Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis tiene como objetivo ofrecer estrategias que permitan incrementar la rentabilidad del cultivo de caqui "Rojo Brillante" mediante la valorización de los excedentes y destríos generados en los almacenes. La tesis aborda como objetivos principales la obtención de productos e ingredientes deshidratados con alto contenido en compuestos bioactivos y la evaluación de la digestibilidad in vitro de los mismos. La primera estrategia consistió en obtener caquis semisecos mediante secado "natural" evaluando la necesidad de aplicar un tratamiento previo de desastringencia. El tratamiento de secado en los caquis astringentes disminuyó significativamente el contenido en taninos solubles responsables de la astringencia de la fruta, alcanzando valores similares a los presentes en el caqui no astringente. Además, se observó que, el color de la pulpa permaneció con un tono anaranjado y poco pardeado cuando se partió de caqui astringente, por lo que no sería recomendable la aplicación de un tratamiento previo de desastringencia. Una segunda estrategia se centró en la liofilización para obtener snacks de caqui de alta calidad, al ser éste un tratamiento que permite obtener productos o ingredientes con alto valor añadido. Se establecieron las condiciones óptimas de procesado y almacenamiento mediante la obtención de los valores de humedad y actividad del agua críticos que garantizasen el estado vítreo de la matriz, evitando un aumento en la tasa de reacciones de deterioro, cambios de textura y color, y la pérdida de los compuestos bioactivos de la fruta. Como última estrategia se utilizó el tratamiento de secado por aire caliente en caqui astringente y no astringente, en distintos estados de madurez, para obtener snacks de caqui. Los snacks desarrollados presentaron un tono más anaranjado, en comparación con la fruta fresca, y menor contenido en taninos solubles. Se observó una alta correlación entre el nivel de astringencia percibido por los consumidores y la disminución del contenido en taninos solubles. Los snacks obtenidos a partir de caqui astringente en etapas de madurez avanzadas fueron igualmente aceptados por los consumidores que los obtenidos a partir de caqui no astringente. Seguidamente se estudió el efecto del secado con aire caliente y del estado de madurez sobre la fracción de carotenoides mediante diferentes técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas como la fotoluminiscencia. El secado no afectó al contenido en carotenoides, pero disminuyó la capacidad antioxidante de los snacks. La fotoluminiscencia evidenció la isomerización de carotenoides y la formación de productos de degradación térmica, por lo que ambos hechos podrían explicar la pérdida de capacidad antioxidante en el caqui sometido a tratamientos de secado por aire caliente. Por último, se llevaron a cabo estudios de digestión in vitro. La recuperación de taninos solubles en la fase del intestino delgado fue mayor en los snacks obtenidos mediante secado por aire caliente que en la fruta fresca y en los snacks liofilizados. Los snacks obtenidos a partir de caqui no astringente presentaron un índice de recuperación de taninos solubles mayor que los obtenidos a partir de caqui astringente. Los taninos insolubles llegaron intactos a la fracción no absorbida, por lo que podrían llegar al colon y ejercer su potencial antioxidante. / [CA] La present tesi té com a objectiu oferir estratègies que permeten incrementar la rendibilitat del cultiu de caqui "Roig Brillant" mitjançant la valorització dels excedents i destriaments generats en els magatzems. La tesi aborda com a objectius principals l'obtenció de productes i ingredients deshidratats amb alt contingut en compostos bioactius i l'avaluació de la digestibilitat in vitro d'aquests. La primera estratègia va consistir a obtindre caquis semisecs mitjançant assecat "natural" avaluant la necessitat d'aplicar un tractament previ de desastringència. El tractament d'assecat en els caquis astringents va disminuir significativament el contingut en tanins solubles responsables de la astringència de la fruita, aconseguint valors similars als presents en el caqui no astringent. A més, es va observar que, el color de la polpa va romandre amb un to ataronjat i poc marró quan es va partir de caqui astringent, per la qual cosa no seria recomanable l'aplicació d'un tractament previ de desastringència. Una segona estratègia es va centrar en la liofilització per a obtindre snacks de caqui d'alta qualitat, en ser aquest un tractament que permet obtindre productes o ingredients amb alt valor afegit. Es van establir les condicions òptimes de processament i emmagatzematge mitjançant l'obtenció dels valors d'humitat i activitat de l'aigua crítics que garantiren l'estat vitri de la matriu, evitant un augment en la taxa de reaccions de deterioració, canvis de textura i color, i la pèrdua dels compostos bioactius de la fruita. Com a última estratègia es va utilitzar el tractament d'assecat per aire calent en caqui astringent i no astringent, en diferents estats de maduresa, per a obtindre snacks de caqui. Els snacks desenvolupats van presentar un to més ataronjat, en comparació amb la fruita fresca, i menor contingut en tanins solubles. Es va observar una alta correlació entre el nivell de astringència percebut pels consumidors i la disminució del contingut en tanins solubles. Els snacks obtinguts a partir de caqui astringent en etapes de maduresa avançades van ser igualment acceptats pels consumidors que els obtinguts a partir de caqui no astringent. Seguidament es va estudiar l'efecte de l'assecat amb aire calent i de l'estat de maduresa sobre la fracció de carotenoids mitjançant diferents tècniques quantitatives i qualitatives com la fotoluminiscència. L'assecat no va afectar el contingut en carotenoids, però va disminuir la capacitat antioxidant dels snacks. La fotoluminiscència va evidenciar la isomerització de carotenoids i la formació de productes de degradació tèrmica, per la qual cosa tots dos fets podrien explicar la pèrdua de capacitat antioxidant en el caqui sotmés a tractaments d'assecat per aire calent. Finalment, es van dur a terme estudis de digestió in vitro. La recuperació de tanins solubles en la fase de l'intestí prim va ser major