Syftet. Att kartlägga följsamhet till användning av strålskydd bland perioperativ personal. Bakgrund. Sjuksköterskan ska arbeta förebyggande för att värna om sin egen, kollegor och patienters hälsa. På operationsavdelningen förekommer genomlysning vid operationsingrepp. Forskning har visat att röntgenstrålning är skadligt och riktlinjer finns som beskriver hur personal ska arbeta strålsäkert. Få studier har hittats som visar huruvida personalen följer riktlinjer. Metod. Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie och en enkät delades ut under oktober 2015 till perioperativ personal (n=69) vid två sjukhus i övre Norrland. Deltagarna arbetade som operationssjuksköterskor, anestesisjuksköterskor och undersköterskor samt deltog vid operationsingrepp där genomlysning förekom. Enkäten bestod av 16 frågor med både slutna och öppna svarsalternativ. Data analyserades med statistikprogrammet SPSS 23.0. Chi-två test och Fisher’s exakta test användes för att testa skillnader mellan professioner. Resultat. Majoriteten av deltagarna skattade att de ofta/alltid använde röntgenförkläde vid genomlysning. Ingen signifikant skillnad i användandet av röntgenförkläde eller halskrage fanns mellan professionerna. Däremot fanns en signifikant skillnad i hur professionerna rapporterade att de skyddade sig vid olika operationsingrepp. Flertalet av deltagarna ansåg sig ha goda kunskaper kring strålskydd men mer än hälften önskade ändå mer utbildning. Slutsats. Genom preventivt arbete så som återkommande utbildning om strålskydd och strålningens risker kan den perioperativa personalen minska risken att drabbas av ohälsa. Resultatet i föreliggande studie visar att området behöver utforskas mer och instrumentet kan användas vid en nationell undersökning. / Aims. Investigate the compliance with the use of radiation protection among perioperative personnel. Background. In the operating theatre interventions occurs in surgical procedures. Research has shown that X-ray radiation is harmful and there are guidelines describing how personnel should work for radiation safety. Few studies where found that shows whether personnel complies with the guidelines. Methods. The study is a cross-sectional study and a questionnaire was distributed in October 2015 to the perioperative personnel (n=69) working at two hospitals in Northern Sweden. Participants worked as theatre nurses, nurse anesthetists and enrolled nurse, and participated in surgical procedures where fluoroscopy occurred. The questionnaire consisted of 16 questions with both closed and open response options. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was used for testing differences between professions. Results. The majority of participants reported that they often/ always used the apron during fluoroscopy. No significant difference in the use of apron and thyroid shield was found between professions. Significant difference was found in how the professions reported that they protect themselves at different surgical procedures. The majority of the participants reported good knowledge about radiation protection but still more than half wanted more education. Conclusion. Preventive work as recurrent education about radiation protection and radiation risks may reduce the risk of illness among perioperative staff. Results from the present study shows that the area needs to be explored more and this instrument can be used for a national survey.

Author's title and name: Bc. Veronika Součková Institute: Charles University, Prague 1. Faculty of medicine Kateřinská 32, 121 08, Prague 2 Study branch: follow-up Master's - intensive care Study programme: specialization in intensive care Title: Nasojejunal tube placement techniques Consultant: MUDr. František Novák, Ph.D. Number of pages: 81 Number of attachments: 3 Number of tables, grafs and pictures: 24 Year of presentation: 2013 Keywords: Nasojejunal tube, placement techniques, enteral nutrition, endoscopy, fluoroscopy, blind bedside technique This dissertation is dedicated to the issue and options in the field of nasojejunal tubes placement technique. Theoretical part aims at the description of methods and procedures of placing the nasojejunal tube and briefly mentions possible complications and principles of enteral nutrition, which is administrated by this method. Empirical part of the dissertation aims at the comparison of placement the nasojejunal tube using the blind bedside technique developed at intensive care unit in General University Hospital in Prague to, endoscopic and fluoroscopic methods. The research brings description and comparison of the most frequently used methods of placement the feeding tube into the small intestine.

