[pt] Esta dissertação teve como objetivo de avaliar o desempenho metrológico de sistemas de medição de petróleo com medidores de vazão do tipo ultrassônico, Coriolis e deslocamento positivo quando submetidos a variadas condições de BSW, temperatura do fluido e vazão do escoamento por meio de Planejamento de Experimentos e da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta. Conforme regulamentação brasileira vigente, caso os volumes produzidos de petróleo utilizados como referência para o pagamento de participações governamentais e a terceiros contenham um BSW superior a 2 por cento v/v, estes volumes devem ser majorados de forma arbitrária entre 1,44 por cento e 10,89 por cento em função exclusivamente do BSW, o que tem acarretado problemas operacionais às empresas petrolíferas como diferenças entre os volumes produzidos e os volumes comercializados, e pagamentos adicionais de participações governamentais e à terceiros. Os resultados dos experimentos realizados indicam que a contribuição de cada parâmetro analisado para o desempenho metrológico do sistema de medição varia conforme a tecnologia de medição utilizada pelo medidor de vazão, entretanto a temperatura do fluido demonstrou-se um parâmetro relevante comum para todas as tecnologias de medição avaliadas. Todas as tecnologias de medição avaliadas sofrem influência do BSW na faixa de 0 por cento a 10 por cento v/v, sendo o erro de medição inferior a 0,2 por cento, quando comparado a um medidor padrão do tipo deslocamento positivo, em quase todas as condições experimentais. O medidor de vazão do tipo Coriolis foi o que apresentou o menor erro dentre as tecnologias de medição avaliadas. / [en] This dissertation aimed to evaluate the metrological performance of oil measurement systems with ultrasonic, Coriolis and positive displacement flowmeters when subjected to various conditions of BSW, fluid temperature and flow rate by using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology. According to current Brazilian regulations, if the produced oil volumes used as a reference for the payment of government takes and to landowners contain a BSW greater than 2 percent v/v, these volumes must be arbitrarily increased by 1.44 percent up to 10.89 percent due exclusively to the BSW value, which has caused operational problems for oil companies such as differences between the produced oil volumes and oil volumes sold, and additional payments of government takes and landowner fees. The results of the experiments carried out indicate that the contribution of each parameter analyzed to the metrological performance of the measurement system varies depending on the flowmeter measurement technology, however, the fluid temperature proved to be a relevant parameter common to all measurement technologies evaluated. All measurement technologies evaluated are influenced by BSW in the range of 0 percent to 10 percent v/v, with the measurement error being less than 0.2 percent, when compared to positive displacement master flowmeter, in almost every experimental condition. The Coriolis flowmeter was the one with the lowest error among all measurement technologies evaluated.

A medical ventilator is a life-sustaining device that helps critically ill patients with complete or partial breathing support. It provides a patient with the right amount of air and/or oxygen as per requirement. It is therefore essential to have a highly accurate device controlling the flow of these essential gases. In ventilators developed by Maquet, an electro-mechanical device called Gas-Module is used for gas flow control. The Gas-Module is the heart of the ventilator since it is responsible for providing the patient with the right amount of gas at the right time. The focus of this thesis is on improving the accuracy of the gas flow control in these Gas-Modules. This is done through identifying various factors that influence the accuracy of gas flow control, and then finding an efficient method to calibrate the Gas-Modules. Calibration of a Gas-Module is done by tuning values of components in the analog electronic circuit. In this thesis, an electrical model of the circuit is built to simulate various modes of operation. A new trimming method is proposed that with a few measurements, and a simulation model, can be predict the optimal calibration parameters. This method helps to improve accuracy at various flow rates. Predicting the calibration parameters in advance avoids many iteration cycles of measure-adjust-measure which would otherwise be required to calibrate the Gas-Module. The new trimming method proposed in this thesis also has the potential to save calibration time of each Gas-Module and thus save production cost. / Medicinsk ventilator är en livsupphållande apparat som hjälper kritiska sjuka patienter med helt eller partiellt andningsstöd. Den förser en patient med rätt mängd luft eller syre efter individuellt behov. Det är därför viktigt att ha en mycket noggranna anordning som styr flödet av dessa viktiga gaser. I ventilatorer från Maquet görs detta med hjälp av gasmoduler som är en elektromekanisk enhet som styr flödet. Denna modul kallas också hjärtat i en ventilatorn eftersom den ansvarar för tillförseln av rätt mängd gas vid rätt tidpunkt. Arbetet som beskrivs i denna avhandling fokuseras på att förbättra noggrannhet för gasflödeskontroll i dessa gasmoduler. Detta görs genom att identifiera olika faktorer som påverkar flödeskontrollens noggrannhet och sedan hitta en effektiv metod för kalibrering av gasmodulerna. Kalibrering av gasmodul görs genom att justera värdet på elektriska komponenter i kontroll kretsen. I denna avhandling buggdes upp en elektrisk modell av kretsen för att simulera olika driftfall. En ny trimmningsmetod föreslås att med hjälp av ett fåtal mätningar och en funktions modell kan de mest optimala kalibrerings parametrarna prediceras. Denna metod hjälper till att förbättra noggrannheten vid olika flödesbehov.Att förutsäga kalibreringsparametrarna i förväg undviker många mätjusteringscykler som annars skulle krävas för att kalibrera en gasmodul. Med denna nya metod reduceras caliberingstid för varje gasmodul vilket kan bidra till minskade produktions kostnader.