en els snacks obtinguts mitjançant assecat per aire calent que en la fruita fresca i en els snacks liofilitzats. Els snacks obtinguts a partir de caqui no astringent van presentar un índex de recuperació de tanins solubles major que els obtinguts a partir de caqui astringent. Els tanins insolubles van arribar intactes a la fracció no absorbida, per la qual cosa podrien arribar al còlon i exercir el seu potencial antioxidant. / [EN] This thesis proposes different strategies to increase the profitability of "Rojo Brillante" persimmon by valuing the surpluses and discarded fruit generated in the warehouses. This thesis addresses the development of dehydrated products and ingredients with a high content of bioactive compounds and the evaluation of their in vitro digestibility. The first strategy was to obtain semidry persimmons by "natural" drying, evaluating the need to apply a previous desastringency treatment. The drying treatment in the astringent persimmons significantly decreased the soluble tannin content responsible for the astringency of the fruit, reaching values similar to those present in the non-astringent persimmon. In addition, the color of the pulp remained with an orange hue angle and moderate browning, when astringent persimmon was used, thus the application of a previous desastringency treatment would not be recommended. A second strategy focused on freeze-drying to obtain high-quality persimmon snacks, as a treatment that allows obtaining products or ingredients with high added value. Optimum processing and storage conditions were established by obtaining the critical water content and water activity values that would guarantee the glassy state, avoiding an increase in the rate of deterioration reactions, changes in texture and color, and the loss of bioactive compounds in the fruit. As a last strategy, the hot air-drying treatment was used in astringent and non-astringent persimmon, in different ripening stages, to obtain persimmon snacks. The snacks had a more orange hue angle, compared to fresh fruit, and lower soluble tannin content. A high correlation was observed between the level of astringency perceived by consumers and the decrease in soluble tannin content. Snacks obtained from astringent persimmon in advanced ripening stages were equally accepted by consumers as non-astringent ones. Then, the effect of hot air drying and the ripening stage on the carotenoid fraction was studied using different quantitative and qualitative techniques such as photoluminescence. Hot air-drying did not affect the carotenoid content but decreased the antioxidant capacity of the snacks. The photoluminescence evidenced the isomerization of carotenoids and the formation of thermal degradation products. Both facts could explain the loss of antioxidant capacity in persimmon subjected to hot air-drying treatments. Lastly, in vitro digestion studies were carried out. The recovery of soluble tannins in the small intestine phase was higher in the snacks obtained by hot air drying than in the fresh fruit and the freeze-dried snacks. The snacks obtained from non-astringent persimmon had a higher recovery index of soluble tannin than those obtained from astringent persimmon. The insoluble tannins reached the unabsorbed fraction intact, so that they could reach the colon and exert their potential antioxidant capacity. / The authors thank the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades for the financial support given throughout Project RTA2017-00045-C02-02 / Martínez González, C. (2021). Tratamientos de secado para la obtención de ingredientes de alto valor nutritivo a partir del destrío postcosecha de caqui [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180348 / TESIS / Compendio

<p>  </p> <p>The ever-growing interest in novel food ingredients and their dietary influence on human health and wellbeing has driven the study of bioactive peptides (BAP). BAP are protein-derived fragments composed of (2-20 amino acids) that could positively affect bodily function and chronic diseases. This dissertation explores the health-promoting properties of a novel source of BAPs, namely canary seed, by encompassing three specific aims: 1) evaluate the <em>in vitro </em>potential of hairless canary seed peptides (CSP) as a nutraceutical ingredient, 2) develop an understanding of CSP's bioavailability and molecular interactions with its biological targets, and 3) evaluate CSP's antioxidant and antiobesity activity at the organism level using a nematode (<em>C. elegans</em>) and murine (C57BL/6J mice) model, respectively. First, CSP were generated by implementing mechanical oil extraction followed by commercial enzymatic hydrolysis with Alcalase™. In addition, CSP were also subject to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) to assess their gastric stability and <em>in vitro</em> bioavailability. The results showed that canary seed proteins were mainly composed of prolamins fractions followed by glutelins, globulins, and albumins. CSP extracts with low molecular weight (< 3 kDa and 3–10 kDa) showed the highest bioactivity. Furthermore, after SGD, CSP inhibitory activity remained stable toward angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), and pancreatic lipase but unstable for α-glucosidase. The digested peptides were transported efficiently (>10%) through the Caco-2 monolayer, indicating a potential high absorption capacity through the intestinal epithelium. During kinetic analysis by Lineweaver-Burk plots, it was observed that CSP-SGD interacted by mixed-type inhibition for DPP-IV and α-glucosidase, non-competitive inhibition for ACE, and uncompetitive inhibitor for pancreatic lipase. Furthermore, CSP-SGD were especially potent as antihypertensive (ACE inhibitors) and antiobesity (pancreatic lipase) agents. Consequently, molecular docking and <em>in silico</em> analyses were targeted to understand CSP-SGD interactions with ACE and pancreatic lipase. CSP-SGD with ACE inhibitory activity were found to be rich in proline, glutamine, and cationic residues and could have inhibited ACE by destabilizing the tetrahedral transition state and zinc ions interaction leading to conformational changes in the enzyme structure. For peptides with antiobesity properties, it was also found that arginine, glycine, and hydrophobic amino acids from CSP-SGD hold critical interactions with the lid domain (CYS238-CYS262) of pancreatic lipase, disrupting its proper function and preventing fat hydrolysis.