Traditional food is fundamental for the cultural identity, mental and spiritual well-being, and physical and nutritional health of First Nations in Canada. Rapid environment changes including environmental contamination and degradation, climate change, urbanization and industry growth reduce the availability and diversity of traditional foods. This is concomitant with changing lifestyle and an increased prevalence of malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the roles of traditional fish consumption for First Nations’ health in the complex interplays between environmental contaminant exposure, climate change, and food and nutrition security. Data collected from the First Nations Food Nutrition and Environment Study were used. The thesis is comprised of seven chapters presented in three sections. Section 1 addressed the importance of traditional fish consumption for food and nutritional security among First Nations in Canada. With increased income-related food insecurity, First Nations rely more on traditional foods including fish and participate more in fishing and other traditional practices. Nevertheless, many factors such as climate change, governmental restrictions, hydro and forestry operations continue to reduce the availability of traditional fish and access to traditional food sources, land and waterways. Section 2 explored the associations between locally-harvested fish consumption, long chain omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) intake and dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POP) with type 2 diabetes in First Nations in Canada. Dietary POP exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes whereas fish consumption (n-3 FA) showed protective dose-response associations. Furthermore, we found that relatively high POP exposure from fish may outweigh the protective associations of fish on type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the balance of risks and benefits associated with fish consumption is highly dependent on the regional POP concentrations in fish. Section 3 entailed studies on the nutritional benefits of seafood consumption and modelling potential impacts of the climate-related decline in seafood abundance on the nutritional quality of adult diets and cardiovascular health among coastal First Nations in British Columbia. We estimated that projected climate change may reduce the intakes of essential nutrients by 21%– 31% by 2050 relative to 2000. Moreover, hypothetical substitution of seafood with alternative non-traditional foods would not provide adequate amounts of nutrients. Reduced fish consumption and consequent n-3 FAs intake may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in First Nations. Our findings provide important information for communities, fishery governance, local resource managers and public health professionals to promote traditional food systems, nutritional health, food security, and food sovereignty in Canadian First Nations.

The goal of the following paper is to analyse the trade potential for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and China in the trade of food products. Even though the trade in food products is comparably low, there are several reasons why it is worth a deeper analysis. Food security is having an important role in the Chinese domestic politics. Due to environmental, socio- economic and demographic changes, China cannot be self-sufficient and is therefore dependent on food imports. Since the introduction of the One Belt One Road Initiative and the 16+1 framework, China aims to improve the cooperation and trade in food commodities with participating countries. CEE can be a reliable partner because it produces high quality products with comparative advantages. With the help of the Gravity Model, the effects of the 16+1 framework was estimated, as well as the trade potential. Following the results, the introduction of the 16+1 framework has a positive and significant effect on agricultural trade between CEE and China. However, only five countries have potential to increase their food exports to China, while the remaining eleven already exceed their food exports. China on the other hand, is exporting below its potential in most of the cases.

