Strongmen leaders in the 21st century continue to have a role to play in organizations and business. This research is an inquiry to provide understanding behind the tendency to follow strongman leaders that exist in Eastern Europe. The term strongman leaders have attracted the attention of some researchers, but what lacks in terms of it, is the approach towards it on behalf of Eastern Europe, specifically with a focus in Russia and Turkey due to the fact that these countries serve as the most significant representatives of the area.   The research question which this work aims to answer is “Why is strongman leadership style prevalent in Eastern Europe?” In order to answer the research question, a conceptual model is built along with the literature review and theoretical framework. In addition, secondary data consisting of surveys and case studies conducted by previous researchers are collected in order to provide additional scientific background to the process of analysis. While building and using this model, we suggest that in Russia and Turkey, the prevalence of strongman leadership style is influenced by the history, economy, and culture. In this kind of environment, we think that the leader’s personality matching specific cultural dimensions establish an additional link to the interrelation between the concepts.   The contribution of this thesis stands on providing an understanding of the factors that influence innovation implementation within teams. The research is composed of the introduction, literature review, methodology, analysis, and conclusions which comprise of 64 pages. The bibliography is composed of books and scientific articles.

This research was designed to develop an understanding of today's multigenerational workforce with respect to a preferred styles or characteristics of followership and leadership. Specifically this research sought to determine if there was a relationship between an individual's generational cohort and the preferred styles of leadership and followership, as measured by implicit theories of leadership and followership. Therefore, this study draws upon generational theory (Mannheim, 1952), implicit theories of leadership (Epitropaki & Martin, 2004) and implicit theories of followership (Sy, 2010). The changes in the composition of the US workforce which have occurred, and which will continue to occur in the near future, make it appropriate and timely to jointly examine followership and leadership, particularly from a generational perspective. By examining the various US workforce generational cohorts, the potential exists to uncover additional insight that has been absent from the extant literature. The sample population consisted of Baby Boomer, Gen X and Millennial employees drawn from individuals working for an integrated delivery and financing system in the Northeastern US, as well as individuals recruited via social media (N = 249). The implicit leadership scale (Epitropaki & Martin, 2004) was utilized to measure participant's preferred characteristics of leaders. The implicit followership scale (Sy, 2010) was utilized to measure participant's preferred characteristics of followers. Data analysis was conducted utilizing principal components analysis (PCA) to determine the factor structures of both leadership and followership. A one-way ANOVA was conducted on the results of these factor analyses to test whether there were any differences which could be attributed to membership in a generational cohort. Cluster analysis was also conducted. The results indicated that generation does not significantly influence an individual's preferred characteristics of leaders or followers. Implications for theory, practice and further research are also discussed.

Följare av social media influencers har visat sig kunna påverkas starkt av den information influencers sänder ut och förmedlar på sina kanaler. Hittills har dock inga studier uppmärksammat influencers flygvanor och hur de kan påverka och avspegla sig på följares flygvanor. Den här studien avsåg därför att undersöka om flygvanorna hos följare av influencers kan påverkas av den livsstil som influencers förmedlar. För att svara på syftet ställdes följande tre frågeställningar: Upplever följare av social media influencers att deras flygvanor påverkas av den livsstil som influencers förmedlar i sina inlägg? Upplever följare att de inspireras av influencers resor och reserelaterade inlägg? Använder följare sig medvetet av influencers som en källa till reseinspiration? Utifrån dessa frågeställningar utformades sedan en enkät som lades ut i nio olika grupper på Facebook. Resultatet av enkätstudien visade att närmare 40 % av följarna i viss eller hög grad blir inspirerade av influencers livsstil och resor. En stor del upplever även att inspiration från influencers i någon grad inverkar vid valet av resmål medan en mindre andel medvetet söker reseinspiration hos influencers. Det framgick även att majoriteten av följarna känner att influencers livsstil och flygvanor i varierande grad påverkar dem till att flyga mer. Sammantaget visar studien att följare upplever att influencers livsstil och flygvanor i viss utsträckning påverkar deras egna flygvanor. / Followers of social media influencers has been shown be strongly affected by the information that influencers pass out and mediate through their channels. To this date though, no studies have examined the flying habits of influencers and how they can affect and reflect on the flying habits of their followers. This study therefore intended to examine whether the flying habits of followers of influencers can be affected by the lifestyle that influencers mediate. To answer to the aim of the study the following three issues were raised: Do followers of social media influencers feel that their flying habits are affected by the lifestyle that influencers mediate through their posts? Do followers feel that they get inspired by influencers’ travels and travel related posts? Do followers deliberately use influencers as a source for travel inspiration? Based on these issues a survey was created and later posted in nine different groups on Facebook. The result of the survey showed that close to 40% of the followers to some or to a high degree feel inspired by the lifestyle and travels of influencers. A large number of followers also experience that inspiration from influencers to some degree impact on their choice of destination, while a smaller number deliberately turn to influencers in search for travel inspiration. It also emerged that the majority of the followers feel that the flying habits and lifestyle of influencers in varying degree induce them to fly more. To summarize, the study shows that followers feel that the lifestyle and flying habits of influencers to some degree affect their own flying habits.