</p> <p>In the second part of this dissertation, the relevant health-promoting properties of CSP were further investigated by testing the effects of peptide supplementation on obesity and oxidative stress animal models. The studies showed that exposure to CSP significantly mitigated the acute and chronic oxidative damage in <em>C. elegans</em>, extending the lifespan of the nematodes by 88 and 61%, respectively. Furthermore, it was established that the CSP prevented oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and antioxidant gene upregulation. Concerning this, CSP caused a drop in reactive oxygen species (ROS) to safe levels and induce the upregulation of the GST-4 gene encoding antioxidant enzyme Glutathione S-transferase. Concerning antiobesity properties, the daily supplementation with CSP successfully prevented metabolic implications of western diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice, including preventing weight gain by up to 20%, increasing glucose tolerance, and reducing insulin, leptin, and LDL/VLDL levels in plasma. Likewise, CSP promoted a drop in fatty acid uptake gene, LPL, and fatty acid biosynthesis genes FAS and ACC while unaffecting lipid oxidation genes PPAR-α and ACO in the liver. While both moderate and high CSP supplementation levels exhibit hypolipidemic effects, only moderate levels induce satiety and significantly prevent weight gain. Together, these results suggest that CSP's weight gain prevention depended on a dual mechanism involving lipid metabolism retardation to modulate satiety. Overall, the results presented in this dissertation establish the effectiveness of canary seed peptides as nutraceutical ingredients for antioxidant and antiobesity functional food applications.</p>

<p>In recent years, numerous multistate foodborne outbreaks have been reported that are often associated with low moisture foods (LMFs). The survival of microorganisms in low moisture conditions has become one of the major concerns in the food industry. With the increasing number of recalls, it is necessary to ensure food safety by developing and validating the process parameters. Establishing a thermal process requires a detailed understanding of the inactivation kinetics of the target pathogen with respect to both the process (temperature, time, equipment) and the product conditions (water activity, composition). Along with the most widely used conventional thermal processing, there has been an increase in the demand for natural or minimally processed foods. As a result, many alternative non-thermal processing approaches that provide antimicrobial benefits while retaining the quality attributes of the food product are under investigation. This research focused on studying the inactivation kinetics of foodborne pathogens <em>Salmonella enteritidis</em> PT30 and <em>Cronobacter</em> <em>sakazakii</em> in powdered LMFs using both the thermal and non-thermal (cold plasma) processing technologies. The efficacy of a dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma equipment was tested against pathogens <em>Salmonella</em> <em>enteritidis</em> PT30 and <em>Cronobacter</em> <em>sakazakii</em> in LMFs at 70 kV, resulting in 3.8 log reduction in <em>Cronobacter</em>, and 4.41 log reduction in <em>Salmonella</em> after 5 min of cold plasma treatment in pea protein. The cellular damage to the pathogens was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the reactive oxygen (ROS: OH, O) and nitrogen (RNS: N₂, N₂⁺) species were identified using optical emission spectroscopy. The RMSE for the model was found to be between 0.11 and 0.36 with the low standard error of the parameters (δ, n, and log N₀), which illustrated that the Weibull model was a good fit for the experimental inactivation data. </p> <p>In the thermal processing study, the inactivation kinetic parameters of these pathogens were estimated at 70, 80, and 90 °C at 0.11, 0.22, and 0.33 water activity in pea protein powder. The non-isothermal temperature profiles were simulated by building a two dimensional, axisymmetric heat transfer model of the test cell. The inactivation parameters D_ref, z_T, and z_aw were estimated in MATLAB by using a one-step non-linear regression analysis, which was a combination of the primary log-linear model with the secondary modified-Bigelow model. The model was found to be a good fit, showing lower root mean square error (RMSE) and residuals. Further, <em>Enterococcus</em> <em>faecium</em> was observed to have higher D-values at all the processing temperatures and water activity levels as compared to <em>Salmonella enteritidis</em> PT30 and <em>Cronobacter</em> <em>sakazakii</em>, which provides valuable evidence that <em>Enterococcus</em> <em>faecium</em> can be used as a surrogate microorganism for validating the thermal process for pea protein powder.</p>

Os produtos lácteos probióticos e/ou simbióticos são líderes dentro do mercado de alimentos funcionais e prioridade de pesquisa em diversos países. A presença de bactérias probióticas viáveis e em alto número no produto durante sua vida de prateleira é condição essencial para assegurar o efeito probiótico. As bactérias probióticas apresentam crescimento lento no leite. O uso de co-culturas e a suplementação do leite são técnicas para superar esta dificuldade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as condições de crescimento de Lactobacillus rhamnosus e Lactobacillus acidophilus em cultura mista com Streptococcus thermophilus em leite suplementado com hidrolisado de caseína e proteína concentrada de soro em diversas proporções (3,05 a 17,05g/L). Os parâmetros cinéticos velocidade de acidificação, tempo para atingir a velocidade máxima, tempo para atingir pH 5,0 e tempo para atingir pH 4,5 foram analisados, assim como as características físico-quimicas dos leites fermentados e a viabilidade das bactérias probióticas. A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi empregada visando otimizar a suplementação. O desempenho dos probióticos foi comparado com o leite fermentado pelas bactérias normais