem compilados e disseminados visando melhorar a integração da informação vertical da cadeia produtiva. Na pesca extrativa, devido ao declínio dos estoques pesqueiros e, conseqüente, diminuição do volume pescado, o desafio é estudar as variáveis ambientais que possam interferir na qualidade do produto final, bem como conhecer as áreas de pesca, extraindo delas pescado de melhor qualidade e maior rendimento para a indústria. No caso da aqüicultura, um dos maiores desafios é a busca pela produção sustentável, mantendo o equilíbrio entre a água e o pescado, pois a água, se em condições inadequadas em relação aos parâmetros de qualidade, além de prejudicar o crescimento, reprodução, saúde e sobrevivência do pescado, interfere em sua qualidade, sendo que, parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos adequados determinam a qualidade da água nos viveiros de cultivo. Devido a eutrofização de ambientes aquáticos, a literatura já tem relatado problemas com incidência de off flavor em pescado, bem como ocorrência de cianotoxinas na água e no pescado. Há necessidade de que as regiões de cultivo, façam monitoramento das espécies de cianobactérias potencialmente produtoras de toxinas, substâncias que causam off flavor, como a geosmina bem como pontuar e estudar fatores ambientais e de manejo que levam à ocorrência de algumas espécies de cianobactérias, buscando o desenvolvimento social, ambiental, econômico e sustentável do setor pesqueiro / A traceability system allows food location in all parts of the chain, from raw material to marketing, providing information regarding the product nature, origin and quality. It also allows consumers to make a conscious decision at the time of purchase, and producers to return to a procedure if it is necessary, for example, to find and solve a disagreement through rapid localization mechanisms. In the fish chain production, the environment is configured as the first obstacle to a production with quality, due to the problems that may arise from the cultivation and capture. This research aimed to assess the parameters to be analyzed by generating data that can be traced in order to improve the fish quality, having as the object of this study the Icelandic cod fish and Nile tilapia coming from the Brazilian aquaculture. Traceability systems were developed to be applied to the Brazilian fish chain production, as well as to the technical and environmental variables that can contribute to improve the raw material quality for the industry. To implement a tracking system requires the development of standards that produce data to be compiled and disseminated to improve the vertical integration of information in the supply chain. In fishing and quarrying, due to the decline of fish stocks and, consequently, a reduction in the fish volume, the challenge is to study the environmental variables that can affect the quality of the final product as well as the knowledge of the fishing grounds, extracting the best quality fish and higher yield for the industry. In aquaculture, the production must be sustainable, maintaining the balance between water and fish. In inadequate conditions in relation to quality parameters, the water can affect the fish growth, reproduction, health and survival and also interferes in its quality. Physical, chemical and biological processes can determine the appropriate water quality in ponds for cultivation. Due to eutrophication of aquatic environments, the specialized literature has already reported problems with an incidence of off flavor in fish, as well as the occurrence of cyanotoxins in water and fish. It is necessary to make the monitoring of cyanobacteria species potentially toxin producers, and substances that cause off flavor like geosmin as well as the score and study management and environmental factors that lead to the occurrence of some species of cyanobacteria, seeking a more social, environmental, economic and sustainable fishing sector

Embarcações pesqueiras representam uma parcela expressiva nas estatísticas de acidentes ocorridos no mar. Dentre estas, aquela que se destaca por impor uma perda sensível em vidas humanas é a ocorrência de emborcamentos. Quando tais embarcações passam a ser submetidas a um alagamento intermediário, sua situação de estabilidade pode ser diferente daquela prevista pela Arquitetura Naval Clássica que considera apenas efeitos estáticos. Assim, este trabalho propõe, a partir de duas simples modelagens, caracterizar o comportamento dinâmico do alagamento sob diferentes níveis e sua influência positiva ou negativa sobre a estabilidade da embarcação pesqueira realizando análises sobre o regime transiente e permanente do movimento. / When a large compartment of a ship is flooded the water will affect the ship dynamic behaviour, and may have a significant impact on the vessel’s ability to withstand the action of waves. It is well known that complex dynamics can be associated with the loss of dynamic stability even for an intact ship, and these phenomena have been shown to be particularly relevant for fishing. We investigate here the effect of several levels of partial flooding on the dynamic processes that lead to loss of dynamic stability and capsize in waves. Two mathematical models are used in the present analysis. The first is a simplified model in which the vessel is acted upon by trains of regular beam waves. The free surface in this model is assumed to remain flat. The dynamic interaction between the vessel and the water inside it is modeled in such a way that the ensuing equations are those of a nonlinear inverted double pendulum. Drawing on this observation, an even simpler model was developed based on the idea of an equivalent mechanical pendulum. Since transient capsize in waves is a rapid phenomenon when compared to the flooding of a compartment, the analyses consider the percentage of flooding as a varying parameter.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o modo de vida insular das ilhas Vitória e Monte de Trigo, no que ele possui de singular e em suas relações mais amplas com o continente. Parte-se da análise das questões pesqueira e de ocupação do espaço litorâneo, para em seguida verticalizar o estudo das comunidades de ilhéus monteiros e vitoreiros a partir de seu sistema de propriedade, das modalidades de uso dos recursos naturais e de seu modo de vida, que comporta a análise da divisão social do trabalho, da educação, da saúde, da religião e das relações que os ilhéus constróem com o continente. Foram identificados os problemas que interferem na reprodução do modo de vida insular e os mecanismos de subordinação da pequena produção pesqueira das ilhas ao mercado e ao capital industrial na pesca. As particularidades e singularidades destas comunidades foram apreendidas, comunidades que constróem sua identidade, seus espaços e territórios e seu não isolamento frente aos processos de apropriação dos recursos pesqueiros e de ocupação do espaço litorâneo e marítimo.