Objetivo: Analisar a atividade velofaríngea de indivíduos com disfunção velofaríngea (DVF) aferida por rinometria acústica (RA), comparativamente à aferida por rinomanometria (RM) e videofluoroscopia (VF). Método: Estudo clínico prospectivo em 41 adultos, de ambos os sexos, com fissura de palato±lábio previamente operada e DVF residual ao exame clínico. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: 1) RA (n=41): variação volumétrica da nasofaringe (V) na produção dos fones [k], [p], [t], relativamente ao repouso (redução <3cm3 considerada como ausência de atividade velofaríngea). 2) RM (n=41): área do orifício velofaríngeo (área >0,05cm2 considerada como fechamento inadequado), 3) VF (n=9): extensão da falha velar e do movimento faríngeo (falha >2mm e movimento <50% considerados como inadequados). Para a comparação das três técnicas utilizou-se o fone [p]. Resultados: Observou-se um V médio de 18% na produção do [k], significantemente menor (p<0,05) que a redução de referência (30%), sendo valores de V sugestivos de DVF constatados em 59% dos casos. Resultados similares foram obtidos na produção de [p] e [t]. Na RM, fechamento inadequado foi observado em 85% dos casos, e o V não variou segundo o grau de fechamento. Na VF, a presença de falha foi observada em 89% dos casos e não se observou participação da língua no fechamento. A concordância entre as técnicas foi de 51% (RA vs RM), 44% (RA vs VF) e 89% (RM vs VF). Conclusão: A RA não apresentou acurácia suficiente como método de diagnóstico da DVF frente aos dois métodos-padrão. Demonstra, contudo, potencial como método de acompanhamento dos resultados de intervenções clinico-cirúrgicas. / Objective: To analyze velopharyngeal (VP) activity of subjects with VP dysfunction (VPD) by acoustic rhinometry (AR), as compared to rhinomanometry (RM) and videofluoroscopy (VF). Method: Prospective clinical study in 41 adults, both sexes, with repaired cleft palate±lip and residual VPD on clinical assessment. Variables analyzed: 1) AR (n=41): nasopharyngeal volumetric change (V) during the production of plosives [k], [p], [t], relatively to rest condition (reduction <3cm3 considered as absence of VP activity). 2) RM (n=41): VP orifice area (area > 0,05cm2 considered as inadequate closure), 3) VF (n=9): velar gap and pharyngeal walls movement (gap >2mm and mobility <50% considered as inadequate). The plosive [p] was used when comparing the three techniques. Results: A mean V decrease of 18% was observed during the production of [k], which was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the decrease reported for normals (30%). V values suggestive of VPD were observed in 59% of the subjects analyzed. Similar results were obtained for [p] and [t]. On RM, 85% of the subjects had inadequate closure; V did not vary according to the degree of closure. On VF, a significant gap was observed in 89%; the tongue did not contributed to VP closure. Agreement between techniques was of 51% (AR vs RM), 44% (AR vs VF) and 89% (RM vs VF). Conclusion: Acoustic rhinometry had no good accuracy as a diagnostic method of VPD, when compared to the two gold-standard methods used. Nevertheless, the technique showed potential as a method for monitoring the outcomes of clinical and surgical treatment of VPD.