do iogurte nas mesmas condições. Ambos suplementos afetaram a acidificação do leite, sendo possível reduzir o tempo de fermentação. Em todos os ensaios, o nível de probióticos obtido esteve acima de 106 UFC/mL, valor mínimo de microorganismos viáveis sugerido por diversos autores para obter o efeito benéfico. Foi possível identificar modelos matemáticos preditivos. / Dairy products containing probiotics and/or symbiotics are leader in the functional foods market and, priority in research worldwide. The use of casein hydrolysate and co-cultures are useful to lower fermentation time, and, in addition, it enhances the probiotic stability. The aim of the work was to verify the growing conditions of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in mixed cultures with Streptococcus thermophiles in milk supplemented with casein hydrolysate and whey protein with different amounts (3,05 to 17,05g/L). Response surface methodology was used to establish adequate relationship of casein hydrolysate and whey protein contents aiming their optimization. The performance of probiotic bacteria was compared with those of yogurt bacteria. The supplements influenced milk acidification. In all experiments, probiotic levels were higher than 106 cfu/mL, the minimal viable number suggested by many authors to have therapeutic benefits. Mathematical models were developed.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade da levedura probiótica Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 em sorvete e barra de cereais, quantificando a população da levedura ao longo do armazenamento (log10 UFC/g) e verificar a aceitação sensorial de possíveis consumidores. Os produtos desenvolvidos foram analisados quanto à composição centesimal, pH, overrun e presença ou ausência de micro-organismos contaminantes. Todas as análises foram realizadas em triplicata. O teste de aceitação sensorial foi conduzido com 70 provadores não treinados utilizando uma escada hedônica estruturada de nove pontos, variando entre gostei muitíssimo e desgostei muitíssimo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste para comparação de médias (Tukey, p < 0,05). O sorvete mantevese com contagem de células superior a 6 log UFC/g por 240 dias e a barra de cereais por 30 dias. O sorvete apresentou valores de gordura (3,9%), proteínas (4,2%) e sólidos totais (35,4%) dentro dos limites preconizados pela legislação brasileira, e semelhantes a outras pesquisas envolvendo bactérias probióticas. A barra de cereais apresentou teor de umidade (8,9%) abaixo do máximo permitido (15%), além de apresentar teores de lipídios (10,2%), proteínas (5,4%) e cinzas (1,2%) semelhantes a outras pesquisas. Não se verificou variação do pH do sorvete por 120 dias, sendo detectado ligeiro aumento (5,6 para 5,7) aos 150 dias. Após esse período, manteve-se constante até o fim do armazenamento. A taxa de incorporação de ar (overrun) no sorvete foi de 44%. Não foi detectada presença de Salmonella sp. e Estafilococos coagulase positiva, além de apresentar quantidades de coliformes termotolerantes dentro dos limites aceitáveis. Os sorvetes probiótico e controle não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram mais apreciados que o sorvete comercial, onde foi observada diferença significativa em relação aos demais. Dentre todas as barras de cereais oferecidas (probiótica, controle e comercial), não se detectou diferença significativa. As notas dos produtos desenvolvidos variaram entre gostei muito e gostei moderadamente, apresentando índice de aceitabilidade superior a 80% em todos os parâmetros avaliados no sorvete e na barra de cereais probiótica. A aplicação da levedura não comprometeu as características dos produtos estudados, porém são necessárias outras formas de aplicação na barra de cereais a fim de se obter maior tempo de permanência do micro-organismo. / The objective of the research was to evaluate the viability of probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG 905 in ice cream and cereal bar, quantifying the yeast population along the storage (log10 CFU/g) and the sensorial acceptation by probable consumers. The products developed were analyzed for centesimal composition, pH, overrun, presence or absence of contaminating microorganisms and sensorial acceptance. All analyzes were performed in triplicate. The sensory acceptance test was conducted with 70 untrained tasters using a structured nine point hedonic ladder, varying between I liked very much and disliked very much. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and test for comparison of means (Tukey, p <0.05). The ice cream remained with a cell count over 6 log CFU/g for 240 days and the cereal bar for 30 days. The ice cream presented values of fat (3.9%), proteins (4.2%) and total solids (35.4%) within the limits recommended by brazilian legislation, and similar to other studies involving probiotic bacteria. The cereal bar had a moisture content (8.9%) below the maximum allowed (15%), besides presenting lipids (10.2%), proteins (5.4%) and ash (1.2%) similar to other researches. There was no alteration in the pH of the ice cream for 120 days, and a slight increase (5.6 to 5.7) was detected at 150 days. After this period, it remained constant until the end of storage. The rate of air incorporation (overrun) in ice cream was 44%. It was not detected presence of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus coagulase positive, in addition to presenting quantity of thermotolerant coliforms inside acceptable limits. The probiotic and control ice creams did not present the significant difference between them and were more appreciated than the commercial ice cream, where a significant difference was observed in relation to the others. Among all the cereal bars offered (probiotics, control and commercial), no significant difference was detected. The notes of the products developed ranged between from I liked very and I liked moderately enjoyed, with an acceptability index over 80% in all parameters evaluated in the ice cream and probiotic cereal bar. The application of yeast does not compromise the characteristics of the products studied, but other forms of application in the cereal bar are necessary in order to obtain a longer time of permanency of the microorganism.