Esta dissertação propõe o desenvolvimento de uma rede neural artificial (RNA) direcionada a ambientes foundation fieldbus para realização do cálculo de vazão em dutos fechados. Para tanto, a metodologia proposta utiliza-se de medidas de pressão, temperatura e pressão diferencial, as quais normalmente estão disponíveis em plantas industriais. A principal motivação do emprego das redes neurais reside no seu baixo custo e simplicidade de implementação, o que possibilita o emprego de apenas blocos fieldbus padrões tornando a metodologia independente do fabricante. Foi utilizada uma rede perceptron multicamadas com algoritmo de treinamento backpropagation de Levenberg-Marquardt. O treinamento foi realizado numa programação elaborada para o software Matlab TM. A arquitetura da rede neural foi determinada por métodos empíricos variando-se o número de neurônios e de camadas neurais até se atingir um erro aceitável na prática. Após esses treinamentos foi desenvolvida uma programação para realizar os cálculos de vazão em um ambiente foundation fieldbus utilizando-se para tanto o software DeltaV TM do fabricante Emerson Process Management. Foram obtidos resultados com erro relativo médio de valor de vazão em torno de 1.43% para um primeiro cenário utilizando uma placa de orifício e ar como fluido, e de 0,073% para um segundo cenário utilizando uma placa de orifício e gás natural como fluido, com relação aos valores obtidos através do instrumento multivariável 3095MV TM do fabricante Rosemount. Os valores de erro encontrados validam o método desenvolvido nessa dissertação. / This dissertation proposes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) directed to foundation fieldbus environment for calculation of flow in closed ducts. The proposed methodology uses measurements of pressure, temperature and differential pressure, which are usually available in industrial plants. The main motivation of the use of neural networks lies in their low cost and simplicity of implementation, which allows the use of standard fieldbus blocks by just making the method independent of the manufacturer. It was used a multilayer perceptron network with backpropagation training and algorithm from Levenberg-Marquardt. The training was programmed in the software Matlab TM. The architecture of the ANN was determined by empirical methods by varying the number of neurons and neural layers until it reaches an acceptable error. After such trainings, it was developed a program to perform the flow calculations in an foundation fieldbus environment using Emerson Process Management\'s DeltaV TM software. The results were obtained with an average relative error of flow rate of 1.43% for the first scenario using an orifice plate and air as a process fluid, and 0.073% for a second scenario using an orifice plate and natural gas as the fluid related to the values obtained from Rosemount 3095MV TM multivariable instrument. The values of error found validate the method developed in this dissertation.