[Truncated abstract] The function of the diaphragm as a volume pump has not been adequately evaluated because there are no accurate methods to measure the volume displaced by diaphragm motion (ΔVdi). As a consequence, the work done, power output and efficiency of the diaphragm have not been measured. Efficiency of the diaphragm could be measured by relating the power output of the diaphragm to its neural activation. The aims of this thesis were to (a) develop a new biplanar radiographic method to measure ΔVdi and use this to evaluate the effect of costophrenic fibrosis and emphysema on ΔVdi, (b) develop a new fluoroscopic method to enable breath-by-breath measurements of ΔVdi, (c) evaluate a method for quantifying neural activation of the diaphragm, and (d) combine measurements of transdiaphragmatic pressure, ΔVdi, inspiratory duration and neural activation of the diaphragm to quantify the neuromechanical efficiency of the diaphragm

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Swallowing is considered a dynamic and complex process that needs the integrity of distinct neuronal systems for suitable operation, and in the the inadequacy has dysphagia. In pulmonary diseases such as bronchiectasis, there may be impairment of swallowing, especially by compromised respiratory function. Objective: To characterize qualitatively and quantitatively by videofluoroscopy the parameters of the biomechanics of swallowing in bronchiectasis. Method: exploratory research, field, descriptive, quantitative and cross. Participated in this study nine subjects diagnosed with bronchiectasis, the average age was 47.89 years with a standard deviation (± 16.54), minimum 21 years and maximum 73 years. Videofluoroscopy was performed to characterize the biomechanics of swallowing in this population. The analysis of these data was done by three judges blinded in relation to the research objectives and is used to evaluate the temporal and visual-spatial parameters. Results: The agreement between the judges varied from moderate to almost perfect, being statistically significant (P<0.001). There was an early escape later; residue in valecule in consistency honey and pudding; absence of residue in piriform sinuses of all consistencies; percentage predominance absence of penetration and or aspiration, though, has been observed penetration in all consistencies and aspiration consistency nectar; the beginning of the pharyngeal phase was in position between the tongue base and valecule; on average the oral transit times were 1,93s to liquid consistency; 2,07s to nectar; 1,9s for honey and 2,04s for pudding. The pharyngeal transit time on average was 0,87s to liquid consistency; 0,87s to nectar; 0,79s to honey 0,78s and for pudding. The number of swallowing a liquid consistency for on average was 1.93 swallowing; for nectar was 2.56 swallowing; for swallowing honey was 2.89 and the pudding was 2.33 swallows. It can be seen that there was a correlation between variables penetration and aspiration and early escape (r=0.69087) and later beginning of the pharyngeal phase consistency nectar (r=0.67854). Conclusion: biomechanical characterization of swallowing was observed that several parameters were found changed, even with the presence of penetration and aspiration. This fact shows the importance to performing a clinical and objective speech assessment of swallowing for the conduct to be established early, avoiding the worsening of the patology. / A deglutição é considerada um processo dinâmico e complexo que precisa da integridade de distintos sistemas neuronais para o adequado funcionamento, na inadequação tem-se a disfagia. Em doenças pulmonares, como a bronquiectasia, pode haver o comprometimento da deglutição, principalmente pelo comprometimento da função respiratória. Objetivo: caracterizar qualitativa e quantitativamente através da videofluoroscopia os parâmetros da biomecânica da deglutição na bronquiectasia. Método: pesquisa exploratória, de campo, descritivo, quantitativo e transversal. Participaram desta pesquisa nove sujeitos com diagnóstico de bronquiectasia, a média de idade foi de 47,89 anos com desvio padrão (±16,54), mínima 21 anos e máxima 73 anos. Foi realizada avaliação videofluoroscópica a fim de caracterizar a biomecânica da deglutição nessa população. A análise dos exames foi realiza por três juízes cegados em relação aos objetivos da pesquisa, sendo utilizado para avaliar os parâmetros temporais e visuoespaciais. Resultados: a concordância entre os avaliadores variou de moderada a quase perfeita, sendo estatisticamente significante (P<0.001). Houve escape posterior precoce; resíduo em valécula nas consistências mel e pudim; ausência de resíduo em recessos piriformes em todas as consistências; predomínio percentual de ausência de penetração e ou aspiração, embora, tenha sido observada penetração em todas as consistências e aspiração na consistência néctar; o início da fase faríngea foi na posição entre base de língua e valécula; em média os tempos de trânsito oral foram 1,93s para a consistência líquida; 2,07s para a néctar; 1,9s para mel e 2,04s para a pudim. O tempo de trânsito faríngeo em média foi 0,87s para a consistência líquida; 0,87s para a néctar; 0,79s para mel e 0,78s para a pudim. O número de deglutição para a consistência líquida, em média, foi de 1,93 deglutições; para a néctar foi de 2,56 deglutições; para a mel foi de 2,89 deglutições e para a pudim foi de 2,33 deglutições. Pode-se observar que houve correlação entre as variáveis penetração e aspiração e escape posterior precoce (r=0.69087) e início da fase faríngea na consistência