Os produtos lácteos probióticos e/ou simbióticos são líderes dentro do mercado de alimentos funcionais e prioridade de pesquisa em diversos países. A presença de bactérias probióticas viáveis e em alto número no produto durante sua vida de prateleira é condição essencial para assegurar o efeito probiótico. As bactérias probióticas apresentam crescimento lento no leite. O uso de co-culturas e a suplementação do leite são técnicas para superar esta dificuldade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as condições de crescimento de Lactobacillus rhamnosus e Lactobacillus acidophilus em cultura mista com Streptococcus thermophilus em leite suplementado com hidrolisado de caseína e proteína concentrada de soro em diversas proporções (3,05 a 17,05g/L). Os parâmetros cinéticos velocidade de acidificação, tempo para atingir a velocidade máxima, tempo para atingir pH 5,0 e tempo para atingir pH 4,5 foram analisados, assim como as características físico-quimicas dos leites fermentados e a viabilidade das bactérias probióticas. A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi empregada visando otimizar a suplementação. O desempenho dos probióticos foi comparado com o leite fermentado pelas bactérias normais do iogurte nas mesmas condições. Ambos suplementos afetaram a acidificação do leite, sendo possível reduzir o tempo de fermentação. Em todos os ensaios, o nível de probióticos obtido esteve acima de 106 UFC/mL, valor mínimo de microorganismos viáveis sugerido por diversos autores para obter o efeito benéfico. Foi possível identificar modelos matemáticos preditivos. / Dairy products containing probiotics and/or symbiotics are leader in the functional foods market and, priority in research worldwide. The use of casein hydrolysate and co-cultures are useful to lower fermentation time, and, in addition, it enhances the probiotic stability. The aim of the work was to verify the growing conditions of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in mixed cultures with Streptococcus thermophiles in milk supplemented with casein hydrolysate and whey protein with different amounts (3,05 to 17,05g/L). Response surface methodology was used to establish adequate relationship of casein hydrolysate and whey protein contents aiming their optimization. The performance of probiotic bacteria was compared with those of yogurt bacteria. The supplements influenced milk acidification. In all experiments, probiotic levels were higher than 106 cfu/mL, the minimal viable number suggested by many authors to have therapeutic benefits. Mathematical models were developed.

O interesse do consumidor por produtos alimentícios saudáveis e até capazes de prevenir doenças, como alimentos funcionais probióticos, tem aumentado visivelmente nos últimos anos. A possibilidade de se desenvolver produtos lácteos de grande aceitabilidade nacional como o queijo Minas frescal com microrganismos probióticos tem futuro promissor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência do emprego de culturas probióticas compostas pelos microrganismos Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis isolados e em co-cultura na tecnologia de fabricação de queijo Minas frescal sobre as características do produto ao longo de seu armazenamento refrigerado. Os queijos foram preparados com acidificação com ácido lático e 4 tratamentos (em quadruplicata) foram empregados para se avaliar a ação dos microrganismos probióticos: T1 (controle), T2 (adição de L. acidophilus), T3 (adição de B. lactis) e T4 (adição de L. acidophilus + B. lactis). Avaliou-se o comportamento de L. acidophilus, B. lactis, bactérias láticas totais, Staphylococcus spp., coliformes totais e E. coli. Paralelamente, foi feita a determinação do perfil de textura dos queijos através de teste de dupla compressão de amostras cilíndricas, em analisador de textura TA-XT2 (Stable Micro System) e determinação de umidade, pH, acidez titulável e atividade de água. As análises foram realizadas no dia de processamento (dia 1) e após 7, 14 e 21 dias de armazenamento a 5 C. As análises microbiológicas também foram realizadas no leite e no queijo em processamento. A comparação entre os queijos foi estudada também através de análise sensorial, empregando-se teste de aceitação/preferência. Os queijos T4 revelaram-se mais apropriados quanto à multiplicação das bactérias probióticas. Com relação a multiplicação de coliformes, Staphylococcus spp. e bactérias láticas totais, não foi observada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Houve, porém, aumento significativo ao longo do armazenamento para Staphylococcus spp. nos queijos T3 e para coliformes totais nos queijos T1 (p<0,05). E. coli não foi detectado em nenhum dos queijos. A atividade de água não atuou como obstáculo no desenvolvimento de microrganismos, ficando sempre acima de 0,97 em todos os queijos. O pH e a acidez mostraram-se estatisticamente iguais (p>0,05) em todos os 4 queijos. Houve, porém, queda estatisticamente significativa do pH médio e aumento significativo da acidez (p<0,05) nos queijos T1 e T2. Nos parâmetros de textura, observou-se aumento significativo da dureza que é o parâmetro mais importante, na primeira semana para todos os queijos (p<0,05) e nas datas seguintes, tendência à estabilidade exceto para T3 que mostrou novos aumentos significativos (p<0,05) em 7 e 14 dias. A coesividade, a elasticidade e a adesividade mostraram-se estatisticamente iguais (p>0,05) em todas as datas de amostragem em todos os queijos. Na avaliação sensorial dos queijos, não foi observada aceitabilidade diferenciada para nenhum dos queijos. Concluiu-se que o queijo frescal probiótico tipo Minas frescal mostrou-se com propriedades sensoriais, de textura e microbiológicas adequadas e apropriado como veículo para L. acidophilus e B. lactis, porém com melhor desenvolvimento destes quando em co-cultura (T4), associado ao fato deste queijo ter se comportado da forma mais estável dentre os queijos estudados, quando avaliados