Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are increasingly sought after by recreational anglers around the world. The Florida Straits in particular are an important breeding and nursery area for North Atlantic swordfish, as well as for being historical fishing grounds for both recreational and commercial swordfish fisheries. The recreational fishery for swordfish in southeastern Florida is categorized into two historical periods. The first period started in 1977 and consists of the first tournaments in the area to specifically target swordfish. Despite high initial catches, low catch numbers forced the tournament fishery to close in 1983. During the second period of the fishery (starting in 2000 to today) the tournament fishery for swordfish has reemerged. Data from a total of 98 swordfish tournaments (17 historic, 81 current) have been collected. For comparison, information has been gathered from 72 istiophorid billfish tournaments within the modern (second) period. These data were gathered from tournament directors, websites, and personal communication with participants of the tournaments. The tournaments studied took place on the east coast of Florida from Stuart south to Key West, with a majority being held between Lighthouse Point and Islamorada in the Florida Keys. Although participation correlates to the number of catches, catch per hour (CPH) remains on a slow although not significant decrease over time. The entry fees for these modern period swordfish tournaments range from $200-600, while those for the more exclusive billfish tournaments are tenfold swordfish entry costs. Similarly, awarded prize monies of billfish tournaments are tenfold and significantly larger than prize monies for swordfish tournaments. The average weight of landed swordfish has shifted slightly in both the historic and the modern periods. Despite the oscillation of catch numbers throughout the two time periods, the weight of caught swordfish remained roughly the same. This may be from the minimum length restrictions implemented in the modern time period, a regulation which did not exist during the tournaments of the historic period.

Approximately 24 alien fish species, equivalent to 9 percent of all South African freshwater fish species, were introduced and established into South African waters during the 19th and 20th Centuries (Skelton, 2001). Of the 24 species introduced, the Rainbow trout and the Brown trout have over time become South Africa's most widely spread and used freshwater fish species (Bainbridge, Alletson, Davies, Lax and Mills, 2005). The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, no.10 of 2004 has, however, cast considerable doubt on the future of trout as a food source and a recreational fishing resource in South Africa. More specifically, Section 64 of the Act has the following aims: “(a) to prevent the unauthorized introduction and spread of alien species and invasive species to ecosystems and habitats where they do not naturally occur; (b) to manage and control alien species and invasive species to prevent or minimize harm to the environment and to biodiversity in particular; and (c) to eradicate alien species and invasive species from ecosystems and habitats where they may harm such ecosystems or habitats.” The uncertainty surrounding the future of trout in South Africa is mainly underpinned by aim (c) of Section 64 of the Act. Regarding the eradication of trout and in keeping with aim (c) of Section 64 of the Act, three remarks can be made. First, there exists a paucity of published studies which offer validated proof of the impacts which may be ascribed entirely to the introduction of alien trout in South Africa, since no pre-stocking assessments were conducted (Bainbridge et al., 2005). Second, the elimination of trout is feasible in a few limited closed ecosystems, such as small dams, but is highly impractical and untenable from an environmental and cost perspective where open and established river systems are concerned (Bainbridge et al., x 2005). More specifically, there are no efficient or adequate eradication measures which may be used in wide-ranging open ecosystems, which selectively target alien fish species. Moreover, most, if not all, measures have the potential to cause considerable adverse impacts on indigenous aquafaunal species. Finally, the elimination of trout could undermine the tourism appeal of many upper catchment areas in South Africa. The trout fishing industry is well established and is a source of local and foreign income, as well as a job creator in the South African economy (Bainbridge et al., 2005; Hlatswako, 2000; Rogerson, 2002). In particular, the industry provides a two-tier service: first, in food production at the subsistence as well as commercial levels, and second, as an angling resource. Recreational angling, including fly-fishing for trout, is one of the fastest growing tourism attractions in South Africa. Furthermore, the trout fishing industry is sustained and underpinned by a considerable infrastructure consisting of tackle manufacturers and retailers, tourist operators, professional guides, hotels, lodges and B&Bs. The economic case for the trout fishing industry in South Africa has, however, not been convincingly made. The economic benefit provided by trout and trout fly-fishing is priced directly in the market place by expenditures made by fly-fishers, and indirectly in property values, which provide access to fly-fishing opportunities. The benefit of trout and trout fly-fishing can also be valued through non-market valuation techniques. Non-market valuation is used to calculate values for items that are not traded in markets, such as environmental services. There are several non-market valuation methods