néctar (r=0.67854). Conclusão: na caracterização da biomecânica da deglutição observou-se que vários parâmetros se encontraram alterados, inclusive, com presença de penetração e aspiração. Tal fato demonstra a importância de realizar avaliação fonoaudiológica clínica e objetiva da deglutição para que a conduta seja precocemente estabelecida evitando o agravamento da patologia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNA DA CUNHA ESTIMA LEAL.pdf: 18856650 bytes, checksum: b16dc862bd361990ba33fe1a48ff311f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fluoroscopy is considered the most reliable method for evaluating diaphragmatic mobility, yet most existing methods for measuring diaphragmatic mobility using fluoroscopy are complex. Thus, this study proposes a new way to measure diaphragmatic mobility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the evaluation method of diaphragmatic motion using fluoroscopy by digital radiography; and to compare diaphragmatic mobility on the right side to the left side and diaphragmatic mobility between male and female subjects. 26 adults between 20 and 47 were evaluated, according to the parameters: anthropometry, pulmonary function test and diaphragm mobility. The evaluation of diaphragm mobility by means of the fluoroscopy by digital radiography method was conducted randomly by two raters (A and B). Concurrent validity was analyzed by Pearson coefficient correlation (r) ando the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC[2,1]) and with confidence interval of 95% (CI) to evaluate the relationship and agreement between digital diaphragmatic mobility (MDdig) and distance (MDdist). Intra and interraters reliability of the diaphragmatic motion measurement was determined using the ICC and with CI 95%. The Bland & Altman plot for better visualization of the data was used. The high correlation was found between DMdig and DMdist for mobility of the right hemidiaphragm (RH) (r = 0.97, p = 0.00) and the left (LH) (r = 0.88, p = 0.00). There was good reliability for mobility in both hemidiaphragms (RH: ICC[2,1] = 0.98, CI95% = 0.96 to 0.99; LF: ICC[2,1] = 0.93, CI95% = 0.84 to 0.97). The first assessment of interrater reliability showed a high correlation for right hemidiaphragm mobility and moderate correlation for left hemidiaphragm mobility (ICC[2,1 = 0.89, CI95% =0.76 to 0.95 and ICC[2,1 = 0.73, CI95% = 0.48 to 0.87 respectively). The second assessment, showed a good reliability for right and left hemidiaphragm mobility for rater A (ICC[2,1 = 0.83, CI95% = 0.66 to 0.92 and ICC[2,1 = 0.86, CI95% = 0.70 to 0.93, respectively) and for the rater B (ICC[2,1 = 0.89, CI95% = 0.76 to 0.95) (ICC[2,1 = 0.83, CI95% = 0.65 to 0.92) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the mobility measured between the right and left hemidiaphragms, and between mobility measured in men and women. The evaluation of diaphragmatic motion using fluoroscopy for digital radiography proved to be a valid and reliable method. / A fluoroscopia é considerada o método mais confiável para avaliar a mobilidade diafragmática, contudo a maioria dos métodos existentes para mensurar a mobilidade diafragmática por meio da fluoroscopia é complexo. Diante disso, este estudo propõe uma nova forma para mensurar a mobilidade diafragmática. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a validade e a confiabilidade de um novo método de avaliação da mobilidade diafragmática utilizando a fluoroscopia por radiografia digital e comparar a mobilidade diafragmática do lado direito com a do lado esquerdo e a mobilidade diafragmática entre os indivíduos do sexo masculino e feminino. Foram avaliados 26 adultos, entre 20 e 47 anos, segundo os parâmetros: antropometria, prova de função pulmonar e mobilidade do diafragma. A avaliação da mobilidade diafragmática por meio do método da fluoroscopia por radiografia digital foi realizada, de forma aleatória, por dois observadores (A e B). A validade concorrente foi analisada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Perason (r) e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) para avaliar a relação e a concordância entre as mobilidades diafragmática digital (MDdig) e distância(MDdist). A confiabilidade inter e intra-observadores da mensuração da mobilidade diafragmática foi determinada pelo CCI e com IC 95%. Foi utilizada a disposição gráfica de Bland-Altman para melhor visualização dos dados. Foi encontrada alta correlação entre a MDdig e a MDdist (r= 0,97, p= 0.00) e boa confiabilidade na mobilidade dos hemidiafragmas dos dois métodos (Hemiafragma direito: CCI[2,1] = 0,98, IC95% = 0,96-0,99; Hemidiafragma esquerdo: CCI[2,1] = 0,93, IC95% = 0,84-0,97). Houve boa confiabilidade interobservador na mobilidade do hemidiafragma direito (CCI = 0,89, IC95% = 0,76-0,95) e moderada no esquerdo (CCI = 0,73, IC95% = 0,48-0,87) na 1ª avaliação. Na 2ª avaliação, houve boa confiabilidade nos hemidiafragmas direito (CCI = 0,84, IC95% = 0,68-0,93) e esquerdo (CCI = 0,78, IC95% = 0,56-0,89), respectivamente. Houve boa confiabilidade intraobservador na mobilidade dos hemidiafragmas direito (CCI = 0,83, IC95% = 0,66-0,92) e esquerdo (CCI = 0,86, IC95% = 0,70- 0,93) para o observador A e para o observador B (CCI = 0,89, IC95% = 0,76-0,95) e (CCI = 0,83, IC95% = 0,65-0,92), respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a mobilidade mensurada entre os hemidiafragmas direito e esquerdo, e entre a mobilidade aferida nos homens e nas mulheres. A avaliação da mobilidade diafragmática utilizando a fluoroscopia por radiografia digital demonstrou ser um método válido e confiável.