Food insecurity affects as significant proportion of the world's population and hence it typically receives priority attention in global policies associated with poverty, equity and sustainable development. For example, it is the first of the Millennium Development Goals and the second of their successor, the Sustainable Development Goals. Access to sufficient and nutritious food is deemed a basic human right. The latest FAO analysis of the “State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014” reports that 805 million people (approximately 11-12% of the world's population) are chronically undernourished (i.e. do not have sufficient energy intake over a period of at least one year). In sub-Saharan Africa the prevalence remains stubbornly high at 24%, the highest in the world. Whilst most interpret food insecurity to mean an insufficient quantity of food (as measured by the number of calories consumed), the widely accepted FAO definition considers four dimensions of food security, namely quantity, quality or diversity, access and use. Provision of enough calories on a daily basis is not sufficient if the diet lacks diversity and appropriate balance to provide the full range of minerals and vitamins necessary for proper health, or if the food available is culturally unacceptable. Thus, there is a pressing need for more nuanced analyses of food security against all four of the dimensions embedded in the concept. Additionally, it is important that these be measured at more local or regional levels because national statistics can mask alarming regional discrepancies in food security, or amongst particular sectors of society, such as recent migrants, refugees, female- or child-headed households, those vulnerable to HIV/AIDS or the landless, to mention just a few. For example, at a national level South Africa is considered a food secure nation with respect to staple requirements, and access to sufficient food is enshrined in the Constitution (Section 27, subsection 1b), but nationally one in twenty (i.e. approx. 2.5 million people) go to bed hungry most nights, and 23% of children below the age of 15 are physically stunted, severely stunted or wasted, due to the long-term ill effects of insufficient food or of inadequate diversity and quality. At a subnational level, there are marked differences between rural and urban populations and even between geographic areas (for example, the prevalence of stunting amongst boys less than 15 years old is 23% in the Eastern Cape, compared to 12% in Gauteng). Once again, despite being a food secure nation, nationally 40% of the population have a dietary diversity score of four or less, which is a cut-off point signifying poor dietary diversity which makes people more vulnerable to malnutrition and ill health, and in Limpopo and Northwest provinces it is as high as 66% and 61%, respectively.

This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the 2011 to 2012 famine response in Somalia in saving lives and livelihoods, offering livelihood opportunities, supporting quick recovery and complying with accountability standards in the delivery of humanitarian assistance. Understanding the performance and effectiveness of the humanitarian response to emergencies such as the 2011 to 2012 famine in Somalia is important for managing similar large-scale disasters which tend to be more frequent than ever before. It is also vital for addressing the chronic food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. The study was conducted in the Dolow district, Gedo region, Somalia. The study was largely rooted in the qualitative paradigm even though quantitative methodologies were employed to explain certain aspects in order to adequately answer some of the research questions. The case study approach was employed to conduct this study and achieve the research objectives. Despite the need for more evidence-based and local community-driven response to droughts, the 2011 to 2012 famine response was largely relevant to meet the priority needs of affected populations. The response was too late to prevent the death of hundreds of thousands and the suffering of millions of people and the response had to struggle for quite some time to stabilise and reverse a devastating situation. Although the response was not adequate to cover the needs of all affected populations, it had a commendable impact by saving the lives of malnourished children and mothers; minimising suffering from lack of food, water and shelter; restoring livelihoods for host communities; and creating livelihood opportunities for internally displaced families. Compliance with the NGO Code of Conduct and the application of Sphere standards were fair. Strong accountability mechanisms are required to ensure effective beneficiary targeting and curb aid diversion. The beneficiaries of the response stated that they are equally vulnerable to droughts despite an increase in income and agricultural production as a result of the response. Long-term livelihood projects that address structural vulnerabilities and create multipleincome sources are essential for strengthening resilience to droughts. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T21:42:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGIA MAGRI GOMES.pdf: 385526 bytes, checksum: 4fab675c2cb7f3907816ff26e3c26536 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-13 / The Brazilian Worker s Nutrition and Food Security is one in the ways of warranty of health and consequent productivity increase contemplated by PAT Work Food Program that completed 30 years in 2006. The objective of the study is to relate the variation of prices of the commodities of present foods in the worker s meal in agreement with PAT s normative system, identifying possible negative consequences to the Worker s Alimentary Safety in Brazil. The methodology, through the analysis of multiple regression, uses the data of ICV Cost of Living Index of feeding out of the home as proxy the worker s feeding. The foods that presented negative variation with the types of analyzed meals, as the pork and the soy, they can be substituted by others of same nutritional value, as the bovine meat, the chicken and the wheat germ oil. Just the variation of the price of the bean was followed by the increase of the price of the commercial plate, whose alternative is the change in the way of offering the meal to the worker, as the restaurants for kilo. According to the exposed scenery, there are indications that the variation of prices in the food commodities market would have little influence in the final price of the meals, but the discussion around the future shortage of offer of foods due to the increase of the world population and the change of the alimentary patters with the urbanized societies inserts the risk of the Nutrition and Food Security in the political and economical context of the nutrition.(AU) / A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional do trabalhador brasileiro é uma das formas de garantia de saúde e conseqüente aumento de produtividade refletido pelo compromisso do PAT Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador que completou 30 anos em 2006. O objetivo do estudo é relacionar a variação de preços das commodities de alimentos presentes na refeição do trabalhador de acordo com o sistema normativo do PAT, identificando possíveis conseqüências negativas à Segurança Alimentar do Trabalhador no Brasil. A metodologia, por meio da análise de regressão múltipla, utiliza os dados de ICV Índice de Custo de Vida - de alimentação fora do domicílio como proxy a alimentação do trabalhador. Os resultados sugerem que os alimentos que apresentaram variação negativa com os tipos de refeições analisadas, como a carne suína e a soja, podem ser substituídos por outro valor nutricional semelhante como a carne bovina, o frango e o óleo de milho. Apenas a variação do preço do feijão foi seguida pelo aumento do preço do prato comercial, cuja alternativa é a mudança na maneira de oferecer a refeiç ão ao trabalhador, como os restaurantes por quilo. Diante do cenário exposto, há indícios de que a variação de preços dos alimentos no mercado de commodities teria pouca influência no preço final das refeições, mas a discussão em torno da futura escassez de oferta de alimentos devido ao aumento da população mundial e a mudança dos padrões alimentares com as sociedades urbanizadas insere o risco da SAN no contexto político e econômico da nutrição.(AU)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Cassava plays an important role for food security in the tropics, where it is the third main food source. In Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, cassava is a subsistence crop for small farms, who use cassava for human and livestock food. The objective of this dissertation was to adapt and test a process-based model for the cassava crop in subtropical environment of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. We made three modifications in the model compared to the original version in Matthews and Hunt (1994): we considered a third independent clock in the cassava development for the onset of starch accumulation, we replaced the rate of leaf appearance sub-model, by the Wang e Engel model modified for cassava, and we modified the leaf senescence sub-model. Calibration of the model was performed by estimating parameters using the trial and error approach (Matthews and Hunt, 1994) that minimized the root mean square error between observed and estimated values, with total of 16 parameters were calibrated. A total of 25 independent datasets from experiments conducted in four sites of Rio Grande do Sul State (Santa Maria, Glorinha, Vera Cruz and Rio Pardo) were used for testing the model performance and a sensitivity analysis was performed running the GUMCAS model for 17 locations throughout the State of Rio Grande do Sul. In general, the calibration and modifications introduced in the GUMCAS model resulted in good simulations of some key ecophysiological processes such as leaf development and growth as well as of storage roots yield for a cassava genotype adapted to the subtropics. The model was able to capture different environmental conditions accross the Rio Grande do Sul State and with some adaptations for inputting data was able to simulate different management practices such as planting date, plant spacing, plant density, partial above-ground pruning during the growing cycle and two growing cycles as well as the effect of extreme weather