available to the researcher, namely those based on revealed preference and those based on stated preference. The former includes the hedonic pricing method and the travel cost method, while the latter includes the contingent valuation method and the choice modelling method. Of the available non-market valuation techniques, the travel cost method is the most suitable method for determining the value of trout and the trout fishing industry because travel cost is often the main expenditure incurred. xi The aim of this study is threefold: first, to value the economic contribution of trout and trout fly-fishing to the Rhodes region, North Eastern Cape; second, to determine the willingness-to-pay for a project that entails the rehabilitation and maintenance of trout streams and rivers in and around Rhodes village so as to increase their trout carrying capacity by 10 percent; third, to determine the willingness-to-pay for a project aimed at eradicating trout from streams and rivers in and around Rhodes village so as to prevent trout from harming the indigenous yellowfish habitat. The first aim was achieved by applying the travel cost method, whereas the second and third aims were achieved by applying the contingent valuation method. The study aimed to provide policy makers with information regarding the value of trout fishing in the Rhodes region, so as to create an awareness of the economic trade-offs associated with alien fish eradication. Through the application of the travel cost method, the consumer surplus per trout fly-fishermen was estimated to be R19 677.69, while the total consumer surplus was estimated to be R13 774 384.40. The median willingness-to-pay for a project to rehabilitate trout habitat was estimated to be R248.95, while the total willingness-to-pay amounted to R199 462.20. The median willingness-to-pay for a project to eradicate alien trout from the Rhodes region rivers and streams was estimated to be R41.18, while the total willingness-to-pay amounted to R28 829.36. This study concludes that trout and trout fly-fishing make a valuable economic contribution to the Rhodes region. The extent of the economic benefit provided by trout and trout fly-fishing services in the Rhodes region should be carefully considered in any stream management project.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcioLFR_DISSERT.pdf: 949735 bytes, checksum: 7b0d7914f06ce721cd7df5864b67525c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / When scientists study methods, theory and standards in an inseparable form, he is facing a paradigm. Throughout the development of a determined science, paradigms can change by changing the methods, objective and standards of research. Fisheries science is changing the paradigm moving from the paradigm of maximization in the use of resources, quantified by the index of the catch, which was influenced by evolutionary concepts such as Optimal Foraging Theory, to the sustainability paradigm that seeks its foundation in the fishery ecosystem perspective. The goal of this study was to review methods, theory and the history of ecosystem indexes of fishery science that attempts to determine sustainability of fishery resources from the data capture. Ecosystems indexes by themselves may not be useful to measure the sustainability of fishing because they focus only on the environmental or ecological side of the sustainability tripod. Probably to measure the sustainability of fishing these indexes should include in the future the Payments for Ecosystem Services and Social Resilience. Thus the methods and theories are in constantly changing within science to meet the most current paradigm / Quando o cientista enxerga de forma insepar?vel os m?todos, a teoria e as normas ele est? diante de um paradigma. Ao longo do tempo o desenvolvimento de uma determinada ci?ncia o paradigma pode mudar alterando os m?todos, os objetivos e as normas da pesquisa com o passar dos anos. Ci?ncia Pesqueira transitou de paradigma da maximiza??o na utiliza??o dos recursos, quantificada pelo ?ndice da captura, que foi influenciado por conceitos evolutivos como a Teoria do Forrageamento ?timo para um paradigma da sustentabilidade que busca seu alicerce na perspectiva ecossist?mica da pesca. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma revis?o que aborda m?todos, teoria e o hist?rico dos ?ndices ecossist?micos da ci?ncia pesqueira que tentam determinar a sustentabilidade dos recursos pesqueiros a partir dos dados de captura. Os ?ndices ecossist?micos talvez n?o consiga mensurar a sustentabilidade da pesca por si s?, porque eles abordam apenas o lado ambiental ou ecol?gico do trip? da sustentabilidade. Provavelmente para se mensurar a sustentabilidade da pesca esses ?ndices devem se juntar no futuro com os Pagamentos por Servi?os Ecossist?micos e a Resili?ncia Social. Assim os m?todos e as teorias se agregam e se reformulam constantemente dentro dessa ci?ncia para atender o paradigma mais atual

