[pt] Plantas industriais necessitam de algum tipo de medição, em especial a indústria química e de óleo e gás, que empregam em maior quantidade medidores de vazão, sobretudo os de princípio ultrassônico por sua maior confiabilidade. O desempenho metrológico desse tipo de medidor é sensível a imperfeições no perfil de escoamento, e por isso é recomendado que atendam aos requisitos de instalação quanto à distância de trechos retos especificados pela norma. No entanto, em alguns casos tais recomendações não conseguem ser atendidas devido ao espaço físico compacto, mas mesmo assim é mantida a instalação de tais instrumentos em locais inadequados. Por este motivo, a avaliação dos impactos provocados pelas incertezas de medição ocasionadas por irregularidades no perfil de escoamento torna-se relevante. O presente trabalho mostrou que após vários testes com o medidor de vazão do tipo clamp-on de dois canais, instalado em variadas posições longitudinais após seguidos trechos de curva na tubulação, é possível a partir de trechos retos equivalentes a 20 diâmetros utilizar o medidor como um medidor padrão itinerante para calibração de outros medidores de vazão dispostos em linha localizados adequadamente no campo, denominado calibração in-situ. Os resultados dos testes atingiram níveis de incerteza de vazão inferiores a 1 por cento, especificada para calibração de medidores operacionais. O trabalho também mostrou que o uso do fator do medidor numa calibração pode minimizar a influência da flutuação do escoamento sobre a incerteza de medição do medidor, estimando mais realisticamente sua incerteza na ausência de flutuações. / [en] Industrial plants need some kind of measurement, especially chemical and oil and gas industries, which uses a large amount of flow meters, mainly those that uses ultrasonic principle due to their greater reliability. The metrological performance of this type of meter is sensitive to imperfections present in the flow profile, and therefore must comply the installation requirements relative to the distance of straight sections without objects that cause any kind of disruption in the flow. However, in some cases such recommendations are not met due to the compact physical space, which does not preclude the installation of such instruments. For this reason, the evaluation of impacts on the uncertainties of measurement caused by irregularities in the flow becomes relevant. This work shows that using a two channels clamp-on flow meter, installed in various longitudinal positions after consecutive bend sections in the pipe, it is possible to, distance starting from 20 diameters, use the meter as the standard traveling meter for calibration of others flow meters arranged in-line, properly located in the field, process called in-situ calibration. The test results provided an uncertainty less than 1 percent, which is usually specified for operational meters. This work also shows that the meter factor can be used to minimize the influence of the flow rate fluctuation on the uncertainty of measurement, and thus to estimate more realistically its value when there is no fluctuation.

This diploma thesis deals with finding the minimal countercurrent distance of the water surface sensors used in practice for use with a V-notch weir. The thesis complements the previously obtained results of measurements in the longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry of the inlet channel with measurements on the whole countercurrently located plane of the inlet channel. The measurements are obtained experimentally in the water management research laboratory at the Department of the Water Structures Faculty of Civil Engineering in Brno. Measurements on each individual weir with top angle cutouts of 90°, 53°8´ and 28°4´ are taken at five possible positions of the sensor towards the plane of the measuring weir. All measurements are also repeated for three different vertical distances between the lowest level of the spillway edge and the bottom of the inlet channel. The obtained data are evaluated and subsequently the minimal distances for the location of the water surface sensor in front of a counter weir is determined. The thesis also includes recommendations for practical application presented in the form of text, tables and also graphically.

