The groundfish trawl fishery operating off the coasts of Oregon and Washington 1985-1987 caught six major assemblages of species which could be treated as units in developing mixed-species management plans. Eighty-one percent of the tows observed on commercial vessels were consistently placed in one of the assemblage designations using three multivariate techniques. Two of the assemblages were dominated by a single species, pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) or widow rockfish (Sebastes entomelas). The other assemblages identified were: a deepwater rockfish assemblage, a deepwater Dover sole assemblage, a nearshore mixed-species assemblage, and a bottom rockfish assemblage. The assemblage designations of the consistently placed tows were predicted with an estimated 85% average accuracy using discriminant functions based on the gear used and bottom depth fished. Fishermen had different targets (intended catch) for each assemblage caught. The mixed-species assemblages had several targets, representing at least some of the dominant species in the assemblage. Targeting and discarding information indicated that fishermen did not always intend to catch the species together; there were unintentional or unavoidable catches of all the major species except for shrimp in the shrimp assemblage. Discarding occurred in all the assemblages, primarily due to unmarketable species or fish that were too small to market. Monitoring the assemblages over time could be accomplished by using the defined strategies with logbook data, particularly if the large and small rockfish categories were used to consistently separate shelf and deepwater rockfish. The defined strategies could not effectively predict the research cruise assemblages or catches; research data do not accurately describe commercial catches. / Graduation date: 1994

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Masters Research - Master of Science / This thesis investigates the livelihoods of fishermen in the villages in Cijulang, West Java, Indonesia. The research used community based coastal resource management and participatory coastal resource assessment to provide an indepth look at three small fishing communities. It addresses the perceived low income and standard of living of small-scale fishers in Indonesia and, by doing so, informs on the validity of these problems, factors that may be causing these problems, and possible fisheries management interventions that may be considered to improve the situation of fishers in one area of Indonesia. The thesis presents the results of research conducted in the three fishing villages in 2004 and 2005, the economic and social impact of an 85% fuel price rise and its relationship to fishing gear ownership and use. The thesis looks at the assumption that fishermen are the ‘poorest of the poor’, discusses the large disparity between the incomes of fishers from both an inter- and intra- village perspective, and highlights that ownership and use of different types of fishing gears has a strong impact on the earning power of small-scale fishermen. The thesis also investigates the impact of the environment on fishing frequency and challenges the assumption that research conducted in one part of Indonesia is valid for other areas. It does this through describing the concepts of an ‘angry ocean’ and ‘calm sea’, how these impact on fishing frequency, and the need to take meteorological and oceanic conditions into consideration when assessing managerial interventions and programs for small-scale fisheries in Indonesia.

La présente recherche souligne l'importance de la pêche chez les chasseurs cueilleurs marins de la région centrale du détroit de Magellan et des mers adjacentes. L'approche méthodologique prend en compte l'analyse ichthyoarchéologique de 13 sites archéologiques couvrant une chronologie de 6000 à 1000 ans BP. La méthode de la sclérochronologie est appliquée aux vertèbres de l'espèce la plus importante (Salilota aust alis) afin d'évaluer la saisonnalité des activités de pêche. Les techniques de pêche sont abordées à partir des éléments de technologie découverts dans les gisements étudiés (poids lithiques, pointes en os, murets de pêcherie) et de l'information ethnographique. Les résultats permettent de discuter et de réévaluer le rôle de la pêche par rapport à la chasse aux mammifères marins, généralement estimée (avec les mollusques) comme l'axe principal de subsistance de ces sociétés nomades. Des changements radicaux sont observés dans le modèle d'exploitation des poissons à travers le temps. On observe à l'époque ancienne et moyenne (de 6000 à 2000 ans BP) une grande spécialisation dans des espèces démersales exploitées à différents moments de l'année, et l'emploi de technologies spécialisées standardisées. Au cours des derniers 2000 ans et jusqu'à la période ethnographique, la pêche est concentrée sur les bords de côte ; son rôle dans la subsistance est variable et on observe des stratégies opportunistes permises par l'usage de techniques de pêche variées. Le modèle d'exploitation observé tout au long de la séquence chronologique est différent de celui qui avait été suggéré par D. Zangrando pour les nomades marins du canal Beagle, où est observée une intensification progressive de la pêche à travers le temps. Finalement on remarque le haut niveau de spécialisation de la pêche chez les premiers indiens canoeros qui ont peuplé la région de Magellan, il