Submitted by Debora Afonso (de_afonso@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-15T00:31:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final debora afonso.pdf: 1513903 bytes, checksum: af804cbab05a757c4cba0eb7c05a6d14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Telma Jaqueline Dias Silveira null (telmasbl@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-05-15T13:49:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 afonso_d_me_mar.pdf: 1513903 bytes, checksum: af804cbab05a757c4cba0eb7c05a6d14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T13:49:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 afonso_d_me_mar.pdf: 1513903 bytes, checksum: af804cbab05a757c4cba0eb7c05a6d14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: A disfagia orofaríngea na criança e adolescente com acometimento neurológico (CAAN) é um sintoma frequente que pode ocasionar desnutrição e complicações pulmonares. Objetivo: Esse estudo teve por objetivo comparar o tempo de trânsito oral total (TTOT) em CAAN com e sem indicação de gastrostomia e correlacionar com o estado nutricional. Método: Foram analisados 64 exames de videofluoroscopia de deglutição do período de 2012 a 2017 de CAAN com disfagia orofaríngea. Destes, foram incluídos os 29 exames com 30 frames e qualidade de imagem adequada, independente do gênero ou faixa etária, com Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa (GMFCS) que variou de I a IV em 13 indivíduos e os demais com GMFCS desconhecido. Foram constituídos dois grupos. O grupo 1 (G1) foi composto de CAAN com indicação de gastrostomia por equipe interdisciplinar e o grupo 2 (G2) chamado de grupo controle foi composto de CAAN que não receberam a indicação de gastrostomia pela mesma equipe. Realizada análise quantitativa do TTOT com software específico nas consistências pastosa e líquida, no volume de 5 ml na colher e fluxo contínuo habitual de líquido na mamadeira. Realizado teste de confiabilidade entre julgadores por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. Foi avaliado o estado nutricional por meio da classificação de z-score. Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de MannWhitney e o Teste de Spearman. Resultado: Constatou-se TTOT mais longo com diferença estatística significante no G1 (p=0,029), nas consistências pastosa (4.124,54ms) e líquida (5.348,50ms) quando ofertado na colher, do que no G2 (p=0,058), respectivamente, (1.998,30ms) e (640,42ms). Não houve correlação entre TTOT e z-score nos grupos, sendo os valores de correlação para o G1 -0,254 (p=0,451) na consistência pastosa, -0,211 (p=0,789) na consistência líquida na colher e 0,144 (p=0,758) na consistência líquida na mamadeira. Já para o G2 foram encontrados os valores de correlação -0,248 (p=0,520) na consistência pastosa, 0,527 (p=0,361) na consistência líquida na colher e -0,064 (p=0,881) na consistência líquida na mamadeira. Conclusão: O tempo de trânsito oral total na consistência pastosa em crianças e adolescentes com acometimento neurológico com indicação de gastrostomia foi mais longo do que em crianças e adolescentes com acometimento neurológico que não tinham indicação de gastrostomia. Não houve correlação entre o TTOT e o estado nutricional em ambos os grupos. / Introduction: Oropharyngeal dysphagia in children and teenager with neurological impairment (CTNI) is a frequent symptom that can lead to malnutrition and pulmonary complications. Purpose: This study aimed to compare total oral transit time (TOTT) in CTNI with and without indication of gastrostomy and to correlate with nutritional status. Method: We analyzed 64 swallowing videofluoroscopy exams of the CTNI with oropharyngeal dysphagia from 2012 to 2017. Of these, 29 were included with 30 frames, regardless of gender or age group, with GMFCS, which ranged from I to IV in 13 individuals and the others with unknown GMFCS. Two groups were composed. Group 1 (G1) was included of CTNI with indication of gastrostomy by interdisciplinary team and control group 2 (G2) was included of CTNI who did not receive an indication of gastrostomy by the same team. The TOTT was analyzed by of specific software using paste and liquid consistency, in the 5 ml volume in the spoon and habitual continuos flow of liquid in the bottle. A reliability test was performed among the judges using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Nutritional status was assessed by