Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur l'impact des chocs climatiques sur les migrations et la sécurité alimentaire. Le premier chapitre examine les migrations induites par les chocs climatiques en Tanzanie en employant l'approche de iv provbit. Les résultats suggèrent que pour un ménage moyen, une réduction d'un pour cent du revenu agricole induite par le choc climatique augmente la probabilité de migration de 13 points de pourcentage en moyenne au cours de l'année suivante. Le deuxième chapitre tente d'établir si le climat est un déterminant du choix de la destination en cas de migration rurale-rurale. En utilisant le modèle du logit conditionnel, ce chapitre montre qu'une augmentation d'écarts de revenus entre destination et origine de I 0000 shillings tanzaniens, attribuable au climat, augmente la probabilité du choix de cette destination de 2 points de pourcentage. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse au lien entre les chocs climatiques et la sécurité alimentaire. En utilisant les données sud-africaines, cette analyse emploie un modèle de variable instrumentale où la diversité alimentaire, une mesure de l'accès à la nourriture, est déterminée par les prix des aliments instrumentés avec un choc climatique. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une augmentation de pourcent des prix alimentaires locaux induite par un choc climatique diminue la diversité alimentaire de 2,5 pourcent. / This thesis contributes to the literature on the impact of weather shocks on migration and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter analyses whether Tanzanian rural households engage in internal migration as a response to weather-related shocks using an iv probit model. The findings confirm that for an average household, a 1 per cent reduction in agricultural income induced by weather shock increases the probability of migration by 13 percentage points on average within the following year. The second chapter paper attempts to establish if weather acts as the determinant of destination choice in the case of rural-to-rural migration. Employing the alternative-specific conditional logit model, this paper shows that an increase in the expected income differentials between origin and destination by 10,000 Tanzanian shillings, attributable to differences in weather, increases the probability of choosing a given destination by 2 percentage points. The third chapter analyses the food access dimension of food security, and models the link between weather shocks and food security that acts specifically through food prices. Employing an instrumental variable model where household dietary diversity is determined by food prices instrumented with weather shock, this chapter shows that a 1 per cent increase in local food prices induced by a weather shock decreases the number of food items consumed by households by around 2.5 per cent.

Abstract: Northern rural Indigenous communities in Canada are facing many challenges getting regular access to nutritious foods, primarily due to the high cost of market food, restricted availability of nutritious foods, and lack of government support for nutritious food programs. The consequences of food insecurity in this context are expressed in high rates of diabetes, heart disease, and childhood obesity. Many Indigenous communities are responding to issues around healthy food access by attempting to rebuild local food capacity in their specific regions. Important first steps have been taken in developing local food initiatives, yet it remains to be seen what impact these initiatives are having on improving northern food security. This paper explores this question by working with a remote fly in community in the sub-arctic region Ontario to construct a hoop house and develop a school based community gardening program. By using a community-based participatory approach, it was determined that hoop house and gardening initiatives in rural, northern settings have the potential to build up local food production; can develop the skills and knowledge of community members; can engage and involve youth in growing local food; and do align with land-based food teachings. We show that despite widespread and multidimensional community hardships, there was considerable community buy-in and support to the project, giving hope for future development, and providing important insight for those seeking to initiate similar gardening, hoop house, or greenhouse initiatives in northern Indigenous communities. Abstract 2: Indigenous peoples of what is now known as Canada have experienced rapid lifestyle changes as a result of European contact. Indigenous food systems were systematically eroded by the Canadian government, leading to extremely high rates of food insecurity, and diet related disease. The complicated dynamics and interventions contributing to the erosion of local knowledges have forced a dependence on a market-based food system in remote and northern Indigenous communities in Canada. Communities are experiencing a double burden of the unaffordability or inaccessibility of traditional foods from the land, and the exorbitantly high cost and reduced availability of quality market foods largely due to the cost of shipping to these regions. The entanglement of local practices and global food systems is multifaceted and complex, thus the solution to food insecurity challenges are met with the burden of navigating both the local and the global. The purpose of this article is to analyze local meanings around food in a remote sub-Arctic First Nation in Ontario within the context of “coloniality” and global food systems. Drawing from the work of Walter Mignolo, and his concept of “border thinking”, this article explains the complex subsistence practices in the Canadian north and how they are located within a larger global framework. We show that by pinpointing potential “cracks” in the dominant Western epistemic as border thinking, a more useful understanding of food procurement strategies can come to light and offer new direction for culturally appropriate and sustainable food initiatives in the North.

The Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) is a concept that has gained significance quite recently. Its significance has been prompted by the realisation that agriculture alone cannot sustain the poor subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe. This realisation comes amid the growing concern over increased hunger and poverty in the country‟s rural areas due to a decline in agricultural production. Drawing on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) this study postulates that RNFE is a livelihood strategy that can address rural poverty and social transformation in Zimbabwe. Such an approach to rural development can take up the slack and provide the much needed income for the rural communities to survive. However, RNFE has not yet been used as a social mechanism for poverty alleviation in Zimbabwe. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the objective of investigating the prospects and challenges of the RNFE in Seke District. Although the study is focusing on Zimbabwe, the study may also address the problem of rural development in other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study revealed that only a few household heads in Sekewere engaged in both traditional and non-traditional activities. However, the study noted that the household heads encountered many challenges which include; poor market, low income obtained, shortage of inputs, no access to credit and no support from government or other development agencies.Overall, it was recognised that the household heads engaged in RNFE were not realizing the full benefits of RNFE. Therefore, in order to promote the growth of RNFE and make it more productive, the study posits the following key points to be take into consideration by the various stakeholders in rural development; agricultural development, infrastructural development, rural town development, improving access to financial services, facilitating rural-urban linkages and the implementation of development projects aimed at promoting self-employment in the non-farm sector.

This study highlights the contribution of agricultural co-operatives in promoting food security in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Although the dawn of democracy saw the government making efforts to address food insecurity and provide solutions to the challenges related to it a lot remains to be done. As a result, food insecurity remains a fundamental concern in South Africa in particular among villagers in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality. Consequently, the study focuses on the state of Agricultural Co-operatives in the Nkonkobe Municipality and their role in food security. Therefore, this dissertation therefore discusses problems plaguing Agricultural Co-operatives in Nkonkobe. This study highlights the contribution of agricultural co-operatives in promoting food security in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Although the dawn of democracy saw the government making efforts to address food insecurity and provide solutions to the challenges related to it a lot remains to be done. As a result, food insecurity remains a fundamental concern in South Africa in particular among villagers in the Nkonkobe Local Municipality. Consequently, the study focuses on the state of Agricultural Co-operatives in the Nkonkobe Municipality and their role in food security. Therefore, this dissertation therefore discusses problems plaguing Agricultural Co-operatives in Nkonkobe. The qualitative methodology was used because it seeks to dig out in-depth information so as to understand the causes of food insecurity despite agricultural co-operatives and government assistance being in place. The food security situation was analysed using the sustainable livelihoods and basic needs approaches. The findings of the study reveal that agricultural co-operatives face a number of challenges. These include inadequate funds, poor market places, transport problems, shortage of farming equipment and insufficient water supply. In addition, the ability of agricultural co-operatives to make a worthy contribution to food security is being adversely hindered by poor implementation capacity and financial management. This in turn makes them unable to strengthen and expand their business operations. The study suggests that the government or the municipality should build sustainable water sources like dams as well as provide taps in the community to boost productivity all year round in the agricultural cooperatives hence guaranteeing food security in Nkonkobe Local Municipality,the Eastern Cape and South Africa at large.

