Dentro do contexto de crise global pesqueira que afeta tanto a pesca industrial quanto a artesanal, este trabalho visa descrever e analisar a pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, além de estudar a interação entre essa pesca artesanal e as tartarugas marinhas. O capítulo 1 consiste na caracterização social, econômica e operacional da pesca artesanal, avaliando o esforço pesqueiro de suas diferentes modalidades. A análise dos dados fornecidos por pescadores revelou a diferenciação na captura e esforço entre dois grupos de embarcações: barcos até 12,5 metros de comprimento total e barcos acima de 12,5 metros. As entrevistas também geraram uma ilustração que demonstra a sobreposição da área de atuação dos pescadores. Neste capítulo são propostas medidas de gestão da pesca artesanal de emalhe que consideram o rendimento dos pescadores e preservam os recursos pesqueiros. No capítulo 2 foram analisados fatores sociais e operacionais da pesca relacionados à captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas. Entrevistas com pescadores (n=92) e desembarques monitorados pelos pescadores (n=320) registrados em locais de pesca dentro e fora de Unidades de Conservação Marinhas no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina verificaram a influência do manejo espacial sobre as capturas incidentais. Analisou-se também o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre as tartarugas marinhas. A criação de zonas exclusivas para a pesca artesanal e o aumento de vistorias às redes de pesca são propostas para reduzir as capturas incidentais pela pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, através do envolvimento dos pescadores nas pesquisas e do co-manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. / Within the context of global fishing crisis that affects both industrial and artisanal fisheries, this survey aims to describe and analyze the artisanal gillnet fishery in southern Brazil and study the interaction between this fishing and sea turtles. The chapter 1 consists in social, economic and operational characterization of artisanal fisheries, assessing the fishing effort of different kinds of fisheries. The analysis of data provided by fishermen revealed the differentiation in catch and effort between two vessel’s groups: boats up to 12.5 meters long and boats over 12.5 meters. The interviews also show the spatial overlap of areas of operation of fishers. In this chapter we proposed measures for the management of small-scale gillnet fishing that consider the income of fishermen and preserve fish stocks. In chapter 2 we analyzed social and operational fishing factors related to bycatch of sea turtles. Interviews (n=92) and landings (n=320) recorded in fishing grounds inside and outside of Marine Protected Areas in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina assessed the influence of the spatial management on bycatch. It analyzed also the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers about sea turtles. The creation of exclusive zones for artisanal fishing and to increase inspections of fishing nets are presented to reduce incidental catches by artisanal gillnet fishing in southern Brazil, such as the involvement of fishermen in research and co-management of resources.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This study aims to make an approach on fisheries and poverty issues, which concepts have been used by several authors to present relations between these two issues. There are two contrasting interpretations in the literature on the relationship between fisheries and poverty. The first relates to the view that "they are fishermen, so they are poor". This is the perception of "endemic poverty" which is felt by the fishermen and that, regardless of what they try to do, remain poor. The second interpretation refers to the idea commonly transmitted in that the relationship between fisheries and poverty refers to the distributive role of fishing, or to the fact that fishing (because of its nature of open access) offers a poor livelihood by fishing activity. In other words this is the view that "they are poor, so the fishing is left to them". The socioeconomic profile of Brazilian fishermen