z-score classification. For statistical analysis were used the Mann Whitney test and the Spearman test. Results: A longer TOTT was observed with a significant statistical difference in G1 (p = 0.029), paste consistency (4.124.54ms) and liquid (5.348,50ms) when offered in the spoon, than in G2 (p = 0.058), respectively, (1.998.30ms) and (640.42ms). There was no correlation between TTOT and z-score in the groups, and the correlation values for G1 -0.254 (p = 0.451) in the paste consistency, -0.211 (p = 0.789) in the liquid consistency in the spoon and 0.144 (p = 0.758) in the liquid consistency in the bottle. For G2, correlation values were found -0.248 (p = 0.520) in the paste consistency, 0.527 (p = 0.361) in the liquid consistency in the spoon and -0.064 (p = 0.881) in the liquid consistency in the bottle. Conclusion: The total oral transit time in paste consistency in children and teenager with neurological impairment with indication of gastrostomy was longer than in children and teenager with neurological impairment who had no indication of gastrostomy. There was no correlation between TOTT and nutritional status in both groups.

Objetivo: Analisar a atividade velofaríngea de indivíduos com disfunção velofaríngea (DVF) aferida por rinometria acústica (RA), comparativamente à aferida por rinomanometria (RM) e videofluoroscopia (VF). Método: Estudo clínico prospectivo em 41 adultos, de ambos os sexos, com fissura de palato±lábio previamente operada e DVF residual ao exame clínico. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: 1) RA (n=41): variação volumétrica da nasofaringe (V) na produção dos fones [k], [p], [t], relativamente ao repouso (redução <3cm3 considerada como ausência de atividade velofaríngea). 2) RM (n=41): área do orifício velofaríngeo (área >0,05cm2 considerada como fechamento inadequado), 3) VF (n=9): extensão da falha velar e do movimento faríngeo (falha >2mm e movimento <50% considerados como inadequados). Para a comparação das três técnicas utilizou-se o fone [p]. Resultados: Observou-se um V médio de 18% na produção do [k], significantemente menor (p<0,05) que a redução de referência (30%), sendo valores de V sugestivos de DVF constatados em 59% dos casos. Resultados similares foram obtidos na produção de [p] e [t]. Na RM, fechamento inadequado foi observado em 85% dos casos, e o V não variou segundo o grau de fechamento. Na VF, a presença de falha foi observada em 89% dos casos e não se observou participação da língua no fechamento. A concordância entre as técnicas foi de 51% (RA vs RM), 44% (RA vs VF) e 89% (RM vs VF). Conclusão: A RA não apresentou acurácia suficiente como método de diagnóstico da DVF frente aos dois métodos-padrão. Demonstra, contudo, potencial como método de acompanhamento dos resultados de intervenções clinico-cirúrgicas. / Objective: To analyze velopharyngeal (VP) activity of subjects with VP dysfunction (VPD) by acoustic rhinometry (AR), as compared to rhinomanometry (RM) and videofluoroscopy (VF). Method: Prospective clinical study in 41 adults, both sexes, with repaired cleft palate±lip and residual VPD on clinical assessment. Variables analyzed: 1) AR (n=41): nasopharyngeal volumetric change (V) during the production of plosives [k], [p], [t], relatively to rest condition (reduction <3cm3 considered as absence of VP activity). 2) RM (n=41): VP orifice area (area > 0,05cm2 considered as inadequate closure), 3) VF (n=9): velar gap and pharyngeal walls movement (gap >2mm and mobility <50% considered as inadequate). The plosive [p] was used when comparing the three techniques. Results: A mean V decrease of 18% was observed during the production of [k], which was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the decrease reported for normals (30%). V values suggestive of VPD were observed in 59% of the subjects analyzed. Similar results were obtained for [p] and [t]. On RM, 85% of the subjects had inadequate closure; V did not vary according to the degree of closure. On VF, a significant gap was observed in 89%; the tongue did not contributed to VP closure. Agreement between techniques was of 51% (AR vs RM), 44% (AR vs VF) and 89% (RM vs VF). Conclusion: Acoustic rhinometry had no good accuracy as a diagnostic method of VPD, when compared to the two gold-standard methods used. Nevertheless, the technique showed potential as a method for monitoring the outcomes of clinical and surgical treatment of VPD.