The Georges Bank area in the northwest Atlantic Ocean plays an important role in New England's economy. Overfishing has led to a rapid decrease in cod population numbers, leading to a collapse in certain stocks. Currently, the rate of decrease in cod numbers has slowed; however, population numbers are still low. In this study, I use Growth Rate Potential (GRP) to assess the current environmental quality of Georges Bank and its suitability to support a cod population. GRP is the amount of growth predicted for a fish with known prey availability and environmental conditions. With prey availability and temperature data obtained during the fall fisheries acoustics surveys in 2000, 2001 and 2002, I developed spatially explicit GRP maps, using bioenergetic and foraging models, for Atlantic cod to determine the ability of the Georges Bank environment to support a cod population. Results show that Georges Bank is able to support growth for adult Atlantic cod. In addition to GRP analysis, I studied nucleic acid concentrations of Atlantic herring. Nucleic acids play an important role in growth and development, and have been used to assess physical condition of fish as well as and current growth rates. In this study, I determine total nucleic acid concentrations of Atlantic herring caught during three different spawning stages: pre-, post-, and non-spawning, to determine how nucleic acid concentrations and energy allocation vary seasonally. Results support the hypothesis that nucleic acid concentrations can be used as condition indicators, and are highly sensitive to the spawning stage of fish showing a significant difference between the three groups, which may affect their ability as condition indicators.

The Mackenzie River Delta is an ecologically rich freshwater environment in Canada’s Northwest Territories. It is vulnerable to multiple stressors such as climate change, resource development activities (oil and natural gas) and upstream-downstream linkages related to extraction activities in the southern part of the Mackenzie River watershed. Resultant socio-ecological impacts affect fishing livelihoods, which represent a significant component of the country food system and ways of life for Inuvialuit (Inuit of the Western Arctic), whose Settlement Area overlaps with the Delta. This thesis analyzes the implications of socio-ecological changes in the Mackenzie River Delta for Inuvialuit fishing livelihoods and the country food system, drawing from Local and Traditional Knowledge. In collaboration with the Fisheries Joint Management Committee in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, the westernmost Inuit region in Canada, I undertook a participatory-qualitative research, while also drawing on relevant literature and complementary data. Using 28 semi-structured interviews about changes in the Mackenzie River Delta and the importance of fishing livelihoods, results indicated that fishing livelihoods are essential contributors to the Inuvialuit food system, as well as cultural practices surrounding fishing as an activity. Moreover, some results imply the importance of previously ignored species for food security, such as burbot and inconnu, which receive limited attention in other studies. Key findings also indicate that multiple environmental changes are occurring in the Delta, including lower water levels, increasing land erosion, decreasing fish populations, and changes in Delta-reliant wildlife populations (e.g. more beavers), warmer water temperatures, poorer fish quality (e.g. softer flesh, parasites), thinner ice, climate variability, and an escalating cost of living. These changes affect primarily fishing access and raise important concerns about the safety of fish consumption for human health. Ultimately, limited access and declining fish quality have a negative impact on food security, given the key role of fish in the country food system and the importance of socio-cultural dimensions such as fishing knowledge and skills, and sharing practices.