for the year 2010, concludes that the Brazilian professional fishermen are mostly artisanal class, which represents 99.14% of the total 824,814 registered professionals. The average age was 39.21 years, with regional and gender differences. Unmarried predominates in the sector, with 49.92% of the total. Most fishermen have incomplete primary education (79.46%) or are either illiterate (6.53%). Informality prevails in the fishing industry with the activity as an individual work or as household economy. This fact is directly related to the character of the artisanal fisheries in Brazil. Furthermore, Brazilian fishermen have been reduced the amount of goods purchased over time, which may be indicative of a deterioration in activity. Regional differences are observed in almost all variables studied RGP. When faced socioeconomic indicators of the Brazilian population, the country may be divided into two groups, the first formed by the North, Northeast and Midwest regions, less developed than the Southeast and South regions. The distribution and concentration of Brazilian fishermen follows this characteristic of the indicators of population while maintaining strong relationship with poverty vulnerability (as more fishermen, more vulnerable) and the IDHM, especially regarding its education component. / O presente trabalho aborda os temas pesca e pobreza, cujos conceitos tÃm sido utilizados por diversos autores para apresentar relaÃÃes entre os dois temas. Existem duas interpretaÃÃes contrastantes na literatura sobre a relaÃÃo entre a pesca e a pobreza. A primeira relata a visÃo de que âsÃo pescadores, portanto sÃo pobresâ. Esta à a percepÃÃo da âpobreza endÃmicaâ a qual à sentida pelos pescadores e que, independente do que eles tentam fazer, continuarÃo pobres. A segunda interpretaÃÃo refere-se à ideia comumente transmitida na literatura de que a relaÃÃo entre pesca e pobreza deve-se ao papel distributivo da pesca, ou seja, ao fato de que a pesca (por causa de sua natureza de livre acesso) oferece aos pobres um meio de subsistÃncia por meio da atividade de pesca. Em outras palavras essa à a visÃo de que âsÃo pobres, portanto pescar à o que lhes restaâ. Foi elaborado o perfil socioeconÃmico dos pescadores brasileiros para o ano de 2010, onde conclui-se que os pescadores profissionais brasileiros sÃo majoritariamente da classe artesanal, que representa 99,14% do total de 824.814 profissionais registrados. A mÃdia de idade foi de 39,21 anos, com diferenÃas regionais e de gÃnero. Predomina no setor os pescadores solteiros, com 49,92% do total. A maioria dos pescadores possuem o ensino fundamental incompleto (79,46%) ou sÃo analfabetos (6,53%). A informalidade no setor pesqueiro à mais presente, por meio do trabalho individual ou economia familiar. Tal fato està diretamente relacionado com o carÃter essencialmente artesanal da pesca no Brasil. AlÃm disso, os pescadores brasileiros tÃm sofrido uma reduÃÃo da quantidade de bens adquiridos ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser indicativo de uma deterioraÃÃo da atividade. Hà diferenÃas regionais em praticamente todas as variÃveis estudadas. Quando confrontados os indicadores socioeconÃmicos da populaÃÃo brasileira, fica mais evidente a divisÃo do paÃs em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro formado pelas regiÃes Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, de caracterÃsticas menos desenvolvidas que as regiÃes Sudeste e Sul. A distribuiÃÃo e concentraÃÃo dos pescadores brasileiros acompanha essa caracterÃstica dos indicadores da populaÃÃo, mantendo forte relaÃÃo com a vulnerabilidade à pobreza (quanto mais pescadores, mais vulnerÃvel) e com o IDHM, principalmente quanto ao seu componente relacionado à educaÃÃo.

