The purpose of this paper is to research the relationship between people submitting themselves to their parents¡¦ authoritarian parenting and their managers¡¦ authoritarian leading, and research the reason of family experience extending to company organizations. Conclusions of this research show that the more parents educate their children by authoritarian parenting style, the more their children submit themselves to authoritarian parenting. The younger generation of people are belong to, the lesser their parents educate them by authoritarian parenting style. The more managers lead their subordinates by authoritarian leadership, the lesser their subordinates are satisfied with the interaction of their managers, and the lesser their subordinates submit themselves to their authoritarian leading. The more people submit themselves to their parents¡¦ authoritarian parenting, the more they submit themselves to their managers¡¦ authoritarian leading. The degree of different generation of people submitting themselves to parents¡¦ authoritarian parenting are the same, and submitting themselves to manager¡¦s authoritarian leading are the same, too. The degree of parents¡¦ authoritarian parenting is more than manager¡¦s authoritarian leading, and the degree of people submitting themselves to parents¡¦ authoritarian parenting is lesser than they submitting themselves to manager¡¦s authoritarian leading. The more stimulus generalization effect, people are easier using metaphor to compare family with company organization.

Leadership behavior theory and practice¡ÐResearch of the case Leadership behavior Lee Kuan Yew in Singapore. Abstract Leadship capability is not only inherent, it must be created by leaning and training also. And the leadership should have characteristics, which depends on the surroundings. Basically leadership has three types, which are dictatorship, laissez-faire, democratic. A leader must be responsible for his subordinates, team and superintendents. Excellent morality and advanced knowledge are the requisites for a good leader. The goal of leadship behavior is to prevent the troubles about people and things, then furthermore start his career and make contributions to the peoples. Finally he is to earn the sympathy of the crowd and erect his enterprise. The leadership behavior is show of creative intelligence and skill during solving the problems of ¡§people¡¨ and ¡§matters¡¨. It condenses the moral, wisdom, experience, ability and social relationship of the leader and displays the outstanding enchantment and boldness. It depends on the brain to operate powerfully, make use of main theme, depend on concentrate one¡¦s attention. Leadership is an very important intellect, it needs both theory and applications. In the daily life and the process of dealing the human affairs, people experience the tastes of leading and being lead. However, in the history, it is not difficult to find that some leaders are very prominent and bring happiness to human being, while some are very bad, caused masses in anguish and distressed. The public would justify that he is a success or a failure. Singapore is well known as a ¡§garden city¡¨ as well as a lawful nation. The government is famous for it ¡§being small with strength and being capable with uprightness¡¨. The leader, Lee Kuan Yew is the greatest contributor. Although he is criticized as tyrant, arbitrary, authoritative, he had been always persisting in his idea, not excited by the Western merits, advocacy ¡§Asian Values¡¨ and ¡§Confucianism¡¨ executing his ¡§Eastern authoritarian leadership style¡¨. Under his conduct, Singapore changes from head to feet and is praised as a miracle of ¡§politics and economics¡¨ in the world. Surely, that a country is strong or feeble depends on many aspects but the leader with sapience and characteristics of a statesman plays the main role. As is said, ¡§soldiers moves around their general¡¨, a leader constantly creates environments, then the people become accustomed in the district and go with his action as the leader go along with the timely opportunity, topographical advantage and social harmony. Lee Kuan Yew and his elitist cadres established the stable foundation for burgeoning by means of subjugating, candid, sagacious and practical leading style. We can examine the political leadership manner of Lee Kuan Yew carefully¡HHow he exert the leadership ability to confront challenge, break through predicament, overcome troubles and finally win the victory, shows boldness, intelligent resolution, braveness of a statesman everywhere. Anyway we can learn much more from Lee Kuan Yew.

Strongmen leaders in the 21st century continue to have a role to play in organizations and business. This research is an inquiry to provide understanding behind the tendency to follow strongman leaders that exist in Eastern Europe. The term strongman leaders have attracted the attention of some researchers, but what lacks in terms of it, is the approach towards it on behalf of Eastern Europe, specifically with a focus in Russia and Turkey due to the fact that these countries serve as the most significant representatives of the area.   The research question which this work aims to answer is “Why is strongman leadership style prevalent in Eastern Europe?” In order to answer the research question, a conceptual model is built along with the literature review and theoretical framework. In addition, secondary data consisting of surveys and case studies conducted by previous researchers are collected in order to provide additional scientific background to the process of analysis. While building and using this model, we suggest that in Russia and Turkey, the prevalence of strongman leadership style is influenced by the history, economy, and culture. In this kind of environment, we think that the leader’s personality matching specific cultural dimensions establish an additional link to the interrelation between the concepts.   The contribution of this thesis stands on providing an understanding of the factors that influence innovation implementation within teams. The research is composed of the introduction, literature review, methodology, analysis, and conclusions which comprise of 64 pages. The bibliography is composed of books and scientific articles.