todos os pontos de variação significativa ao longo do armazenamento. / Functional foods consuming habits have been increasing over the years, particularly in the case of probiotic dairy food. The possibility of developing new probiotic dairy products, like the popular Brazilian Minas fresh cheese, is very promising. The objective of the present work was to verify the influence of the probiotic cultures containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis, added individually and in co-culture during fresh Minas cheese production, over the microbiological, textural and physico-chemical behavior of the product during refrigerated storage. Four treatments were prepared (four times each), all of them were made through direct acidification with lactic acid: T1 (control), T2 (addition of L. acidophilus), T3 (addition of B. lactis) e T4 (addition of L. acidophilus + B. lactis). Microbiological counts of L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium spp., total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli and analysis of pH, acidity, moisture content and water activity proceeded after 1, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage at 5 C. Microbiological analysis was also conducted in milk and during cheese manufacturing process. Additionally, texture properties of cheeses were evaluated during storage, employing a TA-XT2 Texture Analyser (Stable Micro Systems, Haslemere, England), using a two-bite compression of cylindrical samples. Parameters measured consisted of hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and adhesiveness. Comparison of cheeses was also conducted through sensory evaluation after 7 days of storage, using Preference- Ranking test. Cheeses T4 revealed to be more appropriate for growth of both probiotic bacteria, maintaining populations of 6 log CFU/g or above. No significant differences (p>0.05) between treatments were observed in relation to coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and LAB, though Staphylococcus spp. and coliforms increased significantly during storage of cheeses T3 and T1, respectively (p<0.05). E. coli was not detected in any of the cheese and milk samples. Water activity values stayed above 0.970 for all samples, therefore proper for microbial growth. Mean pH and acidity did not differ significantly among treatments (p>0.05). Nevertheless, cheeses T1 and T2 revealed a significant decrease in pH (6.2 to 5.9 and 6.7 to 6.1, respectively) and increase in acidity from day 1 to day 21 of storage (p<0.05). As for the texture profile of cheeses, a significant increase in hardness (p<0.05) was detected for all cheeses studied in the first week of storage, followed by a tendency for stability during the subsequent storage period, except for cheeses T3, for which a significant increase in hardness was also detected from day 7 to day 14 of storage. Cohesiveness, springiness and dhesiveness showed to be statistically equal (p>0.05) for all cheeses and for all sampling days. No significant differences were detected through sensory evaluation between the four kinds of cheeses studied (X0<c2). Results indicated that probiotic fresh Minas cheese presented adequate sensorial, textural and microbiological properties. Therefore, Minas cheese is a suitable vehicle for delivery of L. acidophilus and B. lactis, especially when they are in a co-cultural system, condition which resulted in a slightly better survival rate of both probiotic strains and in a more stable product during refrigerated storage.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo prolongar o tempo de vida comercial do pescado beneficiado, através da utilização das radiações ionizantes, associadas às técnicas complementares de refrigeração, sob a ótica do alimento minimamente processado. Analisou-se os aspectos físicos, químicos, nutricionais e microbiológicos de tilápias da espécie nilótica (Oreochromis niloticus) evisceradas e em cortes comerciais, separadas em amostras irradiadas com 1; 2,2 e 5 kGy e não irradiadas, armazenadas sob refrigeração na faixa de 0,5 a -2ºC, durante 20 e 30 dias. Notou-se que a umidade nas amostras não irradiadas diminuiu, com conseqüentes alterações nos teores de proteína e lipídeos, que aumentaram nos períodos de análise; já as amostras irradiadas mantiveram-se estáveis. O pH foi um indicativo importante para a determinação do frescor do peixe, associado ao índice de bases nitrogenadas voláteis totais (BNVT) e ao nitrogênio não-protéico (NNP) os quais, mostraram-se crescentes para as amostras não irradiadas; enquanto que para as irradiadas mantiveram-se estáveis. O acompanhamento microbiológico para coliformes totais e fecais durante o período de armazenamento, permitiu verificar a eficácia da irradiação, uma vez que, as amostras irradiadas apresentaram contagens microbiológicas abaixo dos valores mínimos estabelecidos pela legislação para pescado, fato que não ocorreu para as amostras não irradiadas. Salmonella e Staphylococcus aureus não foram detectados. Analisaram-se os teores de aminoácidos, em matéria seca, e de ácidos graxos dos lipídeos extraídos das tilápias, notando-se estabilidade nas amostras irradiadas e decréscimo nos valores encontrados para as não irradiadas, nos períodos estudados. Determinaram-se também, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e os resultados mostraram tendência ao aumento conforme o aumento da dose de irradiação. A boa aceitação para aparência, aroma, cor e textura obtida na análise sensorial dos produtos armazenados por um período de 30 dias, mostrou a viabilidade do processo combinado de irradiação e refrigeração quanto à intenção de estender a vida útil das tilápias submetidas ao processamento mínimo. / The objective of this study is to enhance the shelf-life of processed fish, combining ionizing radiation and refrigeration with minimal processing. The physical, chemical, nutritional and microbiological characteristics of the specie Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) were