La pêche repose sur des formes variées d’appropriation sociale des milieux aquatiques. Cette thèse s’attache à les définir dans le contexte particulier du bas Oyapock, estuaire d’un fleuve amazonien marquant la frontière entre la Guyane (France) et l’état d’Amapá (Brésil). Cet estuaire présente une importante diversité d’écosystèmes aquatiques (rivières, fleuves, forêts inondées, marais, mangrove et mer) et d’espèces végétales et animales qui les composent (près de 200 espèces y sont pêchées). La population du bas Oyapock forme un creuset culturel réunissant principalement Amérindiens, Créoles et Brésiliens, implantés dans deux villes et 40 villages. Par ailleurs, la présence d’un parc national sur le littoral brésilien et de trois territoires amérindiens implique des réglementations de l’accès aux ressources diverses. Dans ce contexte riche en diversité écologique et culturelle où émergent des conflits d’usage sur les territoires de pêche, cette thèse propose une lecture des dynamiques d’appropriation des ressources aquatiques. Les résultats s’appuient sur des données ethnographiques collectées d’octobre 2012 à octobre 2014. Celles-ci comprennent plus de 70 entretiens, 32 observations de sorties de pêche, l’inventaire du matériel de pêche, l’identification de 195 espèces pêchées et l’étude des taxonomies locales. L’étude des savoirs des pêcheurs révèle une connaissance fine des milieux aquatiques et de leurs rythmes, de l’écologie et de l’éthologie des animaux. Les pêcheurs fabriquent une grande variété d’engins de pêche adaptés tant aux espèces qu’aux espaces. Sur la base des savoirs partagés par les pêcheurs, différents groupes se distinguent et se spécialisent en fonction de grands milieux écologiques (savanes; fleuve et forêt ; embouchure et mer). La création de parcs nationaux, le contrôle croissant des flux transfrontaliers, l’urbanisation et la migration sont autant de changements contemporains auxquels les pêcheurs doivent faire face. Dans ce contexte, trois groupes d’habitants se démarquent : les pêcheurs professionnels de Saint-Georges (Guyane), ceux d’Oiapoque (Brésil) et les villageois Amérindiens de l’Uaçá (Brésil). Ils s’inscrivent dans une démarche de reconnaissance formelle de leur territoires de pêche afin d’en garantir l’accès à long terme. Engagés dans différentes stratégies, la réussite de leur démarche dépend de la prise en compte de leurs spécificités par les États. / Fishing is based on various forms of social appropriation of aquatic environment. This thesis seeks to define them in the specific context of the Lower Oyapock, estuary of an Amazonian river delineating the border between French Guyana and Amapá state (Brazil). This estuary presents a high variety of aquatic ecosystems (streams, rivers, flooded forests, swamps, mangroves and sea) and is home of high diversity of plant and animal species (over 200 species are caught). The population of the Lower Oyapock forms a cultural melting-pot principally composed by Amerindians, Creoles and Brazilians, established in two towns and 40 villages. Moreover, the presence of a national park along the Brazilian coast and three indigenous lands imply a regulation of access to natural resources. In this context rich in ecological and cultural diversity, where emerge conflicts over fishing territories, this thesis proposes a reading of the dynamics of appropriation of aquatic resources. Results are based on ethnographic data collected from October 2012 to October 2014. They range from more than 70 interviews, 32 fishing trips observations, the inventory of fishing gear, the identification of 195 fishes species, and a study of local taxonomies. The study of fishers’ knowledge reveals a detailed expertise about the aquatic environments, notably their rhythms, and the animal ecology and behavior. Fishermen make an important variety of fishing equipment adapted to both species and spaces. Based on the way knowledge is shared, different fishermen’s groups are characterized and specialized according to the ecological conditions/features (savanna; river and forests; river mouth and sea). Creation of national parks, increasing controls of cross-border flows, urbanization and migration are all contemporary challenges the fishermen are confronting. In this context, three residents groups stand out: professional fishermen from Saint-Georges (French Guyana), those from Oiapoque (Brazil), and the Indigenous villagers from Uaçá (Brazil). These three groups aim to obtain an official recognition of their fishing territories in order to ensure long-term access. Engaged in various strategies, their success in the process hinges on the States’ consideration of their specificities.