events such as hail. / A mandioca tem um papel importante na segurança alimentar nas regiões tropicais, onde é a terceira maior fonte de alimentos. No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é utilizada principalmente como cultura de subsistência nas pequenas propriedades familiares para a alimentação humana e animal. O objetivo nesta dissertação foi adaptar e testar um modelo baseado em processos para a cultura da mandioca em ambiente subtropical no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas três modificações no modelo em relação à versão original de Matthews e Hunt (1994): considerou-se um terceiro "relógio" independente no desenvolvimento de mandioca para o início da tuberização, substituímos o sub-modelo da taxa de aparecimento de folhas pelo modelo de Wang e Engel modificado para a mandioca, e foi modificado o sub-modelo de senescência foliar. A calibração do modelo foi realizada através do método dos mínimos quadrados (Matthews e Hunt, 1994), que minimizou o erro quadrático entre os valores observados e estimados, com um total de 16 parâmetros calibrados. Um total de 25 conjuntos de dados independentes de experimentos conduzidos em quatro locais no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Santa Maria, Glorinha, Vera Cruz e Rio Pardo) foram utilizados para testar o desempenho do modelo e uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada no modelo GUMCAS para 17 locais em todo o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Em geral, a calibração e as modificações introduzidas no modelo GUMCAS resultou em boas simulações de processos ecofisiológicos chave, tais como o desenvolvimento e crescimento de folhas, bem como o rendimento de raízes tuberosas para um genótipo de mandioca adaptado à região subtropical. O modelo foi capaz de captar as diferentes condições ambientais encontradas no Rio Grande do Sul e com algumas adaptações na introdução dos dados foi capaz de simular diferentes práticas de manejo, tais como plantio, espaçamento, densidade de plantas, poda verde, dois ciclos de crescimento (mandioca de sobreano), bem como o efeito de eventos climáticos extremos, como o granizo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-12-09Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:47:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000815365.pdf: 671826 bytes, checksum: a9c77e258df8b3e70217d427902d3894 (MD5) / No Brasil, as discussões em torno do conceito da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) evoluíram para o entendimento desta enquanto efetivação do direito universal ao acesso regular a uma alimentação de qualidade e em quantidade suficiente, tendo como base práticas alimentares, ambientais, culturais, econômicas e socialmente sustentáveis e que sejam promotoras de saúde. Nesse contexto, a tese tem como objetivo geral caracterizar o estado nutricional de pré-escolares, do infantil II, dos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEIs) no Município de Ponta Grossa – PR, distribuídos em dois grupos: a) de observação, composto por crianças de famílias beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e b) de referência, formado por não beneficiárias e comparar os resultados obtidos para crianças de cada um dos grupos. Constituem objetivos específicos: 1. caracterizar e comparar as condições socioeconômicas das famílias dos dois grupos; 2. estabelecer a relação entre as necessidades nutricionais e o consumo de energia e nutrientes, relacionando e comparando as condições alimentares e nutricionais das crianças dos dois grupos à categoria de beneficiárias ou não e às condições socioeconômicas das famílias; 3. caracterizar a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), enfocando seus aspectos históricos e suas perspectivas no Brasil; 4. periodizar a implantação de Programas de Transferência de Renda (PTR) no Brasil, a partir de seus objetivos e alcances sobre as condições alimentares e nutricionais da população; 5. caracterizar as contribuições do PBF para a melhoria das condições alimentares e nutricionais de seus beneficiados, ampliadas pela utilização das condicionalidades estabelecidas. Pôde-se constatar a evolução positiva tanto da SAN quanto dos PTR no Brasil. Em relação às condições socioeconômicas, pôde-se averiguar a renda média das famílias não beneficiárias do PBF, de R$ ... / In Brazil, the discussions around the concept of Food and Nutrition Security (Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - SAN) led to the understanding regarding to ensuring the universal right of regular access to enough and good quality food, based feeding practices that are environmental, cultural, economic and socially sustainable, and also health-promoting.In this context, the thesis has as main objective to characterize the nutritional status of preschool, child II, Municipal Centers of Early Childhood Education (CMEIs) in the city of Ponta Grossa - PR, divided into two groups: a) observation, composed of children of beneficiary families of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) and b) reference, formed by non-beneficiary and compare the results for children of each group. The specific objectives: 1. characterize and compare the socioeconomic conditions of the families of the