Coastal shell middens, a prominent feature of the Mesolithic (11,500–6000 cal BP) archaeological record of western Scotland, suggest a maritime economy based on fishing and shellfish. Despite evidence for the importance of fish and shellfish to diet, virtually nothing is known as to the methods of procurement. Initially, work focussed on the palaeoenvironments of Scottish West Coast Mesolithic coastal sites, to establish the resources available to Mesolithic coastal dwellers. A range of archaeological/ethnohistorical fishing gear and food procurement strategies is described, together with views of field archaeologists, bushcraft practitioners and experimental archaeologists. These perspectives together with palaeoenvironmental data were considered when producing fishing gear utilising resources and technologies available during the Mesolithic. Fieldwork and experiments were conducted at the Scottish West Coast Mesolithic coastal sites of Ulva Cave, the Oban area, the island of Oronsay, and Sand, together with South Uist and the Urr estuary on the Solway Firth. The fishing gear manufactured reflects current debates as to fishing strategies, as such, several archaeological ‘models’ were tested. The gear also enabled an attempt at targeting the main fish and crab species found in the middens; Pollachius virens, Labridae, Pollachius pollachius, Carcinus maenas, Liocarcinus depurator and Cancer pagurus. In addition to fishing experiments, ecological surveys and forage exercises established the species present and available to a contemporary coastal forager, providing an indication as to the vigour and abundance of shoreline species. This data was compared to data from the middens, providing an insight into potential collection strategies. Exploratory procurement and manufacture experiments were conducted that tested a variety of materials, including their suitability for use, while bait tests assessed bait desirability. The results suggest that for Mesolithic groups to successfully exploit the coastal environments adjacent to the West coast midden sites, knowledge of tides and species together with simple manufacturing skills would have been sufficient.

Orientador: Fausto Foresti / Coorientador: Fernando F. Mendonça / Banca: Diego Teruo Hashimoto / Banca: Paulino Martinez Portella / Resumo: Até poucas décadas atrás, a pesca de tubarões era incidental e sem efeitos significativos para as suas populações. No entanto, devido ao grande aumento no valor de suas nadadeiras na Ásia e ao declínio das populações de peixes mais tradicionais para o consumo humano, os tubarões passaram a ser alvo de pescarias em quase todo o mundo, promovendo a inclusão de diversas espécies na lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Entre os tubarões mais explorados, as espécies pelágicas apresentam uma maior complexidade na avaliação e monitoramento de suas populações devido à sua distribuição em vastas áreas geográficas. Destas, o tubarão mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, com ocorrência circunglobal, está entre as principais espécies que apresentam sinais de vulnerabilidade, com tendência ao esgotamento populacional e, no entanto, avaliações que viabilizem o manejo adequado da pesca ainda são inconsistentes. Estudos relacionados à estruturação genética populacional de peixes têm contribuído substancialmente para a elucidação de questões como a variabilidade genética, distribuição geográfica, padrões de migração, estoques reprodutivos, taxonomia, sistemática e eventos históricos. Tais aspectos são especialmente relevantes para o setor pesqueiro, fornecendo subsídios para o manejo e conservação dos estoques. Considerando a urgente necessidade de controle sustentável da pesca, dificultada principalmente pela falta de informações, este estudo buscou caracterizar a estrutura genética populacional da espécie I. oxyrinchus no Oceano Atlântico, utilizando sequências da região controladora do DNA mitocondrial (D-loop). Foram analisados 144 indivíduos e a análise de 729 pares de bases nucleotídicas desta região genômica permitiu a caracterização de 27 haplótipos, sendo que 18 destes haplótipos (67%) estão compartilhados por todas as regiões amostradas. Os resultados indicam a ... / Abstract: Until a few decades ago, shark fishing was only incidental and had no significant effects on their populations. However, due to the large increase in the value of shark's fins in Asia and the decline of more traditional fish populations for human consumption, sharks became target fishing around the world, promoting the inclusion of several species in the list of endangered species. Among the most exploited sharks, the pelagic species exhibit greater complexity in the assessment and monitoring of their populations due to their distribution in broad geographical areas. From these species, the mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, of global occurrence, is among the main species that show vulnerability signs, with a trend to deplete population, and however, evaluations that facilitate appropriate management of fisheries are still inconsistent. Studies related to genetic structure of fish populations have contributed substantially to the elucidation of issues such as genetic variability, geographical distribution, migration patterns, reproductive stocks, taxonomy, systematics, and historical events. These aspects are especially relevant to fisheries sector, providing subsidies for the management and conservation of fish stocks. Considering the urgent need for a sustainable control of fisheries, hampered mainly by the lack of information, this study aimed to characterize the population genetic structure of the shark I. oxyrinchus in the Atlantic Ocean, using sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop). We analyzed 144 individuals and analysis of 729 nucleotide base pairs of this genomic region allowed the characterization of 27 haplotypes, with 18 of these haplotypes (67%) being shared by all regions sampled. The results indicate the occurrence of a moderate genetic variability (π = 0.004 and h = 0.791 ± 0.029), with high population structure between the northern and southern hemispheres (FST values: ... / Mestre