y a 6000 ans, ce qui permet de discuter du degré d'adaptation de ces populations aux milieux marins. Cette observation renforce l'hypothèse, de plus en plus documentée, d'un peuplement maritime venu du nord, le long de la côte pacifique. / This research highlights the importance of fishing in marine hunter-gatherers of the central region of the Magellan Strait and adjacent seas. The methodological approach takes into account the ichthyoarchaeological analysis of 13 archaeological sites covering a chronology from 6000 to 1000 years BP. The Sclerochronology method is applied to the vertebrae of the most important species (Salilota australis) to estimate the seasonality of fishing activities. Fishing techniques are discussed from technology elements discovered in the studied deposits (weight lithic, bone points, fishing weirs) and ethnographic information. The results allow to discuss and reassess the role of fisheries in respect to the hunting of marine mammals, generally estimated to be (along with shellfish) the main source of subsistence nomadic societies. Radical changes are observed on fishing strategies over time. We observe in the Early and Middle Periods (6000 to 2000 years BP) a specialization in demersals species exploited at different moments of the year, and the use of standardized and specialized technologies. ln the last 2000 years until the ethnographic period, fishing is concentrated on the seashore; the role in subsistence is variable and opportunistic strategies enabled by the use of various fishing technics can be observed. The fishing strategies observed throughout the chronological sequence is different from the one suggested by F. Zangrando for the marine nomads of the Beagle Channel, where a progressive intensification of fishing through time is detected. Finally this research emphasizes the high level of the fishing specialization of the first canoeros Indians who populated the region of Magallanes, 6000 years ago, which allows us to discuss the degree of adaptation of these populations to marine environments. This observation strengthens the hypothesis, increasingly documented, of the existence of a maritime population from the Northern regions, along the Pacific Coast.

ALENCAR, Carlos Alexandre Gomes de. Pesca e pobreza no Brasil. 2014. 235 f. : Tese (doutora) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2014 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-25T15:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cagalencar.pdf: 8125218 bytes, checksum: a030485caefb5d84f22558885a2ecbc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-25T15:43:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cagalencar.pdf: 8125218 bytes, checksum: a030485caefb5d84f22558885a2ecbc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T15:43:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cagalencar.pdf: 8125218 bytes, checksum: a030485caefb5d84f22558885a2ecbc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / This study aims to make an approach on fisheries and poverty issues, which concepts have been used by several authors to present relations between these two issues. There are two contrasting interpretations in the literature on the relationship between fisheries and poverty. The first relates to the view that "they are fishermen, so they are poor". This is the perception of "endemic poverty" which is felt by the fishermen and that, regardless of what they try to do, remain poor. The second interpretation refers to the idea commonly transmitted in that the relationship between fisheries and poverty refers to the distributive role of fishing, or to the fact that fishing (because of its nature of open access) offers a poor livelihood by fishing activity. In other words this is the view that "they are poor, so the fishing is left to them". The socioeconomic profile of Brazilian fishermen for the year 2010, concludes that the Brazilian professional fishermen are mostly artisanal class, which represents 99.14% of the total 824,814 registered professionals. The average age was 39.21 years, with regional and gender differences. Unmarried predominates in the sector, with 49.92% of the total. Most fishermen have incomplete primary education (79.46%) or are either illiterate (6.53%). Informality prevails in the fishing industry with the activity as an individual work or as household economy. This fact is directly related to the character of the artisanal fisheries in Brazil. Furthermore, Brazilian fishermen have been reduced the amount of goods purchased over time, which may be indicative of a deterioration in activity. Regional differences are observed in almost all variables studied RGP. When faced socioeconomic indicators of the Brazilian population, the country may be divided into two groups, the first formed by the North, Northeast and Midwest regions, less developed than the Southeast and South regions. The distribution and concentration of Brazilian fishermen follows this characteristic of the indicators of population while maintaining strong relationship with poverty vulnerability (as more fishermen, more vulnerable) and the IDHM, especially regarding its education component. / O presente trabalho aborda os temas pesca e pobreza, cujos conceitos têm sido utilizados por diversos autores para apresentar relações entre os dois temas. Existem duas interpretações contrastantes na literatura sobre a relação entre a pesca e a pobreza. A