Esta tese estuda a perspectiva integradora de território associado aos Consórcios de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local – CONSADs. Para compreender as implicações teóricas e práticas desta abordagem, escolheu-se a experiência do Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar, Atenção à Sanidade Agropecuária e Desenvolvimento Local do Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, por preservar ainda uma característica essencialmente rural, com forte presença da agricultura familiar e, ao mesmo tempo, uma desarticulação do processo de produção e distribuição de alimentos, que começou a ser revertido a partir de 2004, com as políticas do CONSAD. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender a experiência CONSAD Extremo enquanto política de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, dentro de uma perspectiva integradora de território. O território, na perspectiva integradora, é entendido como a capacidade do consórcio desenvolver políticas de segurança alimentar de forma intermunicipal e, ao mesmo tempo, construir projetos e ações que integrem as dimensões políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Para atingir este objetivo, buscou-se: compreender o processo de territorialização do CONSAD Extremo enquanto Consórcio Intermunicipal de Segurança Alimentar e Desenvolvimento Local; compreender a economia solidária como instrumento necessário para reduzir a pobreza e garantir a soberania alimentar no território; destacar o processo de cooperação intermunicipal para agenciar as políticas públicas de segurança alimentar, de forma integrada, no território, na perspectiva dos agentes sociais; identificar a percepção dos agentes sociais sobre as estratégias de inclusão alimentar para construir processos de transformação territorial de forma integrada. Os sujeitos pesquisados foram pessoas do poder público municipal e da sociedade civil (movimentos sociais, sindicatos rurais, entidades de apoio à agricultura familiar, grupos agroecológicos) dos 19 municípios do Extremo Oeste Catarinense. Para tanto, escolheu-se uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas com questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, aplicados junto aos agentes sociais do território. Também foram consultados documentos de constituição do consórcio e registros escritos sobre a execução dos projetos, bem como o acompanhamento das atividades do consórcio. Neste sentido, ocorreu uma nova dinâmica, com intervenção, através de projetos de cooperação intermunicipais, que resultou na construção das redes de comercialização dos produtos da agricultura familiar e economia solidária, tornando o consórcio uma referência para o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário na elaboração e execução de políticas públicas de segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento local, com caráter intermunicipal. / This thesis studies the integrative perspective of territory consortia associated with food security and local development - CONSADs. To understand the theoretical and practical implications of this approach was chosen to experience the Consortium for Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Health Care and Local Development in the Far West of Santa Catarina, for preserving a feature still essentially rural, with a strong presence of family farming and while a disarticulation of the process of production and distribution of food, which began to be reversed by 2004 with policies CONSAD. The objective of the research is to understand the experience Consad Far as food security policy and local development within an integrative perspective of territory. The territory, the integrative perspective, is understood as the ability of the consortium to develop food safety policies so intermunicipal and at the same time, building projects and actions that integrate the political, economic, social and environmental. To achieve this goal we seek to understand the process of territorialization CONSAD Far intermunicipal consortium as food security and local development; understand the solidarity economy as a necessary tool to reduce poverty and ensure food sovereignty in the territory; Highlight the process of intermunicipal cooperation to broker public policy of food security in an integrated manner within the perspective of social agents; identify the perception of social agents on inclusion strategies to build food territorial transformation processes seamlessly. Study subjects were persons of municipal government and civil society (social movements, rural unions, entities that support family farmers, agroecological groups), the 19 municipalities of the Far West Catarinense. Therefore, we chose a qualitative approach by interviewing questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions, applied together social actors of the territory. Were also consulted constitutional documents of the consortium and written records on project execution and monitoring of the activities of the consortium. In this sense, there was a new dynamic intermunicipal with intervention through intermunicipal cooperation projects, which resulted in the construction of network marketing of family farming and solidarity economy, the consortium making a reference to the Ministry of Social Development and the Ministry of Agrarian Development in developing and implementing public policies for food security and local development of intermunicipal character.

p. 1-150 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-09T20:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetacao Poliana Palmeira SEG.pdf: 1320547 bytes, checksum: bc2516246eeb4a35dacdb9ce4d4d38a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-10T14:02:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetacao Poliana Palmeira SEG.pdf: 1320547 bytes, checksum: bc2516246eeb4a35dacdb9ce4d4d38a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-10T14:02:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetacao Poliana Palmeira SEG.pdf: 1320547 bytes, checksum: bc2516246eeb4a35dacdb9ce4d4d38a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Artigo 1:A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) ocupa espaço privilegiado na agenda governamental configurando um momento favorável à formulação de políticas neste campo. Por se caracterizar como um fenômeno complexo e multifacetado são necessárias metodologias específicas capazes de identificar como se dá a tradução deste nos diferentes ciclos da vida. Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia de avaliação da SAN e Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (ISAN) no grupo de crianças menores de dois anos de idade. Para tanto, inicialmente foi definido um conceito-guia de SAN para o grupo estudado e identificadas dimensões de análise, a saber: Condições de vida na família e na comunidade, Prática de cuidado e atenção à saúde, Estado de Saúde e Prática alimentar. Para cada dimensão foram selecionados/construídos indicadores e estabelecidos parâmetros e critérios de sucesso. Ao final, para crianças menores de seis meses construiu-se uma matriz com 15 indicadores, 18 indicadores para crianças entre 6 e 12 meses de idade, e 17 indicadores para crianças maiores de 12 meses. O método proposto parece representar o fenômeno estudado, assim como demonstra capacidade para ser incorporado no processo de construção de políticas públicas de SAN. Artigo 2:O espaço consolidado que programas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) encontram na agenda política incentiva a proposição de métodos avaliativos. Diversas são as facetas expressas pela SAN nos grupos populacionais, assim, importa dispor de metodologias que considerem as especificidades existentes. Este trabalho aplica uma matriz de indicadores de avaliação da SAN em crianças menores de dois anos objetivando analisar a capacidade do método de medir o fenômeno e seus determinantes. Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal desenvolvido em 14 municípios da Paraíba/Brasil. Avaliou-se desempenho e especificidade dos indicadores no conjunto da matriz e em dimensões de análise, segundo faixa etária. A maioria das crianças classificou-se em Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (ISAN) leve ou moderada. As menores de 6 meses apresentaram maior proteção. Neste grupo destacouse fatores determinantes para SAN: boa formação da mãe e prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo; enquanto em crianças maiores de 6 meses: renda familiar satisfatória, prática alimentar adequada e boa formação materna. A maioria dos indicadores demonstrou especificidade dentre as faixas etárias avaliadas. / Salvador