two groups; 2. establish the relationship between the nutritional needs and the consumption of energy and nutrients, relating and comparing the food and nutritional status of children in the two beneficiaries of the category groups or not and the socioeconomic conditions of families; 3. characterize the Food and Nutrition Security (SAN), focusing on its historical aspects and perspectives in Brazil; 4. periodize deploying Cash Transfer Program (NTP) in Brazil, from its objectives and scope of the food and nutritional status of the population; 5. characterize the contributions of GMP to improve food and nutrition conditions of their benefit, increased by the use conditions defined.It was found the positive development of both the SAN as the PTR in Brazil. Regarding socioeconomic conditions, it was possible to determine the average income of non-beneficiary families GMP, R $ 2,089.82, and the recipient of R $ 1,177.45. Through anthropometric indicators, it was found that the preschoolers, the PBF, had better nutritional indices. Both the beneficiary families, as in not ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-12-13Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T17:59:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000771320.pdf: 1354426 bytes, checksum: cac33285604a73986881ba73a18ce720 (MD5) / Com a transição do comportamento social imposta pelo ritmo acelerado do dia-a-dia, incentivou-se o crescimento do mercado de food service. Paralelamente ao crescimento do setor observou-se uma maior preocupação com a ocorrência de Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos, que frequentemente são associadas ao uso de serviços de alimentação. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o perfil higiênico-sanitário de 35 restaurantes do município de Botucatu-SP. Foram analisadas 272 amostras entre utensílios, equipamentos e mãos de manipuladores de alimentos, antes e após a higienização das mesmas. Para cada amostra, foram investigadas a presença de Listeria monocytogenes e enumeração de micro-organismos mesófilos, coliformes à 35°C, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas foram comparados aos obtidos através da aplicação da Lista de Verificação de Boas Práticas, que encontrava-se em processo de validação pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). De acordo com a classificação proposta pela legislação vigente, 14,3% dos restaurantes foram classificados como grupo 1 (76% a 100% de adequação), 54,3% como grupo 2 (51% a 75% de adequação) e 31,4% como grupo 3 (0 a 50% de adequação). O bloco “abastecimento de água” destacou-se com os melhores índices de adequação, enquanto que a menor percentagem de adequação foi no bloco “documentação e registro”. Os manipuladores, equipamentos e utensílios avaliados representaram importantes focos de contaminação. Recomendam-se melhorias das condições higiênico-sanitárias; maior engajamento dos proprietários quanto à implementação de ferramentas de qualidade; treinamentos de funcionários e supervisões constantes / The transition of the social behavior imposed by the fast pace of everyday, encouraged the growth of the food service market, contemplating meals made out of home. Parallel to the sector growth, it is observed a greater concern with the occurrence of foodborne diseases, when associated with this type of service. The aim of this project was evaluate the sanitary hygienic standard of 35 restaurants from Botucatu city - São Paulo state. 272 samples were analysed, utensils, equipment and the food handler´s hands were collected before and after hygienization. For each sample, were investigated the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, mesofilic bacterias, coliform 35°C, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus positive coagulase. The results of the microbiological analyzes were assessed with a Good Manufacture Practices checklist, which was in the process of validation by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). In accordance with current legislation, 14,3% restaurants were classified as group 1 (76% to 100% of adequacy), 54,3% as group 2 (51% to 75% of adequacy) and 31,4% as group 3 (0 to 50% of adequacy). The section “water supply” was highlighted with the highest rates of adequacy, while the lowest rate of adequacy was observed in section “documents and records”. The handlers, equipments e utensils were showed as important points of contamination. The main recommendations: improve the hygienic conditions; better perform in GMP application among the owners; training for handlers and constant audits