primeira relata a visão de que “são pescadores, portanto são pobres”. Esta é a percepção da “pobreza endêmica” a qual é sentida pelos pescadores e que, independente do que eles tentam fazer, continuarão pobres. A segunda interpretação refere-se à ideia comumente transmitida na literatura de que a relação entre pesca e pobreza deve-se ao papel distributivo da pesca, ou seja, ao fato de que a pesca (por causa de sua natureza de livre acesso) oferece aos pobres um meio de subsistência por meio da atividade de pesca. Em outras palavras essa é a visão de que “são pobres, portanto pescar é o que lhes resta”. Foi elaborado o perfil socioeconômico dos pescadores brasileiros para o ano de 2010, onde conclui-se que os pescadores profissionais brasileiros são majoritariamente da classe artesanal, que representa 99,14% do total de 824.814 profissionais registrados. A média de idade foi de 39,21 anos, com diferenças regionais e de gênero. Predomina no setor os pescadores solteiros, com 49,92% do total. A maioria dos pescadores possuem o ensino fundamental incompleto (79,46%) ou são analfabetos (6,53%). A informalidade no setor pesqueiro é mais presente, por meio do trabalho individual ou economia familiar. Tal fato está diretamente relacionado com o caráter essencialmente artesanal da pesca no Brasil. Além disso, os pescadores brasileiros têm sofrido uma redução da quantidade de bens adquiridos ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser indicativo de uma deterioração da atividade. Há diferenças regionais em praticamente todas as variáveis estudadas. Quando confrontados os indicadores socioeconômicos da população brasileira, fica mais evidente a divisão do país em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro formado pelas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, de características menos desenvolvidas que as regiões Sudeste e Sul. A distribuição e concentração dos pescadores brasileiros acompanha essa característica dos indicadores da população, mantendo forte relação com a vulnerabilidade à pobreza (quanto mais pescadores, mais vulnerável) e com o IDHM, principalmente quanto ao seu componente relacionado à educação.

Dentro do contexto de crise global pesqueira que afeta tanto a pesca industrial quanto a artesanal, este trabalho visa descrever e analisar a pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, além de estudar a interação entre essa pesca artesanal e as tartarugas marinhas. O capítulo 1 consiste na caracterização social, econômica e operacional da pesca artesanal, avaliando o esforço pesqueiro de suas diferentes modalidades. A análise dos dados fornecidos por pescadores revelou a diferenciação na captura e esforço entre dois grupos de embarcações: barcos até 12,5 metros de comprimento total e barcos acima de 12,5 metros. As entrevistas também geraram uma ilustração que demonstra a sobreposição da área de atuação dos pescadores. Neste capítulo são propostas medidas de gestão da pesca artesanal de emalhe que consideram o rendimento dos pescadores e preservam os recursos pesqueiros. No capítulo 2 foram analisados fatores sociais e operacionais da pesca relacionados à captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas. Entrevistas com pescadores (n=92) e desembarques monitorados pelos pescadores (n=320) registrados em locais de pesca dentro e fora de Unidades de Conservação Marinhas no Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina verificaram a influência do manejo espacial sobre as capturas incidentais. Analisou-se também o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores sobre as tartarugas marinhas. A criação de zonas exclusivas para a pesca artesanal e o aumento de vistorias às redes de pesca são propostas para reduzir as capturas incidentais pela pesca artesanal de emalhe no sul do Brasil, através do envolvimento dos pescadores nas pesquisas e do co-manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. / Within the context of global fishing crisis that affects both industrial and artisanal fisheries, this survey aims to describe and analyze the artisanal gillnet fishery in southern Brazil and study the interaction between this fishing and sea turtles. The chapter 1 consists in social, economic and operational characterization of artisanal fisheries, assessing the fishing effort of different kinds of fisheries. The analysis of data provided by fishermen revealed the differentiation in catch and effort between two vessel’s groups: boats up to 12.5 meters long and boats over 12.5 meters. The interviews also show the spatial overlap of areas of operation of fishers. In this chapter we proposed measures for the management of small-scale gillnet fishing that consider the income of fishermen and preserve fish stocks. In chapter 2 we analyzed social and operational fishing factors related to bycatch of sea turtles. Interviews (n=92) and landings (n=320) recorded in fishing grounds inside and outside of Marine Protected Areas in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina assessed the influence of the spatial management on bycatch. It analyzed also the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers about sea turtles. The creation of exclusive zones for artisanal fishing and to increase inspections of fishing nets are presented to reduce incidental catches by artisanal gillnet fishing in southern Brazil, such as the involvement of fishermen in research and co-management of resources.