Who has never heard anything about leadership? This concept appears almost everywhere: in the classroom, on TV program, in reviews, in books, etc. However, who really knows about the real nature of leadership? Most of you might have a good image of it in mind. However, the reality is far different. How many of you have ever listened to stories whereby people were stressed or were depressive due to their job? In this thesis, we will expose how the business environment is "contaminated" by leaders presenting toxic behaviours. Once toxic behaviours occur in the company, the entire system becomes "alienated", its welfare is undermined. Leaders, in our view, act like snakes which, with its venom contaminate, step by step, their environment. The best way to erase toxins, in such surrounding is to be first aware of its root. For knowing this issue, please, attach your belt, the travel will start …

La mode est partout et recouvre de nombreux secteurs, produits, et concerne de près ou de loin de nombreux individus. La fidélité aux produits de mode soulève différentes interrogations concernant ce qui incite le consommateur à les choisir, à rester fidèle à la mode et ceci malgré les changements incessants propres à celle-ci. Cependant nous n’avons pas relevé d’approche se rapportant à une explication de cette fidélité basée sur les valeurs apportées par la mode au niveau du produit et indépendamment des caractéristiques physiques et/ou des fonctionnalités de ce dernier. Au cours de cette recherche notre intérêt portera donc sur la compréhension des raisons poussant l’individu à s’associer à la mode. L’analogie par rapport au capital de marque (Keller, 1993), nous incite à penser que de manière similaire à la marque, la mode apporte de la valeur ajoutée au produit en comparaison à ceux jugés non mode. Nous introduirons le concept de capital de mode afin d’appréhender cette valeur ajoutée que la mode apporte aux produits. L’analyse qualitative menée confirme les valeurs ajoutées par la mode au produit que nous avons identifiées. De plus, les résultats de l’étude empirique menée auprès de suiveurs montrent, comme cela était supposé, que l’attachement joue un rôle médiateur dans la relation liant le capital de mode à la fidélité au niveau du vêtement et du téléphone mobile. Les valeurs ajoutées par la mode contribuent donc au développement d’un attachement et d’une fidélité de la part de l’individu à l’égard de ce qui est mode dans les catégories de produits étudiés. Notre recherche propose ainsi une explication de la fidélité à la mode grâce au capital de mode. / Fashion transcends domains, applies to almost any kind of product and concerns many people. The loyalty towards fashion products raises questions about why and how products appeal to consumers, despite their constantly varying attributes. Furthermore, little is known about how fashion trends may induce people to stay loyal to fashion products. We are not aware of any other approach that explains consumer behavior on the basis of fashion value per se, that is, that a fashion product is of interest because it is explicitly perceived as a fashion item. We propose a new explanation for consumers’ interest in and loyalty to fashion products. Extending the concept of consumer-based brand equity (Keller, 1993), we propose that consumer-based fashion equity may account for the role that fashion plays, in determining consumers’ loyalty—similar to the way brand equity explains why high equity brands appeal more to consumers than do low equity ones. We introduce the concept of fashion equity to account for the value that fashion adds to products. The exploratory study conducted with followers confirms the values added by fashion to product and the results of our analysis demonstrates that attachment is a mediator in the relationships fashion equity-attachment-loyalty for fashion clothe and mobile phone. Therefore, these values contribute to the development of fashion attachment and fashion loyalty. Our research suggests an explanation of loyalty towards fashion thanks to fashion equity.

This diploma thesis deals with a suitable proposal for a combination of promotional tools on social network sites Facebook and Instagram. In particular, the Reach, Views, and Followers variables will be tracked. In the theoretical part, the basic knowledge of the online marketing environment, knowledge of history and the advantages and disadvantages of classical and online marketing will be defined. In the upcoming analytical part from the described area, will be described potential opportunities for the development of social networking sites, which the author of this work uses to promote cultural events in Brno. The author of this work describes the competitive sites and profiles in the field of promotion of cultural events in Brno. In order to fulfill the stated goals of this work, a combination of paid or unpaid tools and their alternatives on the social networking sites Instagram and Facebook will be formulated.