A medição de vazão de escoamentos multifásicos é uma necessidade constante em diversas atividades industriais como exploração de óleo e gás, controle de linhas de transporte de vapor e monitoramento de sistemas de resfriamento de usinas nucleares. Dentre os meios disponíveis para a realização da medição de vazão mássica, os dispositivos de medição de pressão diferencial constituem um dos métodos mais simples, sendo sua construção, aplicação e operação em escoamentos monofásicos bem conhecidas e definidas por normas técnicas. No entanto, sua aplicação tem sido estendida a escoamentos multifásicos, geralmente estando aliada a uma técnica adicional de medição de fração de vazio ou fração volumétrica das fases. Este trabalho descreve o estudo numérico de escoamentos multifásicos através de medidores de vazão baseados em pressão diferencial como placas de orifício e bocais de vazão de raio longo. Para tal, primeiramente foram conduzidas simulações de escoamentos monofásicos através de placas de orifício e bocais de vazão de raio longo na faixa de número de Reynolds 15.000 500.000. Os resultados de coeficiente de descarga obtidos foram quantitativamente comparados com os valores preditos por norma ISO, apresentando desvio máximo de aproximadamente 4, 9% para as placas e de 1,0% para os bocais. Em uma segunda etapa, escoamentos do tipo gás úmido (wet gas) através de placas de orifício foram simulados através de três abordagens diferentes. Os resultados de vazão mássica total obtidos foram comparados com dados experimentais fornecidos pela PETROBRAS. As abordagens que consideram o escorregamento entre as fases apresentaram previsões mais próximas dos experimentos, com desvio relativo médio de 3,9%, enquanto a modelagem homogênea apresentou um desvio médio de 6, 6%. Nestes estudos, foram também avaliadas as estruturas desenvolvidas no escoamento através de visualizações da distribuição de fases. São também apresentadas duas sugestões para complementação da caracterização de um escoamento multifásico: (1) a introdução da informação de fração de vazio na formulação apresentada por Paz (2011) e (2) a análise estatística do sinal de pressão diferencial em placas de orifício. Com relação ao primeiro item, comparações quantitativas com dados experimentais sugeriram que a alternativa apresentada é viável para operações de monitoramento da produção. Já o último estudo mostrou qualitativamente a influência da quantidade de líquido na flutuação da pressão diferencial / The flowrate measurement of multiphase flows is a constant need at many industrial activities such as oil and gas exploration, steam transport lines control and monitoring of nuclear plants cooling systems. Within the available means for performing flowrate measurement, the differential pressure devices constitute one of the simplest methods, with their construction, application and operation in single phase flows being well known and defined by technical standards. However, their application has been extended to multiphase flows, usually being allied to a void fraction or phase volume fraction measurement technique. This work describes a numerical study of multiphase flows through differential pressure-based flowrate meters such as orifice plates and long radius nozzles. Firstly simulations of single phase flows through orifice plates and long radius nozzles were conducted in the Reynolds number range 15.000500.000. The obtained results of discharge coefficients were quantitatively compared to ISO Standard predicted values, showing a maximum deviation of approximately 4,9% for the orifice plates and of 1,0% for the nozzles. In a second stage, wet gas flows through orifice plates were simulated by means of three approaches. The calculated results of total mass flowrate were compared to experimental data provided by PETROBRAS. The approaches that considered the slip between phases provided the closest results to the experiments, with a mean relative error of 3, 9%, while the homogeneous modeling presented an error of 6, 6%. In these studies, the structures developed within the domain were also evaluated through the visualization of the phases distribution. Two suggestions for complementing the characterization of a multiphase flow are presented: (1) the introduction of void fraction information into the formulation presented by Paz (2011) and (2) the statistical analysis of the orifice plate pressure drop signal. Regarding the first item, quantitative comparison with experimental data suggested that the presented alternative is viable for production monitoring operations. The last study qualitatively revealed the influence of the liquid loading in the pressure drop fluctuation.