Le suivi, le contrôle et la surveillance (MCS) des pêches marines sont des problèmes essentiels pour la gestion durable des ressources halieutiques. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le suivi spatial des activités des navires de pêche en utilisant les données de trajectoire du système de surveillance des navires (VMS) dans le cadre du projet INDESO (2013-2017). Notre objectif général est de développer une chaîne de traitement des données VMS afin de: i) effectuer un suivi de l'effort de pêche des flottilles de palangriers indonésiens, ii) détecter les activités de pêche illégales et évaluer leur importance. L'approche proposée repose sur des modèles de mélange gaussien (GMM) et les modèles de Markov cachés (HMM), en vue d'identifier les comportements élémentaires des navires de pêche, tels que les voyages, la recherche et les activités de pêche, dans un cadre non supervisé. Nous considérons différentes paramétrisations de ces modèles avec une étude particulière des palangriers indonésiens, pour lesquels nous pouvons bénéficier de données d'observateurs embarqués afin de procéder à une évaluation quantitative des modèles proposés et testés.Nous exploitons ensuite ces modèles statistiques pour deux objectifs différents: a) la discrimination des différents flottilles de pêche à partir des trajectoires des navires de pêche et l'application à la détection et à l'évaluation des activités de pêche illégale, b) l'évaluation d'un effort de pêche spatialisé à partir des données VMS. Nous obtenons de très bons taux de reconnaissance (environ 97%) pour la première tâche et nos expériences soutiennent le potentiel d'une exploration opérationnelle de l'approche proposée. En raison du nombre limité de données d'observateurs embarqués, seules des analyses préliminaires on pu être effectuées pour l'estimation de l'effort de pêche à partir des données VMS. Au-delà des développements méthodologiques potentiels, cette thèse met l'accent sur l'importance de la qualité de données d'observation en mer représentatives pour développer davantage l'exploitation des données VMS tant pour la recherche que pour les questions opérationnelles. / Monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) of marine fisheries are critical issues for the sustainable management of marine fisheries. In this thesis we investigate the space-based monitoring of fishing vessel activities using Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) trajectory data in the context of INDESO project (2013-2017). Our general objective is to develop a processing chain of VMS data in order to: i) perform a follow-up of the fishing effort of the Indonesian longline fleets, ii) detect illegal fishing activities and assess their importance. The proposed approach relies on classical latent class models, namely Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and Hidden Markov Models (HMM), with a view to identifying elementary fishing vessel behaviors, such as travelling, searching and fishing activities, in a unsupervised framework. Following state-of-the-art approaches, we consider different parameterizations of these models with a specific focus on Indonesian longliners, for which we can benefit from at-sea observers¿ data to proceed to a quantitative evaluation. We then exploit these statistical models for two different objectives: a) the discrimination of different fishing fleets from fishing vessel trajectories and the application to the detection and assessment of illegal fishing activities, b) the assessment of a spatialized fishing effort from VMS data. We report good recognition rate (about 97%) for the former task and our experiments support the potential for an operational exploration of the proposed approach. Due to limited at-sea observers¿ data, only preliminary analyses could be carried out for the proposed VMS-derived fishing effort. Beyond potential methodological developments, this thesis emphasizes the importance of high-quality and representative at-sea observer data for further developing the exploitation of VMS data both for research and operational issues.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ronaldo Florido de Oliveira.pdf: 3990126 bytes, checksum: 6a7d116ff63d7e815624283e9a9692ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation had for objective to search the paper of the fishing in the daily one of the City of São Paulo, under the perspective of the conservation of the landscape geographic in a productive model and sustainable of occupation of the ground and the natural resources, in the current and historical time of the fishing urban. In this direction, the study of establishments of the type feefishing , that they had been created in small farms located in surroundings of the São Paulo metropolis, have for purpose, the attainment of data that make possible an analysis of the geographic space, in order to consider the creation of projects that they allow a new use of public and private areas, and that they are come back to the improvement of the ambient quality in the urban centers. For in such a way, data searched had been systemize of way quantitative and qualitative in graphs and tables, what appreciation guaranteed detailed of establishments searched and of its proprietors and frequentadores, what allowing to conclude that these feefishing had started to be a viable alternative for refuncionalização and conservation of urban and agricultural spaces, as much in public areas, as in particular areas / Esta dissertação teve por objetivo pesquisar o papel dos pesqueiros no cotidiano da Cidade de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da conservação da paisagem geográfica em um modelo produtivo e sustentável de ocupação do solo e dos recursos naturais, no tempo atual e histórico da pesca urbana. Neste sentido, o estudo de estabelecimentos do tipo pesque-pague , que foram criados em sítios localizados no entorno da metrópole paulista, teve por finalidade, a obtenção de dados que possibilitou uma análise do espaço geográfico, a fim de propor a criação de projetos que permitam um novo uso de áreas públicas e privadas, e que estejam voltados à melhoria da qualidade ambiental nos centros urbanos. Para tanto, os dados pesquisados foram sistematizados de maneira quantitativa e qualitativa em gráficos e tabelas, o que garantiu uma apreciação detalhada dos estabelecimentos pesquisados e de seus proprietários e frequentadores, permitindo concluir que esses pesqueiros passaram a ser uma alternativa viável para a refuncionalização e a conservação de espaços urbanos e rurais, tanto em áreas públicas, como em áreas particulares