The goal of the thesis was to analyse the fishing pressure, number of visits and number of catches in sport fisheries managed by Czech Angling Union (CAU). The selected data, mainly concerning the sport fisheries managed by South Bohemian Board of CAU, were graphically presented. At the trophy fishery Vltava 24, daily data were evaluated and the behaviour of fishermen was compared during the first two years of the new management (2010 and 2011). The second part of the thesis is aimed at the analysis of the united system of fishing management within the whole CAU and suggests a new system of financial flow. CAU is composed by 7 regional boards; however, it is possible to buy united fishing permit valid in all the fisheries of CAU. The financial budget coming from these permits is redistributed only according to the weight of killed and recorded fish. This system is advantageous mainly for regional boards with a big amount of fishermen and high fishing pressure at their fisheries; it is less advantageous for regional boards managing large areas. Within the thesis, a new model for redistribution of the financial budget was created. Except for the weight of killed fish, it includes other expenses connected with the management (fishing guards, lease of fishing waters, etc.) and the number of fishing visits. The model was provided to CAU for future negotiation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2516.pdf: 4745498 bytes, checksum: 28eb8bf5c6d93acad002f01a01adcb91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-02 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / As it happens in some places of rich biodiversity, which offer touristic attractions, we can notice in the Estuarine Lagoon Complex of Cananéia, Iguape e Ilha Comprida SP/Brazil a rise in the number of tourists, especially the ones who practise sport fishing, offering the residents a new consumer market. The live bait is requested by this market and its fishery started to happen frequently among the artisanal fishermen of the region. The main captured species are the juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus shmitti (Burkenroad, 1936) and pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez Farfante, 1967) and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Studies on the socio- economical and environmental aspects are necessary to the management of resources and regulation of the activity, as it is relatively new. To a better understanding of live bait fishing dynamics, nine field trips were made between May 2006 and July 2008, when structured and semi-structured questionnaires among the live bait fishermen and other people who take part in the activity were done. The information on fishing production and its profit were obtained through fishery production forms filled in by a group of fishermen in the year of 2007. The places where the fishing happened were georeferred. The results indicated a total number of 80 live bait fishermen in the estuarine region of Cananéia, distributed in 10 distinct communities. The search for the resource is related to the commercialization, done directly with the amateur fishermen. They buy the live bait in the places they are located or during the fishing practice in the different communities which edge the estuarine complex. In all visited communities there are fishermen who have a consolidated clientele and so they have the live bait throughout the year; and fishermen who trade the live bait as a complement of income, so they fish just when there is abundance and they don t have to search in distant places. The most used tackle by the fishermen is the gerival which was introduced in the 80s. Because of it easy usage and individuality, a lot of fishermen stared to fish live bait in region. The aluminium boats are very much used by the fishermen. In order to apply the fishing strategies, the live bait fishermen know the shrimp movements in the estuarine and the abiotic factors which interfere in the estuarine dynamic (rain falltidal movement-salinity and turbidity). The captured shrimps are kept in hatcheries immersed in the estuarine waters to be sold alive. However, they can only survive for 5 days in the cage and when dead, they cannot be used for any purpose. So, the fishermen s effort on fishing must be linked to the commercialization to avoid wasting of money and time. The nautical centres have a strong influence on live bait communities because they gather a great number of amateur fishermen and buyers. The live bait fishing