studied in eviscerated samples and in commercial cuts. The fish were separated into samples irradiated with 1.0, 2.2 and 5 kGy and non-irradiated samples. They were stored at temperatures ranging from 0.5&#61616;C to -2&#61616;C for 20 and 30 days. During storage, the level of moisture in the non-irradiated samples decreased and the levels of protein and lipid increased while the irradiated samples remained stable. The levels of pH, TVB-N and NPN increased in the non-irradiated samples but tended to remain stable in the irradiated fish samples. During storage, microbiological analyses for the presence of coliforms proved the efficiency of the irradiation process. The irradiated samples had a microbiological content below the levels established by the Brazilian seafood legislation, whereas the non-irradiated samples had a higher microbiological content and were not in conformity with the officially permitted levels. Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. The levels of amino acids in muscles and fatty acids in oil remained stable in the irradiated fish stored samples but decreased in the non-irradiated ones. Lipid-oxidation, measured by the TBARS test, showed a tendency to increase when the dose of irradiation increased. The storage products after 30 days showed good acceptability for sensorial parameters, aparance, odour, color and texture, so it is possible to increase the shelf life of a minimally processed tilapia using combined irradiation and refrigeration.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions: Smale, N.J. Tanner D.J., Amos N.D., Cleland D.J. (2003). Airflow properties of packaged horticultural produce - a practical study. Acta Horticulturae, (599), 443-450 / Horticultural exports are of economic significance to New Zealand. Only through providing consistently high quality products to distant markets can New Zealand hope to command a premium price. New Zealand's two major horticultural exports, apples and kiwifruit, are transported to foreign markets by sea; either in refrigerated holds on-board cargo vessels or in refrigerated containers. Long transit times mean that conditions in these systems must be carefully controlled to ensure high quality product arrives at market. Effective distribution of air is a key consideration in transport systems. A mathematical model to describe the flow of air in marine transport systems was developed. The model was based on a resistance network framework, relying on simplification of the complex geometry within the refrigerated space to a discrete number of flow paths and points of convergence and divergence. Correlations quantifying the flow resistance of each channel were required. Some of these correlations were already available, and some were developed specifically for this purpose. A general method for predicting the flow resistance of enclosed conduits based on the Darcy-Weisbach, laminar and Colebrook equations was found to be sufficiently accurate for use. The flow resistance of horizontally vented horticultural packages was quantified and the cause of the flow resistance investigated. Entrance and exit effects were found to be significant, and a relationship between vent size and flow resistance was developed. Air interchange between a vented carton and the general refrigerated space was shown to be a significant mode of heat transfer. The effect of vent design on the rate of air interchange was found to be complex. Quantitative relationships between vent characteristics and rates of air interchange could not be developed; however, some general observations were made. Vent size, aspect ratio and alignment were all found to affect the rate of interchange. An existing method for determining in-package fluid velocities was refined to improve the accuracy of data and reduce the measurement time. A low-cost method for measuring airflows in transport systems was also developed utilising thermistors. These thermistor anemometers were used to monitor velocities in four shipments of fresh produce from New Zealand. Three of the four vessels monitored showed large variation in the circulation rate in the period between evaporator defrosts due to frosting. In some cases, frosting was severe enough to cause loss of delivery air temperature control. Management of defrosts was identified as an area of improvement in refrigerated hold management. Validation of the model developed was performed using four systems: a laboratory scale test-rig, a 40' container and two of the surveyed refrigerated holds. Airflow predictions were used with a heat transfer model to predict in-package temperatures. Comparison of measured and predicted flows and in-package temperatures showed good agreement given uncertainty of geometry and input data. The implications of altering a number of operational and design variables in both containers and refrigerated holds were investigated using the developed models. Increased circulation rates were found to increase cooling rates and reduce temperature variability in both types of systems; however, the magnitude of the benefit decreased with increasing circulation rate. Removal of the floor gratings and the use of pallet bases as an air distribution channel was found to increase temperature variability in both types of systems. The magnitude of the increase was small in a 40' container but substantial in a refrigerated hold. The correlations and models developed in this thesis provide useful tools to analyse and optimise the design and operation of refrigerated marine transport systems.