A medição de vazão de escoamentos multifásicos é uma necessidade constante em diversas atividades industriais como exploração de óleo e gás, controle de linhas de transporte de vapor e monitoramento de sistemas de resfriamento de usinas nucleares. Dentre os meios disponíveis para a realização da medição de vazão mássica, os dispositivos de medição de pressão diferencial constituem um dos métodos mais simples, sendo sua construção, aplicação e operação em escoamentos monofásicos bem conhecidas e definidas por normas técnicas. No entanto, sua aplicação tem sido estendida a escoamentos multifásicos, geralmente estando aliada a uma técnica adicional de medição de fração de vazio ou fração volumétrica das fases. Este trabalho descreve o estudo numérico de escoamentos multifásicos através de medidores de vazão baseados em pressão diferencial como placas de orifício e bocais de vazão de raio longo. Para tal, primeiramente foram conduzidas simulações de escoamentos monofásicos através de placas de orifício e bocais de vazão de raio longo na faixa de número de Reynolds 15.000 500.000. Os resultados de coeficiente de descarga obtidos foram quantitativamente comparados com os valores preditos por norma ISO, apresentando desvio máximo de aproximadamente 4, 9% para as placas e de 1,0% para os bocais. Em uma segunda etapa, escoamentos do tipo gás úmido (wet gas) através de placas de orifício foram simulados através de três abordagens diferentes. Os resultados de vazão mássica total obtidos foram comparados com dados experimentais fornecidos pela PETROBRAS. As abordagens que consideram o escorregamento entre as fases apresentaram previsões mais próximas dos experimentos, com desvio relativo médio de 3,9%, enquanto a modelagem homogênea apresentou um desvio médio de 6, 6%. Nestes estudos, foram também avaliadas as estruturas desenvolvidas no escoamento através de visualizações da distribuição de fases. São também apresentadas duas sugestões para complementação da caracterização de um escoamento multifásico: (1) a introdução da informação de fração de vazio na formulação apresentada por Paz (2011) e (2) a análise estatística do sinal de pressão diferencial em placas de orifício. Com relação ao primeiro item, comparações quantitativas com dados experimentais sugeriram que a alternativa apresentada é viável para operações de monitoramento da produção. Já o último estudo mostrou qualitativamente a influência da quantidade de líquido na flutuação da pressão diferencial / The flowrate measurement of multiphase flows is a constant need at many industrial activities such as oil and gas exploration, steam transport lines control and monitoring of nuclear plants cooling systems. Within the available means for performing flowrate measurement, the differential pressure devices constitute one of the simplest methods, with their construction, application and operation in single phase flows being well known and defined by technical standards. However, their application has been extended to multiphase flows, usually being allied to a void fraction or phase volume fraction measurement technique. This work describes a numerical study of multiphase flows through differential pressure-based flowrate meters such as orifice plates and long radius nozzles. Firstly simulations of single phase flows through orifice plates and long radius nozzles were conducted in the Reynolds number range 15.000500.000. The obtained results of discharge coefficients were quantitatively compared to ISO Standard predicted values, showing a maximum deviation of approximately 4,9% for the orifice plates and of 1,0% for the nozzles. In a second stage, wet gas flows through orifice plates were simulated by means of three approaches. The calculated results of total mass flowrate were compared to experimental data provided by PETROBRAS. The approaches that