The aim is to examine how teachers view their leadership, how leadership is used and developed, and what kind of perceptions teachers have of leadership and how it is important to their students. My questions are:  In what ways can the teachers develop their leadership? In what ways can the teachers make use of leadership in the classroom? What do the teachers in the study consider to be a good leadership? What do the teachers inte the study think of their leadership and its´ importance to students? The study uses a qualitative research method and consists of interviews with four teachers working in a school south of Stockholm. The results of the study shows that teachers´ leadership in the classroom has a significance for students´ learning and development. The teachers´style of leadership should not be static and should be adapted to students´development level. The results also shows that teachers´ leadership in the classroom is about various tasks. The conclusions are that the teacher in her/his leadership needs to be democratic and allow students to affect the activities in the classroom, but also use an authoritarian leadership to get an effective classroom.

Covid-19 pandemin har påverkat hela samhället på olika sätt. Vård-och omsorgsbranschen är en bransch som har drabbats hårt då det har lett till stora påfrestningar inom äldreomsorgen, vilket i sin tur har lett till omställningar i arbetssätt. Detta har resulterat i ökade krav på bland annat enhetschefer och medarbetare som verkar inom denna bransch. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att undersöka hur enhetschefer inom vård- och omsorgsorganisationer anpassar sitt ledarskap under en kris. För att besvara studiens syfte har det formulerats en forskningsfråga som berör hur enhetschefer har anpassat sitt ledarskap under coronakrisen.Denna uppsats vill undersöka ledarnas uppfattningar och egna berättelser av hur deras ledarskap har anpassats under krisen. Därmed utgår studien ifrån ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt där data har samlats in genom att utföra semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju enhetschefer som arbetar inom vård- och omsorgsbranschen. Studien är baserad på teorier och litteratur som handlar om ledarskap inom vård- och omsorgsbranschen, hur ledarskap anpassar sig till olika situationer samt ledarskap i kris. Därtill har studien utgått ifrån två huvudsakliga ledarstilar vilka är det demokratiska och auktoritära ledarskapet. Resultatet av studien visar att ledarskapet inom vård- och omsorgsbranschen präglas av en demokratisk ledarstil men att ledarskapet anpassades under coronakrisen till en mer auktoritär ledarstil. Studien är skriven på svenska. / It is without question that the covid-19 has brought about one of the most unprecedented healthcare crises of our time. The healthcare industry is an industry that has been greatly affected as it has led to great strains in elderly care, which has led to changes in working methods. This has resulted in a rise in demand for unit managers and workers in this sector, among other things. The study's primary goal is to determine whether and how unit managers within healthcare organizations adapt their leadership during a crisis, such as the covid-19 pandemic. In order to address the study's intent, a research question has been formulated that focuses on how unit managers have adapted their leadership during the corona crisis. This essay seeks to examine the leaders’ perceptions and own stories of how their leadership has been adapted during the crisis. Thus, the study is based on a qualitative approach where data has been collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with seven unit managers working in the healthcare industry. The research is focused on theories and literature on leadership in the healthcare sector, how leadership adapts to various circumstances and leadership in crisis with focus on democratic and authoritarian principles. According to the study's findings, leadership in the healthcare industry is characterized by a democratic leadership style however was developed into a more authoritarian leadership style during the covid-19 crisis. This study is written in Swedish.

The purpose of the study was to investigate what employees in fine-dining restaurants perceive to be desirable characteristics of a leader based on transformative, transactional, and authoritarian leadership. The study was qualitative and used a deductive thematic analysis with eight semi-structured interviews. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) designed by Bass (1985) and authoritarian leadership was used as the theoretical background.   The two requirements to participate was for the respondents to have worked in a fine-dining restaurant within the last two years. The results showed that the desirable characteristics of a leader were committed, encouraging, solution-oriented, creative, patient, responsive, caring, ambitious, relationship-building, and communicative. The desirable qualities characterize a transformative leadership. The results of the study may be relevant to the development of leadership in fine-dining restaurants.