INTRODUCTION: Computer aided navigation is an important tool which has the capability to enhance surgical accuracy, while reducing negative outcomes. However, it is a relatively new technology and has not yet been accepted as the standard of care in all settings. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to present the development and current state of technologies in computer aided navigation in Orthopedic Spine Surgery, specifically in navigated placement of pedicle screws, to examine the clinical need for navigation, it's effect on surgical accuracy and clinical outcome and to determine whether the benefits justify the costs, and make recommendations for future use and enhancements. CONCLUSION: Computer aided navigation in pedicle screw placement enhances accuracy, reduces the probability of negative outcomes, reduces the exposure of the patient and staff to radiation, reduces operative time, and provides cost-savings. Future investigations may potentially enhance this effect further with the use of innovative augmented reality type displays.

<p>Fluoroskopi är benämningen på kontinuerlig röntgengenomlysning av en patient. Eftersom patienten och även läkaren då utsätts för kontinuerlig röntgenstrålning måste strålningsdosen hållas låg, vilket leder till brusiga bilder. Det är därför önskvärt att genom bildbehandling förbättra bilderna. Bildförbättringen måste dock ske i realtid och därför kan inte konventionella metoder användas.</p><p>Detta examensarbete avser att undersöka hur ortogonala s k. derivataoperatorer kan användas för att förbättra läsbarheten av fluoroskopibilder med hjälp av brusundertryckning och kantförstärkning. Derivataoperatorer är separerbara vilket gör dem extremt beräkningsvänliga och lätta att infoga i en skalpyramid. Skalpyramiden ger möjlighet att processa strukturer och detaljer av olika storlek var för sig samtidigt som nedsamplingsmekanismen gör att denna uppdelning inte nämnvärt ökar beräkningsbördan. I den fullständiga lösningen införes också struktur-/brusseparering för att förhindra förstärkning av och undertrycka bidrag från de frekvensband där en pixel domineras av brus.</p><p>Resultaten visar att brus verkligen kan undertryckas medan kanter och linjer bevaras bra eller förstärkes om så önskas. Den riktade filtreringen gör dock att det lätt uppstår maskliknande strukturer i bruset, men detta kan undvikas med rätt parameterinställning av struktur-/brussepareringen. Förhållandet mellan riktad och icke-riktad filtrering är likaledes styrbart via en parameter som kan optimeras med hänsyn till behov och önskemål vid varje tillämpning.</p> / <p>In X-ray technology, fluoroscopy stands for continuous irradiation. For the sake of both patients and doctors the dose has to be kept low, which leads to noisy images and the question of possible enhancement by digital image processing. Since such enhancement has to be done in real-time, most conventional and available methods are unsuitable.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to examine how derivative operators can be used to improve fluoroscopy images in terms of noise reduction and edge enhancement. Since the derivative operators are designed as highly separable convolution kernels the image derivatives can be computed very efficiently with a scheme that is readily embedded in a scale-space pyramid. In this pyramid, structures and details of different sizes can be processed separately with optimal parameter settings. In the final solution we also discriminate between structure and noise in order to avoid amplification, even suppress contributions from frequency bands where a certain pixel position is dominated by noise.</p><p>Experimental results show that noise can indeed be suppressed while edges and lines are enhanced. Oriented filtering may induce false structures in areas where only noise is present, something that can be avoided by correcting the parameters in the noise/structure discriminator. The relation between oriented and non-oriented filtering is likewise controllable with a parameter that can be optimized for application dependent needs and desires.</p>