Esta dissertação analisa os conteúdos e interesses presentes no processo de construção da noção de segurança alimentar da comunidade quilombola Maçambique, localizada no município de Canguçu, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir das ações de intervenções dos mediadores sociais, vinculados ao quadro de funcionários da empresa de assistência técnica e extensão rural - EMATER e do Centro de Apoio ao Pequeno Agricultor-CAPA. Parte-se do pressuposto de que esta elaboração oculta uma disputa entre estas duas instituições, em torno dos referenciais da “nova orientação” para as ações de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural no Brasil. Busca-se, a partir de dados empíricos, analisar as condições e estratégias de acesso aos alimentos pelos agricultores, que contribui para a formação simbólica deste referencial incentivada pelos mediadores sociais. Para isto, utiliza-se o conceito de arena, grupos estratégicos e mediação. Trata-se, portanto, de trazer para o centro da análise os conflitos, interesses e conteúdos presentes e um processo vivo de formação desta idéia, a partir da percepção dos diferentes agentes envolvidos. Nesse sentido, procurou-se identificar os saberes e práticas alimentares dos agricultores quilombolas, a partir de uma abordagem antropológica e social. São algumas dimensões empíricas que foram consideradas para o desenvolvimento das análises aqui postas. Assim, identificou-se que as estratégias usadas pelos agricultores na obtenção dos alimentos estão vinculadas a uma rede social, sustentada em princípios de reciprocidade, configurando uma relação didática. Também verificou-se diferentes conteúdos e interesses nas atuações dos mediadores neste processo, ocorrendo uma disputa em torno da percepção da segurança alimentar dentro da comunidade, polarizando duas teses: tecnificação versus exotização por parte dos mediadores. Chega-se a conclusão que estas duas orientações geram uma violência simbólica; além de uma relação de dominação entre mediadores e mediados. / This dissertation, analyzes the contents and interests present in the concept of alimentary safety, as a process of construction in a community quilombola Maçambique, localize in county of Canguçu, on the state of Rio Grande of South, base on work and interventions of the social mediators that belong to the group of workers of the company of attendance technique and extension rural-EMATER and to the Center of Support to Small Farmer-CAPA. It starts with the presupposition that this elaboration, hides one dispute among these two establishments, around of ideas about “the new orientation” for the actions of Attendance Technique and Extension Rural to the Brazil. It looks for, to begin, from empirical data, to analyze the conditions and strategies of accessing the foods by the farmers, which contribute for the formation of symbolic referent, motivate by the social mediators. For this, I use the arena concept of the groups strategic and mediation. So, it’s necessary to bring to the center of the analysis the conflicts, interests and contents present in one system, alive, on formation of that knowledge, to start with the perception of this different agents involved. On this sense, it wants to identify the knowledge and uses alimentary by the quilombolas farmers’, from one anthropological and social approach. They are some of the empirical dimensions that were taking into account for the developments of the analyses considered here. So, it recognizes that the strategies used by the farmers for obtained the foods; it’s connected to one social net, sustained in foundations of reciprocities, which configured one ‘diática’ relationship. Also it verified different contents and interests on the actuations of mediators’ on this process, occurring one dispute around the perception of alimentary safety inside the community that polarize two theses: technicality versus exoticism from the mediators. I arrived to the conclusion that this two guidance’s generate a symbolic violence, beyond one relationship of domination among mediators and mediated.

abstract: In Latin America food insecurity is still prevailing in those regions where extreme poverty and political instability are common. Tseltal communities are experiencing changes due to religious conversions and the incursion of external political institutions. These changes have diminished the importance of traditional reciprocal and redistributive institutions that historically have been essential for personal and community survival. This dissertation investigated the impact that variations on governance systems and presence of reciprocal and distributional exchanges have on the food security status of communities. Qualitative data collected in four communities through 117 free lists and 117 semi-structured interviews was used to elaborate six scales that correspond to the traditional and civic authority system and to inter-community and intra-community reciprocity and redistribution. I explore the relationship that the scores of four communities on those scales have on the food security status of their inhabitants based on their results on the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. Findings from this study suggest that in marginalized communities that many scientists would described as experiencing market failure, participation in inter-community reciprocal, intra-community reciprocal and intra-community redistribution are better predictors of food security than enrollment in food security programs. Additionally, communities that participated the most in these non-market mechanisms have stronger traditional institutions. In contrast, communities that participated more in inter-community redistribution scored higher on the civic authority scale, are enrolled in more food aid programs, but are less food secure. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Environmental Social Science 2015