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-03T20:45:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA VERÔNICA MONTEIRO MARINHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 14161012 bytes, checksum: 98f60a63c6ac5eb3a86397eec9d5976f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T20:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA VERÔNICA MONTEIRO MARINHO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2011..pdf: 14161012 bytes, checksum: 98f60a63c6ac5eb3a86397eec9d5976f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09 / Capes / O consumo do leite de cabra e de seus derivados é crescente, tendo-se como base, sua qualidade nutricional; no entanto, o sabor forte e marcante tem aceitabilidade reduzida induzindo rejeição em boa parte dos consumidores. A produção de iogurte a partir do leite de cabra combinado com polpa de frutas, pode melhorar as características sensoriais próprias do leite, mascarando seu odor característico, melhorando os teores nutricionais e, por consequência, aumentando a comercialização e o mercado. Assim sendo, objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, a elaboração e a avaliação sensorial, química, física, físico-química e reológica de iogurte de leite de cabra adicionada de polpa de umbu {Spondias tuberosá). Foram utilizados, na elaboração das amostras, iogurte de leite de cabra, polpa de umbu, adicionada nas proporções de 10, 15 e 20%, e sacarose. Realizou-se a caracterização química, física e físico-química da polpa do umbu utilizada na elaboração das amostras. Os dados das avaliações químicas, físicas e físico-químicas da polpa foram expressos em média simples. Nas avaliações químicas, físicas e físico-químicas dos iogurtes os dados foram tratados de acordo com o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, utilizando-se o programa Assistat. Nos iogurtes elaborados realizou-se a análise sensorial por meio de uma escala hedônica de nove pontos, na qual foram avaliados os atributos de consistência, sabor, cor, aroma, aparência, acidez e doçura e aplicados testes de aceitação; os dados foram tratados pelos programas Consensor 1.1 e Assistat, com comparação entre as médias, pelo Teste de Tukey. O estudo do comportamento reológico dos iogurtes foi realizado nas temperaturas 5, 10 e 15 °C, com leituras realizadas emviscosímetro e os dados ajustados com os modelos de Ostwald de Waelle (Lei da Potência), Casson e Mizrahi-Berk. A polpa de umbu apresentou valores de pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, ácido ascórbico e teor de água, próximos aos valores reportados em literatura; em relação à cor, apresentou predominância do matiz amarelo. Para os iogurtes com diferentes concentrações de polpa de umbu o que apresentou as maiores notas médias em todos os parâmetros da avaliação sensorial, foi o iogurte de leite de cabra com 10% de polpa de umbu. Com base nos valores do pH, os iogurtes foram classificados como alimentos ácidos; em relação aos parâmetros acidez total titulável e ácido ascórbico, o iogurte de leite de cabra, com 10% de polpa de umbu, apresentou os maiores valores; não houve diferença significativa entre as formulações em relação aos sólidos solúveis totais (°Brix), proteínas, lipídios e atividade de água. Os iogurtes de leite de cabra com polpa de umbu apresentaram comportamento de fluido não newtoniano com características pseudoplásticas. Os modelos reológicos de Ostwald de Waelle, Casson e Mizrahi-Berk representaram satisfatoriamente o comportamento reológico dos iogurtes de leite de cabra com diferentes concentrações de polpa de umbu. O aumento no percentual de polpa de umbu adicionada reduziu as viscosidades aparentes dos iogurtes. / The consumption of goat milk and its derivatives is growing, due to its nutritional quality. However, its strong flavor has reduced acceptability in a considerable part of the consumer market. The production of yogurt from goat milk combined with fruit pulp can improve the sensory traits of the former by masking its characteristic aroma, improving nutritional content, thereby increasing its commercialization and market share. Thus, this study aimed at the development and sensory, chemical, physical, physico-chemical and rheological assessment of yogurt from goat's milk added to umbu pulp {Spondias tuberosa). Samples of goat milk yogurt and umbu pulp, added in proportions of 10, 15 and 20%, and sucrose, were used to elaborate the samples. We carried out the chemical, physical and physicochemical characterization of umbu pulp used in sample preparation. Data from chemical, physical and physicochemical assessments of the pulp were expressed as means. In the chemical, physical and physicochemical evaluations of the yogurts, data were analyzed in accordance with a randomized design with three replications using the Assistat program. In prepared yogurts, sensory evaluation was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale, where we assessed consistency, flavor, color, aroma, appearance, acidity and sweetness, applying acceptance testing. Data were analyzed with Consensor 1.1 and Assistat programs, and means compared by applying Tukey's test. The study of rheological behavior was performed at 5, 10 and 15 °C, with readings performed in a viscometer and data fit to Ostwald the Waelle (Power Law), Casson, and Mizrahi-Berk models. The umbu pulp showed pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid and moisture content close to values reported in the literature, and, in terms of color, exhibited a predominantly yellowness. For yogurts with different concentrations oíumbu pulp, goat's milk (10% umbu pulp) displayed the highest mean scores in ali sensory parameters. Based on pH values, yogurts were classified as acidic foods; with respect to titratable acidity and ascorbic acid, yogurt from goat's milk with 10% umbu pulp exhibited the highest values; there was no significant difference between the formulations in terms of soluble solids (°Brix), proteins, lipids and water activity. Goat milk yogurt with umbu pulp showed non- Newtonian fluid behavior with pseudoplastic characteristics. Ostwald the Waelle, Casson, and Mizrahi-Berk rheological models adequately represented the rheological behavior of goat milk yogurt with different concentrations of umbu pulp. The increased percentage of umbu pulp reduced the apparent viscosity of the yogurts.