considered the slip between phases provided the closest results to the experiments, with a mean relative error of 3, 9%, while the homogeneous modeling presented an error of 6, 6%. In these studies, the structures developed within the domain were also evaluated through the visualization of the phases distribution. Two suggestions for complementing the characterization of a multiphase flow are presented: (1) the introduction of void fraction information into the formulation presented by Paz (2011) and (2) the statistical analysis of the orifice plate pressure drop signal. Regarding the first item, quantitative comparison with experimental data suggested that the presented alternative is viable for production monitoring operations. The last study qualitatively revealed the influence of the liquid loading in the pressure drop fluctuation.

Esta dissertação propõe o desenvolvimento de uma rede neural artificial (RNA) direcionada a ambientes foundation fieldbus para realização do cálculo de vazão em dutos fechados. Para tanto, a metodologia proposta utiliza-se de medidas de pressão, temperatura e pressão diferencial, as quais normalmente estão disponíveis em plantas industriais. A principal motivação do emprego das redes neurais reside no seu baixo custo e simplicidade de implementação, o que possibilita o emprego de apenas blocos fieldbus padrões tornando a metodologia independente do fabricante. Foi utilizada uma rede perceptron multicamadas com algoritmo de treinamento backpropagation de Levenberg-Marquardt. O treinamento foi realizado numa programação elaborada para o software Matlab TM. A arquitetura da rede neural foi determinada por métodos empíricos variando-se o número de neurônios e de camadas neurais até se atingir um erro aceitável na prática. Após esses treinamentos foi desenvolvida uma programação para realizar os cálculos de vazão em um ambiente foundation fieldbus utilizando-se para tanto o software DeltaV TM do fabricante Emerson Process Management. Foram obtidos resultados com erro relativo médio de valor de vazão em torno de 1.43% para um primeiro cenário utilizando uma placa de orifício e ar como fluido, e de 0,073% para um segundo cenário utilizando uma placa de orifício e gás natural como fluido, com relação aos valores obtidos através do instrumento multivariável 3095MV TM do fabricante Rosemount. Os valores de erro encontrados validam o método desenvolvido nessa dissertação. / This dissertation proposes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) directed to foundation fieldbus environment for calculation of flow in closed ducts. The proposed methodology uses measurements of pressure, temperature and differential pressure, which are usually available in industrial plants. The main motivation of the use of neural networks lies in their low cost and simplicity of implementation, which allows the use of standard fieldbus blocks by just making the method independent of the manufacturer. It was used a multilayer perceptron network with backpropagation training and algorithm from Levenberg-Marquardt. The training was programmed in the software Matlab TM. The architecture of the ANN was determined by empirical methods by varying the number of neurons and neural layers until it reaches an acceptable error. After such trainings, it was developed a program to perform the flow calculations in an foundation fieldbus environment using Emerson Process Management\'s DeltaV TM software. The results were obtained with an average relative error of flow rate of 1.43% for the first scenario using an orifice plate and air as a process fluid, and 0.073% for a second scenario using an orifice plate and natural gas as the fluid related to the values obtained from Rosemount 3095MV TM multivariable instrument. The values of error found validate the method developed in this dissertation.