Dentro do contexto de crise global pesqueira que afeta tanto a pesca industrial quanto a artesanal, este trabalho visa descrever e analisar a pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, além de estudar a interação entre essa pesca artesanal e as tartarugas marinhas. O capítulo 1 consiste na caracterização social, econômica e operacional da pesca artesanal, avaliando o esforço pesqueiro de suas diferentes modalidades. A análise dos dados fornecidos por pescadores revelou a diferenciação na captura e esforço entre dois grupos de embarcações: barcos até 12,5 metros de comprimento total e barcos acima de 12,5 metros. As entrevistas também geraram uma ilustração que demonstra a sobreposição da área de atuação dos pescadores. Neste capítulo são propostas medidas de gestão da pesca artesanal de emalhe que consideram o rendimento dos pescadores e preservam os recursos pesqueiros. No capítulo 2 foram analisados fatores sociais e operacionais da pesca relacionados à captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas. Entrevistas com pescadores (n=92) e desembarques monitorados pelos pescadores (n=320) registrados em locais de pesca dentro e fora de Unidades de Conservação Marinhas no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina verificaram a influência do manejo espacial sobre as capturas incidentais. Analisou-se também o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre as tartarugas marinhas. A criação de zonas exclusivas para a pesca artesanal e o aumento de vistorias às redes de pesca são propostas para reduzir as capturas incidentais pela pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, através do envolvimento dos pescadores nas pesquisas e do co-manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. / Within the context of global fishing crisis that affects both industrial and artisanal fisheries, this survey aims to describe and analyze the artisanal gillnet fishery in southern Brazil and study the interaction between this fishing and sea turtles. The chapter 1 consists in social, economic and operational characterization of artisanal fisheries, assessing the fishing effort of different kinds of fisheries. The analysis of data provided by fishermen revealed the differentiation in catch and effort between two vessel’s groups: boats up to 12.5 meters long and boats over 12.5 meters. The interviews also show the spatial overlap of areas of operation of fishers. In this chapter we proposed measures for the management of small-scale gillnet fishing that consider the income of fishermen and preserve fish stocks. In chapter 2 we analyzed social and operational fishing factors related to bycatch of sea turtles. Interviews (n=92) and landings (n=320) recorded in fishing grounds inside and outside of Marine Protected Areas in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina assessed the influence of the spatial management on bycatch. It analyzed also the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers about sea turtles. The creation of exclusive zones for artisanal fishing and to increase inspections of fishing nets are presented to reduce incidental catches by artisanal gillnet fishing in southern Brazil, such as the involvement of fishermen in research and co-management of resources.

Lee Yee Chak Raymond. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1996-97, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Design Objectives / Chapter 1.2 --- Problem Defined / Chapter 1.3 --- Description of Client & Users / Chapter 1.4 --- Mission and Goals / Chapter 2. --- Project Analysis / Chapter 2.1 --- Site / Context Analysis / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Location / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Climate / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Special Studies: Natural Ventilation / Chapter 2.1.4 --- History -- Sequence of the Settlement / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Development of Tai O / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Site Analysis Diagram / Chapter 2.2 --- Client / Users Analysis / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Functional Relationship / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Activities / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Social Pattern / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Organizational Hierarchies in Stilt Homes / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Schedule of Accommodation / Chapter 2.3 --- Subject Analysis / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Architectural Language / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Precedents / Chapter 3. --- Process / Chapter 3.1 --- Organization & Zoning Period / Chapter 3.2 --- Conceptual Stage / Chapter 3.3 --- Schematic Design / Chapter 3.4 --- Design Development / Chapter 3.5 --- Design Deveopment I / Chapter 3.6 --- Design Development II / Chapter 4. --- Final Project / Chapter 4.1 --- Settlement Design in 4 Level / Chapter 4.2 --- Site Planning / Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology: Diagram of Dwelling Units Formation / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Resident's Requirement / Chapter 4.3.2 --- One Man in Tai O / Chapter 4.4 --- Cluster Level / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Cluster / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Activites in the Cluster / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Cluster Level / Chapter 4.5 --- Open Space Level / Chapter 4.6 --- Details & Construction / Chapter 4.7 --- Special Studies: Material / Appendix / Programming report / Schedule of Work / Bibliography