can be profitable when the opportunity of commercialization is guaranteed and frequent. The data gathered in this essay contributed to the making of the recommendation which involves: an intensive plan of communication, an enlargement on the diagnosis on fishing activity, the continuity of fishing production monitoring, the management of resources by using technologies on keeping captured shrimps, the possibility of having a special license for the breeding of native shrimps. / Semelhante ao que ocorre em determinados locais de rica biodiversidade e que oferecem atrativos turísticos observa-se na região do Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia, Iguape e Ilha Comprida SP/Brasil o aumento do número de turistas, especialmente aqueles que praticam a pesca amadora, proporcionando um novo mercado consumidor à dinâmica local. A isca viva é uma das demandas requeridas por este mercado e sua pesca passou a ocorrer com freqüência entre os pescadores artesanais desta região. As principais espécies capturadas são os juvenis do camarão branco (ou legítimo) Litopenaeus shmitti (Burkenroad, 1936) e do camarão rosa (ou ferro) Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) e Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817). Sendo uma prática relativamente recente, estudos sobre os aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais são necessários para a elaboração de propostas de manejo dos recursos e ordenamento da atividade. Para a compreensão da dinâmica da pesca de iscas vivas quanto a estes aspectos, foram realizadas nove viagens de campo, entre maio de 2006 e julho de 2008, onde foram realizadas entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas junto aos pescadores de iscas vivas e outros atores importantes da atividade. As informações relativas à produção pesqueira e lucro da atividade foram obtidas por meio de planilhas preenchidas por grupos de pescadores durante o ano de 2007. Os sítios de pesca foram georreferenciados. Os resultados indicaram um universo de 80 pescadores de iscas vivas na região estuarina de Cananéia, distribuídos em 10 comunidades distintas. A procura pelo recurso está relacionada à comercialização, que é feita diretamente com os pescadores amadores. Estes compram iscas tanto nos locais onde estão hospedados, como durante a prática pesqueira, nas diversas comunidades que margeiam o complexo estuarino. Em todas as comunidades visitadas existem pescadores que têm uma clientela consolidada e por isso pescam iscas vivas durante o ano todo, e pescadores que comercializam a isca viva como complementação de renda, pescando apenas nos momentos em que a safra é abundante, não sendo necessário procurar em lugares distantes para encontrar o recurso. O petrecho mais utilizado pelos pescadores é o gerival. Este petrecho foi introduzido na região na década de 80 e por suas características de fácil manuseio e individualidade, muitos pescadores passaram a pescar iscas vivas. A embarcação a motor, do tipo voadeira, também é utilizada na pesca por grande parte dos pescadores. Para aplicar as estratégias de pesca, os pescadores de iscas vivas conhecem o movimento das espécies de camarão no ambiente estuarino e os fatores abióticos que influenciam na dinâmica do estuário (precipitação chuvosa, regime de marés, salinidade e turbidez). Os camarões capturados são armazenados em viveiros imersos nas águas do estuário, para que possam ser vendidos vivos. No entanto, eles têm um tempo de sobrevivência no interior destas estruturas que não ultrapassa cinco dias, e quando morrem não são aproveitados para nenhuma outra finalidade, nem para o consumo alimentar. Assim, o esforço de pesca dos pescadores deve estar atrelado à comercialização, para que não haja prejuízos de tempo e dinheiro investidos na viagem de pesca. As marinas da região têm forte influência sobre a pesca de iscas vivas nas comunidades em que estão localizadas, pois concentram um elevado número de pescadores amadores, compradores do recurso. A pesca de iscas vivas pode ser bastante lucrativa quando a oportunidade de comercialização é garantida e constante. As informações obtidas neste trabalho proporcionaram a elaboração de recomendações que envolvem um intenso plano de comunicação, a ampliação do diagnóstico da atividade pesqueira na região, a continuidade do monitoramento da produção pesqueira, o manejo do recurso por meio da adoção de tecnologias de armazenamento do camarão capturado, e a avaliação da possibilidade de licença especial para o cultivo de camarão nativo.