[pt] Se por um lado à privatização do setor de energia, que induz acirrada concorrência, tem estimulado a inovação tecnológica e a adoção de mecanismos de incentivos à eficiência operacional, a regulação do mercado introduz mecanismos de controle requerendo maior responsabilidade no uso consciente da energia de sorte a assegurar a eficiência energética e a proteção ambiental. Pressões de organizações ambientalistas internacionais e a crescente demanda por energia explicam a tendência mundial pelo uso de combustíveis fósseis mais limpos. O baixo nível de emissões e resíduos associados ao processo de combustão de gás natural qualifica esta commodity energética como um elemento estratégico para integrar a matriz energética de organizações e países comprometidos com a sustentabilidade global. O impacto econômico associado à medição de gás natural exige uma otimização do controle do balanço de massa no sistema de entrega. A aplicação da Metodologia de Reconciliação de Dados constitui o objetivo deste trabalho. A técnica provou ser uma ferramenta eficaz para a avaliação do balanço de massa em um gasoduto durante o período de operação associado ao transporte de gás natural. A natureza intrínseca do seu algoritmo de cálculo, que leva em conta a redundância nas medições, qualifica a metodologia para aumentar a confiabilidade da medição assim reduzindo a incerteza individual associada a cada grandeza física capaz de interferir na medição e identificar erros grosseiros. Fundamentado na avaliação metrológica do balanço de massa de um gasoduto brasileiro, os resultados do estudo permitem discutir a adequação da técnica proposta de reconciliação de dados. Dentre as conclusões do trabalho, foi possível mostrar que o uso da técnica de tratamento dos dados do gás não contado (unaccounted for gas) pode atingir valores inferiores a 0,3 porcento, comparando-se, assim, à tolerância preconizada em nível internacional. / [en] If on the one hand, privatization of the energy sector, which induces keen competition, has stimulated technological innovation and the adoption of incentive mechanisms for operational efficiency, regulation of the market introduces control mechanisms requiring greater responsibility in the conscious use of energy so as to ensure energy efficiency and environmental protection. Pressure from international environmental organizations and the growing demand for energy, explain the worldwide tendency for the use of cleaner fossil fuels. The lower levels of emissions and residues associated with the combustion process of natural gas classify this energy commodity as a strategic element to enter into the energy matrix of organizations and countries committed to global sustainability. The economic impact associated with the measurement of natural gas, demands optimization in controlling the mass balance in the delivery system. Application of the Data Reconciliation Methodology constitutes the objective of this work. The technique proved to be an efficient tool for the evaluation of the mass balance in a gas pipeline for the period of operation associated with the transport of natural gas. The intrinsic nature of its calculation algorithm, which takes into account the redundancy of measurements, qualifies the methodology to increase the confidence of measurement, thereby reducing the individual uncertainty associated with each physical volume capable of interfering with the measurement and identify gross errors. Based on the metrological evaluation of the mass balance of a Brazilian pipeline, the results of the study enable discussion on the adequacy of the data reconciliation technique proposed. Among the conclusions of the work, it was possible to demonstrate that the use of the technique in treating the data of unaccounted for gas, could achieve values lower than 0.3 percent, thereby comparable with the tolerances advocated at international level.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1608246 bytes, checksum: d413321e8f56ef27fe1d4c30fb99ae01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Work teams are seen as flexible structures for collective work organization, with superior ability to improve organizational performance when compared to traditional hierarchical structures. Work teams in information technology (IT) can be perceived as high-performance drives, dynamic and productive, especially important in times of organizational change or leading complex and critics organizational (re)designs. Specifically in the software development field (an IT specialization) these teams performance is a measure of quality, functionality/applicability and reliability of IT artifacts, as their main outcomes. It is also expected that software development teams could be self-managed, so that the main concerns relating to the composition, internal processes, tasks, and performance are of intrinsic nature. This document reports the course of actions for building issues for the thesis demonstration, one that establishes that teams working with intrinsic motivations have better performance than teams that rely solely on extrinsic motivations or controls. Drawing on flow theory (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) as a theoretical guidance for explanation of intrinsic motivation, antecedents and consequents of flow on work teams were identified and an instrument was developed for flow measurement in work teams, specifically on IT teams, with also a model proposition for the measurement of flow influence on IT teams performance. Discussions on the findings suggest (1) theoretical implications, especially compilation of empirical evidence linking flow, antecedents and consequences, as a complement and update for classic studies of the same nature, and instrument offering focused on collective perceptions and developed specifically for flow measurement on IT work teams; and (2) practical implications, highlighting the perception of interest in the matter by the practitioners (managers and developers) and rationale offered to subsidize maintaining positive vibe in teams as a way for turnover reduction and widening the appeal to new members, for instance. / Equipes de trabalho podem ser definidas como estruturas flexíveis de organização do trabalho coletivo, com capacidade superior de contribuição para o desempenho organizacional quando comparadas a estruturas hierárquicas tradicionais. Equipes de trabalho em tecnologia da informação (TI) podem ser percebidas como unidades de elevado desempenho, dinâmicas e produtivas, especialmente importantes em tempos de mudança organizacional ou em liderança de projetos organizacionais complexos e críticos. Especificamente em desenvolvimento de software (uma especialidade dos estudos em TI), o desempenho dessas equipes é medido por meio de parâmetros relacionados à qualidade, funcionalidade/aplicabilidade e confiabilidade dos artefatos gerados. Espera-se, ainda, que equipes de desenvolvimento de software sejam autogerenciadas, de modo que as principais preocupações relativas à composição, processos, tarefas e desempenho sejam de natureza intrínseca. O presente documento reporta o percurso de elaboração e provimento de recursos de demonstração da tese de doutoramento que estabelece que equipes que trabalham com motivações intrínsecas apresentam melhor desempenho que equipes que dependem exclusivamente de motivações ou controles extrínsecos. Adotando-se flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) como orientação teórica para explicação de motivação intrínseca, identificaram-se antecedentes que levam ao estado de flow em equipe, e consequentes desse estado, especificamente em equipes de trabalho; e elaborou-se instrumento de mensuração do estado de flow em equipes de trabalho, especificamente em equipes de TI, com proposição de modelo de mensuração da influência de flow sobre o desempenho de equipes de TI. Discussões sobre os resultados sugerem (1) implicações teóricas, especialmente compilação de evidências empíricas relacionando flow, antecedentes e consequentes, e oferta de instrumento focado em percepções coletivas e desenvolvido especificamente para mensuração de flow em equipes de trabalho em TI; e (2) implicações práticas, com destaque para a oferta de base conceitual que subsidie a manutenção de vibração positiva nas equipes como forma de redução de rotatividade (turnover) e ampliação da atração a novos profissionais.