Det finns idag mycket kunskap om vilka faktorer som leder till ökat resultat för eleverna. Trots det har vi i Sverige fortfarande en hög andel elever som inte når gymnasiebehörighet i årskurs 9. På den skola jag är verksam som rektor gjordes en nulägesanalys höstterminen 2016 inför ett samverkansprojekt med Skolverket; resultatet av den analysen visar på hur arbetslagsledarna är en outnyttjad resurs. Deras uppdrag har mer kommit att handla om att förmedla information från rektor till laget och att leda lagmöten, än att leda skolutvecklingsprocesser. Mot bakgrund av ovanstående ställer jag följande frågor:  1) Vilket ledarskap utövar arbetslagsledare i olika situationer? 2)  Hur kan arbetslagsledarens syn på det egna uppdraget förstås? 3)  På vilket sätt påverkar olika bakgrundsvariabler hur arbetslagsledaren utövar sitt ledarskap? Ett antal hypoteser ställs upp i syfte att försöka besvara frågorna och datainsamling sker genom att en enkät skickas ut till arbetslagsledare i olika grundskolor. De bakgrundsvariabler som prövas är: kön, tid på arbetsplatsen, tid som arbetslagsledare, hur uppdraget tilldelats, storleken på laget, förstelärare eller inte, och vilken huvudman respondenten har.  Respondenterna får läsa sex olika scenarier och därefter ta ställning till olika handlingsalternativ, utformade utifrån fyra olika teorier om ledarskap: abdikerat ledarskap, auktoritärt ledarskap, kommunikativt ledarskap och etiskt ledarskap. Det finns även ett femte alternativ där respondenten har möjlighet till ett eget alternativ.  Resultatet av undersökningen visar att den ledarskapsstil som arbetslagsledare, oberoende av bakgrund, i högsta grad väljer är den etiskt-kommunikativa ledarskapsstilen, förutom i scenario 1. Vilket handlar om att hantera ett ärende där en kollega inte följer de normer och värden som finns för skolan. Vidare visar en analys av resultatet att det behöver finnas en tydlig uppdragsbeskrivning med ett tydligt mandat som ska vara känt av alla. Då skapas större förutsättningar för arbetslagsledaren att leda de nödvändiga processerna mot ökad måluppfyllelse. / There is a lot of knowledge today about factors that lead to increased results for the students. Nevertheless, in Sweden, we still have a high proportion of students who do not reach secondary competence in grade 9. At the school where I am principal, an analysis was conducted in the autumn term 2016 for a collaboration project with the Swedish National Agency for Education. The result of this analysis shows how the team leaders are an unutilized resource, whose mission has become more about mediate information from the principal to the team and conducting team meetings, than to lead school development processes.  In view of this, I ask the following questions:  1)    Which leaderships do team leaders practise in different situations? 2)    How can team leaders view for their own mission understands? 3)    In what way do different background variables affect the way the team leader practise her leadership?  A number of hypotheses are set up in purpose to try to answer these questions and data collection is done by sending questionnaires to team leaders in various elementary schools. The background variables tested are: gender, time at workplace, time as team leader, how the assignment is assigned, the size of the team, first teacher or not, and what head of school the respondent has.  The respondents reads six different scenarios and then take a stand in different action options, based on the theories of four different leaderships: abdicated leadership, authoritative leadership, communicative leadership, and ethical leadership. There is also a fifth option where the respondent is given the opportunity an alternative of her own.  The result of the survey shows that the leadershipstyle that team leaders, regardless of  background, choose to the highest degree is the ethical-communicative. Except in scenario 1 which is about managing a case where a colleague does not comply with the norms and values ​​of the school. An analysis of the result also shows that there must be a clear mission statement with a clear mandate that should be known by everyone. This will create greater prerequisites for the team leader to lead the necessary processes towards increased goal achievement.

Titel: Ledarskap i den kreativa processen: En studie om dataspelsföretag Problem: I dagsläget finns det brister på studier som fokuserar på olika ledarskapsperspektivs påverkan på kreativitet inom arbetsgrupper. Hur ledarskap formas och ledarskapets roll i den kreativa processen saknas det information om, speciellt inom kreativt intensiva industrier. Stor del av tidigare forskning fokuserar på länder som USA och Japan, men inte Sverige. Dataspelsindustrin är en snabbföränderlig industri, därmed finns det flera utmaningar och affärsmöjligheter som organisationer möjligtvis saknar kunskap om. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en förståelse för hur ledarskapet ser ut i den kreativa processen i dataspelsföretag. Samtidigt vill vi bidra med kunskap och förståelse om ledarskapets inflytande på den kreativa processen. Metod: Undersökningen utgick från samhällsvetenskapligt tolkningsperspektiv med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi.  Fenomenologisk ansats har använts för att fånga intervjupersonernas upplevelser av ledarskapet i den kreativa processen i dataspelsindustrin med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Forskningsansatsen var abduktiv då forskarna pendlade konstant mellan data och kända teorier vid sökandet efter de mest sannolika förklaringarna. Vid bearbetning av data användes en fenomenografisk dataanalysmodell. Slutsats: Olika ledarskapsperspektiv fungerar olika under olika omständigheter. Enligt den teoretiska referensramen utesluter inte en ledarskapsteori nödvändigtvis en annan utan aspekter av olika ledarskapsteorier går att kombinera. Eftersom att det finns många olika typer av dataspelsföretag är det viktigt att förstå den egna organisationen och vara öppen för att plocka aspekter från olika ledarskapsteorier och skräddarsy ett ledarskapsperspektiv som passar organisationens kontext. / Title: Leadership in the creative process: A study about small computer game companies. Problem: Currently there is a lack of studies that focus on different leadership perspectives effect on creativity within groups. There is a lack of information about how leadership shapes and the leadership’s role in the creative process, especially in creative intensive industries. A big part of previous research focuses on countries like USA and Japan, but not Sweden. The computer game industry is a fast changing industry, therefore there are many challenges and business opportunities that organizations might lack knowledge about. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to gain an understanding for what leadership in the creative process in small computer game companies look like. At the same time we want contribute knowledge and understanding about the leadership's influence on the creative process. Method: The study is based on a interpretive social science perspective with a qualitative research strategy. A phenomenological approach has been used to capture the respondent's’ experience of leadership in the creative process in the computer game industry with the help of semi structured interviews. The research approach was abductive due to the researchers constantly going between data and known theories when searching after the most probable explanations. During processing of data a phenomenographic data analysis model was used. Conclusion: Different leadership perspectives work differently under different circumstances. According to the theoretical framework leadership theories does not necessarily exclude one from another, rather aspects from different leadership theories are combinable. Since there are many kinds of computer game companies it is imperative to understand one’s own organization and to be open to pick aspects from different leadership theories to tailor a leadership perspective that fits the organization's context.