Une ZEE de près de 230000 km², avec un plateau continental d’environ 39000 km², balayée par l’intense upwelling présent pratiquement toute l’année dans cette zone de l’Atlantique centre est, expliquent la richesse biologique des eaux mauritaniennes et leur potentiel élevé en ressources halieutiques, avec des espèces diversifiées et de valeur marchande élevée.Plusieurs décennies d’efforts s’appuyant sur des politiques centrées sur la conservation des ressources halieutiques et l’intégration de la pêche à l’économie nationale, ont permis au pays d’impulser le développement d’un secteur national dynamique de pêche.Le développement des institutions nationales et de la réglementation a permis d’asseoir la souveraineté de l’Etat sur la ZEE, de codifier le droit régalien de l’Etat sur les ressources halieutiques, de déterminer les mécanismes d’allocation des droits de pêche et leurs supports physiques, et d’organiser les structures chargées de la mise en œuvre des ces institutions. Avec une contribution moyenne au cours des dernières décennies, de 4-10% du PIB, de 20-30% des recettes budgétaires, les recettes en devises générées par l’exportation des produits et les redevances de pêche versées par les armements étrangers, qui constituent un soutien important au budget national, la pêche mauritanienne joue, depuis quelques décennies, un rôle clef dans la réalisation des objectifs des politiques économiques du pays.La Mauritanie a toujours été un pays habité en majorité par des nomades qui ne connaissaient pas la mer auparavant, à l’exception de la tribu Imraguen qui pratiquait la pêche traditionnelle depuis des générations. Il est aujourd’hui tourné vers la mer par nécessité et commence à se rendre compte de ses ressources aussi bien bénéfiques pour sa population que pour son développement économique. Cependant, l’avenir du secteur de la pêche sera surtout dessiné avec la mise en place des plans d’aménagement efficaces, qui vont constituer le cadre de gestion du secteur de la pêche pour les prochaines années. / An EEZ of nearly 230,000 square kilometers, with a continental shelf of about 39000 km ², swept by the intense upwelling that is present during almost the whole year in this area of the East Middle Atlantic, explain the biological richness of Mauritanian waters and their high potential in fish resources, with diverse species and high market value. Several decades of effort based on policies that focus on the conservation of fishery resources and the integration of fisheries to national economy, have enabled the country to boost the development of a dynamic national sector of fishery. The development of national institutions and the regulation has helped to underpin the State's sovereignty over the EEZ, to codify the sovereign right of the State on fisheries resources, to determine the mechanisms for allocating fishing rights and their physical media, and organize the structures responsible for the implementation of these institutions. With an average contribution over the past decades, over 4-10% of GDP, 20-30% of fiscal revenue, foreign exchange earnings generated by exports of goods and royalties paid by the fishing foreign arms, which constitute an important support to the national budget, the Mauritanian fishing plays in recent decades, a key role in achieving the objectives of economic policy of the country. Mauritania has always been a country inhabited mostly by nomads, who does not know the sea, except the tribe Imraguen who practice the traditional fishery for generations. It is now facing the sea through necessity and begins to realize its resources as beneficial for its people as its economic development. However, the future of fisheries will be especially designed with the introduction of effective management plans, which will provide the framework for management of fisheries in the coming years.

L’objectif de notre étude sur les changements qui ont marqué l’évolution de la pêche artisanale au Gabon à partir du cadre de la province de l’Estuaire avait pour vocation d’une part, sur l’appui d’archives révélant l’organisation du secteur pêche durant la période coloniale et d’autre part sur la base d’enquêtes menées dans plusieurs villages, d’appréhender les changements encourus dans cette activité, qui est en cours de passage d’un cadre traditionnel et artisanal à un autre cadre plus hétéroclite.Ce nouveau cadre hétéroclite de la pêche artisanale se révèle aujourd’hui tout d’abord à travers la présence des communautés de pêcheurs issues d’origines ethniques diverses, dans lesquelles nous avons pu observer des interactions riches de partage de savoirs et de savoir-faire ; ensuite, à travers des interactions entre ces communautés de pêcheurs et l’environnement des territoires dans lesquels elles sont ancrées. Nous avons ainsi mis à jour une croissance démographique des acteurs de ce secteur d’activité.Au de-là donc de l’analyse de la dynamique des changements, nous voulions démontrer une évolution des rapports entre les pêcheurs et leur environnement sociopolitique, économique d’une part, et de répondre d’autre part à la problématique de l’articulation entre la dynamique des changements sociaux dans ces sociétés pluriethniques et la dynamique de l’espace littoral qu’elles se partagent. / The aim of our study on the changes that have marked the development of artisanal fisheries in Gabon from the part of the province of the estuary was intended on the one hand, the support of record showing the organization of the fisheries sector during the colonial period and partly on the basis of surveys conducted in several villages, to understand the changes involved in this activity, which is currently moving from a traditional craft and another part more heterogeneous.This new framework assorted artisanal fisheries now appears first through the presence of fishing communities from various ethnic backgrounds, in which we observed rich interactions of sharing knowledge and know-how; Then, through interactions between fishing communities and the environment of the territories in which they are embedded. We have updated a population growth of players in this industry.Beyond the analysis of the dynamics of changes, we wanted to show a changing relationship between fishermen and their socio-political environment, economic on the one hand, and answer the other hand the problem of the joint between the dynamics of social change in these companies enjoyed riethniques and dynamics of the coastal area they share.