Dagvatten kallas det regn- och smältvatten som rinner av från hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljön. Detta vatten för ofta med sig stora mängder av föroreningar som tungmetaller, näringsämnen och oljerelaterade ämnen, vilka kan göra stor skada om de når recipienter. För att rena dagvattnet och därmed minska föroreningsbelastningen byggs det allt fler öppna dagvattensystem som t.ex. våtmarker och dammar. Studier har visat att dessa system har hög reningseffekt och dessutom är de kostnadseffektiva. Kunskapen om hur avskiljningen i dessa system fungerar och om hur de bäst utvärderas är dock begränsad. Kungsängsdammen utanför Uppsala är en nybyggd dagvattenanläggning som är avsedd att rena och fördröja dagvattnet från industri- och handelsområdet Boländerna. Detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda reningsfunktionen av anläggningen. Framför allt genomfördes flödesproportionell provtagning vid inlopp och utlopp under 8 veckor. Ämnen som analyserades var näringsämnena P och N, suspenderat material, tungmetallerna As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn och oljekolväten. Vid några tillfällen analyserades också de oljerelaterade organiska föreningarna PAH:er, oktyl- och nonylfenoler samt tributyltenn. Flödesproportionell provtagning rekommenderas för att säkert avgöra avskiljningseffektiviteten av en damm, men nackdelen är att den tar mycket tid och stora resurser i anspråk. Utöver denna metod genomfördes kompletterande mätningar med sedimentfällor samt en beräkning av föroreningsbelastning vid inloppet med programmet StormTac. Den flödesproportionella provtagningen visade att Kungsängsdammen fungerar väl som avskiljningsanläggning för föroreningar. Suspenderat material, näringsämnen och tungmetaller avskiljs effektivt och utloppshalterna understiger föreslagna riktvärden för dagvatten. Detta trots att både zink, koppar, kväve och suspenderat material hade inloppshalter som låg över riktvärdena. Flödesberäkningar visade att andelen av flödet som bräddas i bypass-diket förbi dammen är viktig vid bedömning av avskiljningseffektiviteten. För organiska föreningar uppmättes tributyltenn i halter över miljökvalitetsnormen för ytvatten både vid inlopp och vid utlopp. Inloppskoncentrationer framräknade i StormTac gav överensstämmande resultat med den flödesproportionella provtagningen för tungmetaller och näringsämnen. Vidare visade undersökningen av sediment att sedimentationen sker främst i fördiket och i inloppet till dammen. Fördiket är i stort behov av rensning, då sediment riskerar att spolas bort vid höga flöden. / Stormwater is the name for rainwater and snowmelt runoff from impervious surfaces in the urban environment. This water often carries large amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals, nutrients, and oil-related substances, which can cause great damage if they reach the receiving waters. To clean the storm water and thus reduce the pollution load, more and more open storm water systems are being built, such as wetlands and ponds. Studies have shown that these systems have high pollutant removal efficiency and are cost effective. Knowledge of how these systems work and how they best are evaluated is limited. “Kungsängsdammen” near Uppsala is a newly constructed stormwater facility that is designed to clean and retard stormwater from the industrial and commercial area Boländerna. This thesis aims to investigate the purification function of the facility. Flow proportional sampling was carried out at the inlet and outlet for 8 weeks. Substances that were analyzed were nutrients P and N, suspended solids, heavy metals As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn and petroleum hydrocarbons. On some occasions, the petroleum-related organic parameters PAHs, octyl and nonylphenols and tributyltin were analyzed. Flow proportional sampling is recommended to determine the efficiency of a stormwater pond, but the problem is that it takes much time and considerable resources. In addition to this method, additional measurements were carried out with sediment traps, and a calculation of pollution load at the inlet with the program StormTac. The flow proportional sampling showed that the “Kungsängsdammen” pond-, functions well as a treatment facility for pollutions. Suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals are separated effectively and the outlet concentrations for these substances were below proposed guideline values. This is observed, despite the fact that zinc, copper, nitrogen and suspended solids had intake concentrations above the guideline values. Flow calculations showed that the bypass flow is important when estimating the pollutant removal efficiency. For organic compounds, tributyltin was measured at concentrations above the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface water both at the inlet and outlet. The inlet concentrations that were calculated in StormTac were consistent with the results of the flow proportional sampling for heavy metals and nutrients. Moreover, the investigation of sediments showed that sedimentation occurs mainly in the ditch before the pond and at the inlet to the pond. The ditch is in need of cleansing, because of the risk of sediment being washed away during high flows. The flow proportional sampling showed that the “Kungsängsdammen” pond-, functions wellas a treatment facility for pollutions. Suspended solids, nutrients and heavy metals are separated effectively and the outlet concentrations for these substances were below proposedguideline values. This is observed, despite the fact that zinc, copper, nitrogen and suspended solids had intake concentrations above the guideline values. Flow calculations showed that the bypass flow is important when estimating the pollutant removal efficiency. For organiccompounds, tributyltin was measured at concentrations above the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for surface water both at the inlet and outlet. The inlet concentrations that were calculated in StormTac were consistent with the results of the flow proportional sampling for heavy metals and nutrients. Moreover, the investigation of sediments showedthat sedimentation occurs mainly in the ditch before the pond and at the inlet to the pond. The ditch is in need of cleansing, because of the risk of sediment being washed away during high flows.