Det finns flera ledarskapsarketyper, några mer välkända än andra. En ledarstil som harstuderats under lång tid är den auktoritära som i korta drag kan beskrivas som enväldig och kontrollerande. Syftet i denna kvalitativa studie är att utforska den auktoritära ledarskapsstilen och finna paralleller mellan managementlitteratur och framställningen av en fiktiv auktoritärledare. För att besvara våra frågeställningar har vi utifrån relevant managementlitteratur tagit fram en analysmodell. Med hjälp av den framtagna modellen har vi analyserat en fiktiv ledare och visat hur en tv-serie framställer den auktoritära ledarens handlingar och vilka effekter dennes agerande får hos de ledda. Vår studie visar att det finns kopplingar mellanporträtteringen av den auktoritära ledaren i managementlitteratur, och den auktoritära ledaren i fiktionen. Uppsatsens språk är svenska. / There are several leadership archetypes, some more well known than others. A leadership style which has been studied for a long time is the authoritarian. It can briefly be described as sovereign and controlling. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the authoritarian leadership style and find parallels between management literature and the portrayal of a fictitious authoritarian leader. To answer our questions we have developed a model based on relevant management literature. With the help of the developed model we have analyzed a fictitious leader. We demonstrate how a television series depicts the actions of the authoritarian leader and the effects his actions have on his subordinates. Our study shows that there are links between the portrayal of the authoritarian leader in management literature and the authoritarian leader in fiction. The language of the essay is Swedish.

過去的研究多認為領導者若採用威權領導風格，對組織創新行為會有負面的影響。而本研究選擇基層公部門組織「臺北市大同區公所」進行個案研究，並觀察到該機關的領導者雖然以威權方式領導，但組織卻從各項評比落後的窘境，逐漸展現出諸多與其他區公所不同的創新服務，甚至因此獲得第六屆政府服務品質獎的殊榮。經過深入訪談及文獻分析之後，發現該機關正因為領導者重視「紀律」的威權風格，任期長又讓紀律深化落實到組織中，加上首長主動提出創新服務，並在機關內建立「制度」藉以養成同仁的創新習慣，又機關內高流動率的人力結構形成為年輕有幹勁的初任公務人力，紀律的壓力使組織成員產生團結的情誼與向心力，因此讓大同區公所在我國傳統的科層官僚體系中，成功展現出大不同的創新風貌。只可惜區公所囿於其定位與功能的限制，且官僚體系內創新的誘因制度尚未完善，因此無法將其蘊藏的創新能量發揮的淋漓盡致，目前做為引領我國政府創新改造的政府服務品質獎，也未有明確的追蹤機制，因此機關的創新作為能否內化成公部門的組織文化，仍有待後續觀察。 / While new technologies, ideas, and values keep emerging, innovation has been emphasized by public as well as private organizations to meet the expectations of their clients. Factors contributing to an innovation-oriented organization have widely been detected, seldom any studies would endorse the idea that an authoritarian leadership would facilitate the innovation. By examining the case of “Tatung District Office” of Taipei City, this study points out some conditions that actually makes an iron-fist leading style an essential contributor to successful initiatives of innovation. Through in-depth interviews and participatory observation, this study presents evidence about the effects of personal engagement of the leader and stable tenure in indoctrinating the innovation attitude to the subordinates. This study also provides some discussion on institutional settings for the bureaucratic system to avoid maintaining idle in facing rapid environmental changes.