This study focuses on the Lummi Indian fishers of Northwest Washington State, and the manner in which they have been included in and excluded from the commercial fishing industry over the past one hundred years. The approach to be taken in this situation of internal dependency is to examine access to resources. The control of productive resources — land, water, timber, minerals, and fish. — that Indians own or have access to, presents an ideal starting point for understanding Indian underdevelopment. Prior to and immediately after the time the Lummi were confined to a reservation, they were engaged in a traditional fishery that met their needs for subsistence and had the potential to develop into a viable commercial endeavor. The penetration of capital into the commercial salmon fishery of North Puget Sound initially utilized Lummi labor, but the development of new extractive technologies and an increase in the availability of labor of other ethnicities rapidly circumvented the need for Indian labor. Concomitantly, throughout the early 1900s, efforts by the State of Washington to curtail Indian fishing resulted in the Lummi being confined to a small reservation fishery of insignificant commercial potential. In the 1940s, when Lummi exclusion from the fishery was almost total, the need for fishers suddenly became acute, and the Lummi were once again incorporated into the commercial salmon fishery. Nevertheless, the post-war era again saw new developments in the salmon industry, and, no longer needed by the processors, the Lummi were once again squeezed out of the industry. Sympathetic court cases in the late 1960s and early 1970s guaranteed commercially significant fishing opportunity for the Lummi. Nevertheless, the present Lummi salmon fishery is not going to provide the Lummi with a viable economic base. The manner in which the fishery has developed is causing the majority of the economic yield of the fishery to be siphoned off to non-Lummi interests. Utilizing ethnohistorical and ethnographic data, this study examines a dependency approach to understanding Lummi underdevelopment. By focusing primarily on economic and political dependency on the United States Federal Government, this study shows how the Lummi community was incorporated into the dominant society and became a dependent community suffering from chronic underdevelopment, despite access to and utilization of a valuable natural resource. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

El proyecto de Centro Pesquero Artesanal en Ilo, abarca aspectos del contexto, sociales, formales y funcionales del lugar para poder concebir un espacio de interés y que propicie la aparición de momentos en la ciudad. Sin dejar de lado para lo que fue proyectado, el desarrollo de una actividad tan ordenada como la pesca artesanal, y que es tan fuerte e interesante que capta la atención del ciudadano y a su vez es atractor de otras actividades complementarias o consecuentes a esta. El encuentro permanente, efímero o espástico de estas actividades en un espacio del mar y de la ciudad son las que crean un espacio sensorial de olores, sabores, texturas y experiencias portuario-urbanas / The Artisan Fishing Center Project in Ilo covers aspects of the context, social, formal and functional of the place in order to conceive a space of interest and that encourages the appearance of moments in the city. Without leaving aside for what was projected, the development o fan activity as orderly as artesanal fishing and interesting that it captures the attention of the citizen and in turn attracts other complementary or consequencial activities. The permanente ephemeral or spastic meeting of these activities in a space of the sea and the city are what créate a sensory space of smells, flavors, textures and urban port experiences. / Tesis

The archipelago at the Swedish Baltic coast belonging to the landscapes Södermanland och Östergötland consists of many thousands of islands today. However, about 10 000 years ago, the first islands broke the sea surface due to the land uplift. Despite of the very exteme maritime environment at that time there exist archaeological remains from the mesolitical period from the first visitors. Since that time the maritime landscape has been used for several reasons, such as providing food, establishing industry, defence and trade. In the viking and medieval age the activity was high in the archipelago. This could only be possible with a safe journey between the islands with help from local fishermen who were the experts of the archipelago and severed as pilots as they know the safe routes and the placenamnes. The intention of this essay is to test if the phenomena called "name user circle" is present along the Swedish Baltic Sea coast of Södermanland and Östergötland. This means that a limitid group of people, geographically located, used the same placenamn for, in this case the placenamne Hamnskär (harbour islet). The frequensy and locality of Hamnskär will be studied as well as the historical och archaeological materiel. Other questions will be answered, such as common factors for Hamnskär, who used them, what were they used for, where did the users come from and who gave the islands their placenamnes. The result of the test is that ten Hamnskär have been found relatively frequently along the tested coast, except outside Södertörns coast, a part of Södermanland. Five "Bodskär" ("hut-islet") were located here. To go fishing in the outer archipelago you need a boat, a harbour and a hut, the use of these islets is the same. Archaeological materiel exits on some islets. The islets were used for fishing and for self-sufficiency. As the fishing was very income-generating a lot of people came to fish, even the Crown and burghers. Some other placenames have been found along the tested coast, Björkskär 18 and Alskär 26. The conclusion is that Hamnskär is a part of a local name user circle.