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The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of leader and follower exchange-relationships when work is conducted remotely, as well as the creation and development of such relationships. The study focuses on remote work in the form of full-time and hybrid solutions, which have become more common for many organizations. The theoretical framework of the study includes theories about remote work, leader-member-exchange, and followership. To conduct the study the authors used a qualitative research method with multiple case studies and semi-structured interviews. The respondents of the study consisted of four leaders and four followers.  The results of the study indicate that reduced physical contact and interaction in remote work pose challenges to leaders and followers in their previous abilities to create and develop qualitative exchange relationships. Furthermore, leaders and followers establish exchange relationships through daily conversations and meetings via digital platforms. These relationships develop through common factors such as social identity, self-categorization, social categorization, human capital, social capital and personal attributes. Similarities in these factors contribute favorably to the creation of high-quality exchange relationships between leaders and followers. Remote work has brought forth new factors critical to developing high-quality exchange relationships, and both leaders and followers have different perspectives on remote work. Leaders find it challenging to lead and support their followers, while followers on the other hand don't think that their job tasks have been significantly affected. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att öka förståelsen för ledare och följares utbytesrelationer när arbetet sker på distans, samt skapandet och utvecklandet av utbytesrelationer. Studien fokuserar på distansarbete i form av heltids- och hybridlösningar, arbetsformer som har blivit vanligare för allt fler organisationer. Studiens teoretiska referensram innehåller teorier om distansarbete, leader-member-exchange och följarskap. För att genomföra studien använde författarna en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med flerfallstudier och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna i studien bestod av fyra ledare och fyra följare. Resultaten från studien visar att den minskade fysiska kontakten och interaktionen vid distansarbete utmanar ledare och följares tidigare förmågor att skapa och utveckla utbytesrelationer. Respondenterna skapar utbytesrelationer genom dagliga samtal och möten via digitala plattformar. Utbytesrelationerna utvecklas genom gemensamma faktorer som social identitet, självkategorisering, social kategorisering, humankapital, socialt kapital och personliga egenskaper. Där likheter i ovanstående faktorer fördelaktigare bidrar till skapandet av högkvalitativa utbytesrelationer mellan ledare och följare. Vidare har distansarbete medfört att nya faktorer är kritiska för att utveckla högkvalitativa utbytesrelationer, samt att både ledare och följare har olika syn på distansarbete. Ledare upplever det svårt att leda och stödja följarna, medan följarna å andra sidan anser att deras arbetsuppgifter inte påverkats särskilt mycket.

The American Civil War is often framed as exclusively masculine, consisting of soldiers, god-like generals, and battle; a sphere where women simply did not enter or coexist. This perception is largely due to the mobilization of approximately six million men, coupled with the Victorian era which did not permit women to engage in the public sphere. Women are given their place however, but it is more narrowly defined as home front assistance. Even as women transitioned from passive receivers to active participants, their efforts rarely defied gender norms. This thesis looks at Confederate female camp followers who appeared to defy societal conventions by entering the male dominated camps and blurred the lines between men and women’s proper spheres. While camp followers could be expanded to include women of the lower class, including black women, laborers, slaves and prostitutes, only middle and upper class white women are analyzed because they were the ones required to maintain respectability. More specifically, I analyze unmarried women, female soldiers, bereaved women and nurses. Barbara Welter articulated and labeled the concept of public versus private spheres, plus the attributes necessary to achieve respectability as the Cult of True Womanhood. The Cult of True Womanhood demanded that women be pious, pure, and submissive within the domestic sphere. It is with this foundation that the camp followers can be analyzed. Their actions appeared to break with the Cult of True Womanhood, but when they explained in memoirs, newspaper accounts, and journals why they entered the camps, they framed their responses in a way that allowed them to appear to conform to the cult.

This thesis focuses on the definition of terms charisma and charismatic authority and its application in new religious movements (NRMs) studies. The first part of the thesis is rather generally oriented and provides a commentary review of the most famous approaches to charisma. In the end, the discussion about various theories of charisma results in its definition from the perspective of Religious Studies. This definition is applied in the second part of this paper afterwards. Second part introduces intricate history of term NRMs and its semantics including sociological typology. Furthermore, it is argued that NRMs are charismatic movements and the author suggests a model of charismatisation degree inside NRMs. These claims head towards the deconstruction of relationship between charismatic leader and his followers. The inner dynamics of charismatisation process is stressed. By referring to problematics of origin, constitution and maintaining charisma within NRMs, this thesis proves that charisma is a relatively common, social and dialectical phenomenon.