This diploma thesis deals with the measurement of flow rate in flumes type PARS P2, P3 and P4. First, there is a search for a convenient profile in confusor for research and consequently to construct graphical dependences from which to read the value of the correction coefficient for many water depths in flumes. Then, there are constructed graphical dependences from which to read the value of measurement uncertainty for many flow rates in flumes.

The diploma thesis is focused on sanitary installations. Theoretical part is focused on description of flow meters and their categorization and flow measurement. Calculation and project part is about water suplly, sewerage and pipeline in health care center. Building is located in Brno and it is a reconstruction, which is divided into stages. The part of the building, which is solved in this thesis is 5. stage.

This diploma thesis describes the work performed in the optimization of the corporate network in the company Alps Electric Czech to expand the amount of information obtained about the state of the network and thus improve the response of the IT department to potencial errors. During the optimization, a monitoring system was also deployed and its connection to the helpdesk and a tailor-made website running on the Flask microframework. With the gradual deployment, adjustments were made based on feedback from the IT department staff. Overall, the network has become more clarified, increasing the efficiency of maintenance and service.

Purpose of this thesis is to check influence of turbulent model used for simulation of flow close to primary elementi inserted into piping. The goal is to check if results computed by these models are equal and how precise is their prediction.

The master’s thesis deals with air flow in the interior of automobile Škoda Octavia. The attention is focused only at a side ventilating outlet. Author’s effort was to propose the appropriate criteria for evaluation and assessment of ventilating outlet quality and elaborate the methodology of measurement for these criteria. Then follows the application of the methodology and measurement of velocity field of air flow from the outlet by the method of hot wire anemometry. The thesis also contains comparison of the results with the results attained by the smoke visualization.