No description available.

Fiske förekommer runt om i hela världen, men det utförs av många olika anledningar. Det kan vara ett yrke, en hobby eller ett sätt att få mat på bordet. Men oavsett syftet kan beten gå sönder, fastna eller lossna. I Norden tappar vi uppskattningsvis 28 miljoner beten varje år. Att beten lossnar är inte något som alla kan påverka eller undvika. Något som däremot går att ändra är vilka beten vi faktiskt använder oss av och vilka material de består av. Det finns en mängd olika fiskeutövare som skulle kunna dra nytta av ny forskning inom området och det är på tiden att vi anammar ett mer hållbart sportfiske. Studien undersöker hur ett ekologiskt hållbart fiskedrag i form av en jigg kan framtas genom en materialcentrerad designprocess. Med hjälp av materialdriven design och användarcentrerad design undersöks möjligheterna att ersätta syntetiska plaster med bioplaster, i ett mjukt plastbete. Designmetoder användes för att granska och bekräfta problemet med förlorade fiskedrag. Marknadsanalyser, deltagande observationer och intervjuer utfördes med verksamma inom sport- och hobbyfiske. Metoderna gav en bredare uppfattning av problemet och vilka förbättringsmöjligheter som fanns. Olika prototyper skissades och framtogs genom bioplaster. För att säkerställa att produkten lever upp till användarnas krav, genomgick prototyperna olika tester, samt utvärderas. Studien ger ett kunskapsbidrag om vilka material som fungerar och vilka som inte fungerar vid tillverkning av mjuka plastdrag. Den visar dessutom hur massproducerade formar skulle kunna uppmana hobbyfiskare att tillverka sina egna drag. Det framgår också hur man från grunden kan framställa egna fiskedrag genom ett DIY-projekt. Studien resulterar även i två bionedbrytbara produkter. En produkt för abborrefiske och en för gäddfiske. / Fishing occurs throughout the entire planet, but it occurs for different reasons. It could be a profession, a hobby or a livelihood. Regardless, the bait can break, get stuck or get loose. In the North we lose around 28 million baits every year. The fact that lures is not something that everyone can influence or avoid. However, something that can be changed, is which lures we use and which materials they are made of. There are a variety of anglers who could benefit from new research in this field, and it is about time we embrace a more sustainable sport fishing. This study examines how an ecologically sustainable fishing lure in the shape of a jig, can be produced through a material centered design process. With material driven design and user centered design, this study investigates the possibilities of replacing synthetic plastics with bioplastics in a soft plastic bait. Several design methods were used to research and confirm the problem of lost fishing lures. Market analyses, participant observations and interviews were done with people active in sport- and hobby fishing. These methods gave a broader perception of the problem and which opportunities there are. Different prototypes were sketched and then made by bioplastics. The prototypes were evaluated through different tests, to ensure that the products will live up to the requirements presented by the users. This study provides knowledge about which materials work, and which do not when manufacturing soft plastic features. It also shows how mass-produced molds could encourage hobby anglers to make their own lures. It’s also shown how you can make your own fishing lures from scratch, through a DIY project. The study also results in two biodegradable products. One product for perch fishing and one for pike fishing.