Durch die zunehmende Automatisierung der Tierhaltung gewinnt die Tier-Technik-Beziehung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Es besteht ein wachsendes Interesse am Tierverhalten, den Möglichkeiten des Lernens der Tiere und den Anpassungsstrategien. In der Dissertation untersuchte ich die Melk-, und Milchparameter und das Tierverhalten bei der automatischen Milchgewinnung. Die Messungen haben gezeigt, dass auf die Milchabgabe einzelner Individuen und insbesondere auf deren Euterviertel sehr differenziert einzugehen ist. Das Automatische Melksystem (AMS) vermag auf die speziellen Unterschiede der einzelnen Viertel, im Sinne einer verbesserten Tiergerechtheit, Rücksicht zu nehmen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt die Tiergerechtheit zu verbessern ist es, eine zuverlässige Prozesskontrolle durchzuführen. Dazu muss zunächst einmal festgestellt werden, wie sich die natürliche Variationsbreite der einzelnen Parameter darstellt, um pathologisch bedingte Abweichungen signifikant erkennen zu können. Die Gewinnung von verlässlichen Aussagen über den Gesundheitszustand von Kühen im AMS setzen voraus, dass verschiedene interdependente Parameter so verknüpft oder deren Messungen sooft wiederholt werden, bis ein intelligentes Entscheidungssystem seine Schlüsse ziehen kann. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass stark auffällige Werte ein hohes Maß an Information haben, aber eine entsprechend geringe Verlässlichkeit aufweisen. Sich wiederholende Werte haben hingegen einen geringen Informationsgehalt, dafür aber ein hohes Maß an Redundanz bzw. Verlässlichkeit, soweit sie nicht durch systematische Fehler entstehen. Für eine zuverlässige Prozesskontrolle kann es manchmal vorteilhafter sein, eine automatisierte Datengewinnung zu installieren, auch wenn der einzelne Parameter (z. B. die Leitfähigkeit) zwar wenig aussagekräftig, dafür aber die Durchführung deutlich zuverlässiger ist als bei Tests, die von Menschen manuell durchgeführt werden. Ähnliches gilt für die Haltungsumwelt von Tieren. Eine durch Automation dominierte Umwelt kann für Tiere deutlich berechenbarer und damit zuverlässiger gestaltet werden. Das bedeutet, dass für die Individuen weniger Stresssituationen mit den für sie unabsehbaren Folgen entstehen. Es sollte aber dabei beachtet werden, dass es zwingend ist, auf die Lerngeschwindigkeit der einzelnen Tiere, in Abhängigkeit von ihrer jeweiligen Lernsituation, einzugehen, um zuverlässige Umweltbedingungen für die Kühe mit einem AMS bereitzustellen. Es konnte weiterhin festgestellt werden, dass das Melken in einem AMS bei den Kühen nicht als belastender Stressfaktor identifiziert werden kann, wenn man die Herzfrequenz als Indikator heranzieht und diese über eine längere Zeit analysiert. Der zunehmende Einsatz von Technik in der Milchviehhaltung kann einen wichtigen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Haltungsumwelt der Kühe human und tiergerecht zu gestalten. / Relationship between animal and technology in automatic milk production: Due to the fact of the increasing automation in husbandry systems becomes the relationship between the animal and the technology more and more important. There is a growing interest to know more about animal behaviour, the ability of learning and the coping strategies in such systems. In the thesis I investigated the parameter of milking, of milk and of animal behaviour in an Automatic Milking System (AMS). The measurement has shown that the milk yield differs very much between the quarters of the udder. An AMS has the possibility to take such differences into consideration. This is one step towards more animal welfare. Another improvement of animal welfare is a better control of the process. For that, it is important to have a certain knowledge about the natural variation of different parameters, such as electrical conductivity of the milk, milk ingredients or milk yield. This makes the basis of the identification of anomalies depending on pathological problems. To get a reliable declaration about the state of health one has to connect different interdependent parameters and/or the measurement has to be repeated so often until an intelligent decision system can draw conclusions. Besides it is important to know, that a conspicuous value is highly informative, but it is less reliable, otherwise is an often repeatable value less informative but highly redundant, if there is no systematic failure. For a control of the process it is important to get reliable information, so it is sometimes better to automat the tests, instead of using human knowledge, which is often more informative, but less reliable (i.e. electrical conductivity). There is a similarity in husbandry systems because an automated system can be much more reliable and calculable for animals. That means less stressing situations because of incalculable reactions. For such a reliable environment in an AMS it is necessary to give every cow their individual time to learn the facts about the AMS. The milking in an AMS cannot be identified as a negative stress factor, if one uses the measurement of heart rate for identification. The increasing automation in the dairy husbandry can be an important contribution to create a humane environment for dairy cows and improve animal welfare.

Wall shear stress (WSS) has long been identified as a factor in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Autopsy studies have revealed a strong tendency for lesion development at arterial branch sites and along the inner walls of curvature areas that, in theory, should experience low WSS. Calculations of coronary artery WSS have typically been based upon average models of coronary artery geometry with average flow conditions and then compared to average lesion distributions. With all the averaging involved, a more detailed knowledge of the correlation between WSS and atherosclerotic lesion development might be obscured. Recent advancements in hemodynamic modeling now enable the calculation of WSS in individual subjects. An image-based approach for patient-specific calculation of in vivo WSS using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) would allow a more direct study of this correlation. New state-of-the-art technologies in multi-detector computed tomography (CT) and 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer potential improvements for the measurement of coronary artery geometry and blood flow. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the quantitative accuracy of multi-detector CT and 3.0 Tesla MRI and incorporate those imaging modalities into a patient-specific CFD model of coronary artery WSS. Using a series of vessel motion phantoms, it has been shown that 64-detector CT can provide accurate measurements of coronary artery geometry for heart rates below 70 beats per minute. A flow phantom was used to validate the use of navigator-echo gated, phase contrast MRI at 3.0 Tesla to measure velocity of coronary blood flow. Patient-specific, time-resolved CFD models of coronary WSS were created for two subjects. Furthermore, it was determined that population-average velocity curves or steady state velocities can predict locations of high or low WSS with high degrees of accuracy compared to the use of patient-specific blood flow velocity measurements as CFD boundary conditions. This work is significant because it constitutes the first technique to non-invasively calculate in vivo coronary artery WSS using image-based, patient-specific modeling.

Die Abgasturboaufladung erweist sich als sinnvolles Hilfsmittel den Kraftstoffverbrauch eines Hubkolbenverbrennungsmotors bei gleichbleibender Fahrdynamik zu verringern und somit die Effizienz des Motors zu erhöhen. Zur optimalen Nutzung der im Abgas enthaltenen Energie werden Abgassysteme moderner Pkw – Motoren äußerst kompakt ausgeführt, um der Abgasturboladerturbine ein möglichst hohes Enthalpiegefälle zur Verfügung zu stellen. Diese Umstände, sowie zunehmend kleinere Zylinderzahlen mit großen Zündabständen führen dazu, dass sich die Eintrittsbedingungen von Radialturbinen von Abgasturboladern heutiger Motoren periodisch ändern. Die Strömungsmaschine kann aufgrund ihrer Trägheit dem Druckanstieg nicht unverzögert folgen und wird vorwiegend bei niedrigen Schnelllaufzahlen betrieben. Die Entwicklung von Abgasturboladern und deren Anpassung an den Verbrennungsmotor erfolgen überwiegend auf Grundlage von messtechnisch ermittelten Kennfeldern von Verdichter und Turbine. Diese werden an stationär betriebenen Heißgasprüfständen ermittelt. Aufgrund der stationären Leistungsbilanz zwischen beiden Strömungsmaschinen an diesen Prüfständen beschreiben stationär gemessene Turbinenkennfelder nicht den gesamten motorrelevanten Betriebsbereich der Turbine. Für die Entwicklung innovativer Turboladerturbinen sind Untersuchungen der Turbinenwirkungsgrade und Durchsatzkennzahlen in diesen Betriebspunkten essentiell. Zur Untersuchung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen aufgeladenen Verbrennungsmotoren und Aufladesystemen stellt die Motorprozessrechnung eine wichtige Technologie dar. Die numerische Beschreibung des Turboladerverhaltens im Motorbetrieb erfolgt ebenfalls auf Basis von gemessenen Turboladerkennfeldern. Aufgrund des eingeschränkten Messbereichs der Turbinenkennfelder werden diese stark extrapoliert und beschreiben das thermodynamische Verhalten der Turboladerturbine fragwürdig. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein neues Verfahren an einem erweiterten Heißgasprüfstand zur Vermessung und Untersuchung von Turboladerturbinen in motorrelevanten Betriebszuständen vor. Parallel wird ein Berechnungsmodell entwickelt, um Messergebnisse zu plausibilisieren und die numerische Beschreibung instationärer Turbinenströmungen zu untersuchen. Die Methode basiert auf der Ausnutzung zusätzlicher Beschleunigungsleistung zur Erhöhung der Aufnahme der Turbinenleistung, um niedrigere Schnelllaufzahlen unter motorrealistischen Randbedingungen untersuchen zu können. Mit Hilfe eines geeigneten Druckverlaufes werden temporär stationäre Strömungszustände erzeugt, sodass thermodynamische Zustände in der Turbine zuverlässig beschrieben werden können. Ferner werden Betriebsbedingungen der Turbinenuntersuchung denen der Turboladerturbine im Motorbetrieb angepasst. Kurzzeitig stellen sich quasi-stationäre Zustände ein, woraufhin phasenkorrigierte Messgrößen die Strömung in den Schaufelkanälen der Turbine belastbar beschreiben. Durch Variation der pulsierenden Strömung können Wirkungsgrad- und Massendurchsatzkennfelder mit hoher Abtastrate erweitert werden, wodurch verlässliche Interpolationen der Turbinenkennfelder bei niedrigen Laufzahlen möglich sind. Am Heißgasprüfstand lassen sich Turbineneintrittstemperatur, Druckamplitude und mittleres Druckverhältnis mit speziellen Impulsgeneratoren einstellen. Auch eine instationäre Massenstrommessung und Temperaturmessung ist möglich. Die instationäre Messmethode bildet eine Synthese mit stationären Turbinenvermessungen und deckt einen Großteil des Turbinenbetriebes aufgeladener Hubkolbenverbrennungsmotoren ab. Damit hat dieses Verfahren das Potential Turboladerkennfelder die am stationären Heißgasprüfstand ermittelt wurden sinnvoll zu ergänzen. Ergebnisse der neuen Messmethode werden mit Resultaten äquivalenter Simulationsrechnungen auf Grundlage stationär und instationär ermittelter Kennfelder verglichen. Auf Basis erweiterter Turbinenkennfelder können Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem Verbrennungsmotor und dem Aufladeaggregat mit Hilfe der Motorprozessrechnung genauer untersucht werden. Dies ermöglicht eine ideale Anpassung des Abgasturboladers an den Motor, wodurch Effizienz und Dynamik verbessert sowie Abgasemissionswerte des Antriebes reduziert werden können.

From the Proceedings of the 1973 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 4-5, 1973, Tucson, Arizona / An infiltrometer was designed to more closely simulate natural storm characteristics and still maintain sufficient portability to be used in various test sites in the field. In addition to portability, a relatively large test plot can be used over a relatively long duration. The instrument is designed to produce rainfall intensities of 2 to 6 inches per hour which are comparable to natural storm intensities found in northern Arizona. Capillary tubes produce water drops of equivalent kinetic energy at impact to natural raindrops. Errors due to lateral flow are minimized through peripheral wetting. Mounting the infiltrometer on a four-wheel drive vehicle allows nearly the portability of a hand carried unit with a greater water carrying capacity and allows the equipment to be large enough to test a representative plot.