A Deficiência de Vitamina A (DVA) é considerado um problema de saúde pública em diversos países. No Brasil, esse problema atinge todas as regiões em diferentes magnitudes. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda a realização de estudos sobre base populacional com os objetivos de se estimar a prevalência da DVA, de definir intervenções, de monitorar as tendências da população e o impacto dos programas de intervenção ao longo do tempo. São considerados grupos vulneráveis à DVA: as gestantes e crianças jovens residentes em países em desenvolvimento. A pesquisa aqui realizada tem como objetivo contribuir para o esclarecimento dos fatores associados à Deficiência de Vitamina A no Brasil. Para isso, foram analisados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. A população investigada foram crianças de 6 a 59 meses de idades (n=4.322) com dados sobre nível de retinol sérico. A associação entre deficiência de Vitamina A e as variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de saúde foram analisadas no software SPSS através de análises complexas e da regressão logística. Na análise global não ajustada, incluindo todas as regiões, as variáveis associadas (p<0,05) à DVA foram a maior idade materna, macrorregião de residência (Sudeste e Nordeste) e situação de domicílio (urbano). Após o ajuste, se mantiveram associadas significativamente as variáveis maior idade materna e macrorregião de domicílio (Sudeste e Nordeste). Na análise ajustada, estratificada por regiões, houve modificação dos fatores associados. A região Centro-oeste não apresentou associação entre a deficiência de vitamina A e as variáveis investigadas. Na região Sudeste os fatores associados ao desfecho foram a maior idade materna, residir na zona urbana e crianças com risco para sobrepeso/sobrepeso/obesidade. Na região Nordeste a menor razão de chances foi associada ao menor tempo de aleitamento materno e mães com cor de pele não branca. Na região Sul somente as mães de cor de pele não branca apresentaram associação com a deficiência de vitamina A e, por fim, na região Norte a maior idade materna estava a associada a DVA. Na associação entre IA e DVA, tanto na análise bruta como na análise ajustada não foram observadas associações significativas. No entanto, a prevalência de DVA foi maior nas categorias de Insegurança Alimentar Grave e Leve quando comparado com a segurança alimentar. Os dados analisados mostram que no Brasil a DVA varia de leve a grave problema de saúde pública e os fatores associados são diferentes entre as macrorregiões, portanto estratégias preconizadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde devem ser levadas em consideração na elaboração de políticas públicas adequadas a cada região. / The Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) is considered a public health issue in many countries. In Brazil, this problem affects all theregions in different magnitudes. The World Health Organization recommends conducting studies on population basis with the objective of estimating the prevalence of VAD, to define interventions, to monitor population trends and the impact of intervention programs over time. Considered vulnerable groups to DVAare pregnant women and young children living in developing countries. The research performed here aims to contribute to understand the factors associated with Vitamin A Deficiency in Brazil. To do so, data from the National Survey of Demography and Health of Children and Women were analyzed. The investigated population were children 6-59 months of age (n = 4,322) with data on level of serum retinol. The association between vitamin A deficiency and socioeconomic, demographic and health variables were analyzed using SPSS software through complex analysis and logistic regression. In the overall unadjusted analysis, including all regions, the variables associated (p <0.05) to the DVA were higher maternal age, macro-region (Southeast and Northeast) and household situation (urban). After adjustment, remained significantly associated variables higher maternal age and address macro-region (Southeast and Northeast). In the adjusted analysis stratified by region, there was modification on the associated factors. The Midwest region showed no association between vitamin A deficiency and the investigated variables. In the Southeast, factors associated with outcome were higher maternal age; reside in urban areas and children at risk for overweight / overweight / obesity. In the Northeast the lowest odds ratio was associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding and mothers with nonwhite skin color. In the South, only non-white skin color mothers were associated with vitamin A deficiency, and finally, the northern region most maternal age was associated with VAD. The association between IA and DVA, both in the crude analysis as in the adjusted analysis significant associations were observed. However, the prevalence of VAD was higher in the categories of Food Insecurity Record and Take compared to food security. The data analyzed show that in Brazil the DVA varies from mild to severe public health problem and associated factors differ among regions, so strategies recommended by the World Health Organization should be taken into account in the design of appropriate policies to each region.

Diante das recentes modificações impostas pelo avanço da fronteira agrícola sobre o rural do estado de Mato Grosso, a Baixada Cuiabana se constitui em um território onde convivem processos de urbanização, de expansão da agricultura mecanizada e de agricultura tradicional. Estas novas dinâmicas implementadas, desde a década de 1970, levaram a transformações nos modos de vida dos agricultores tradicionais, tais como a procura por empregos não agrícolas por jovens e adultos do gênero masculino, diminuição do manejo das roças e implementação de farinheiras de mandioca comunitárias. Neste contexto, os quintais se tornam os últimos espaços de manejo da agrobiodiversidade. O objetivo desta tese é analisar a multifuncionalidade dos quintais manejados por agricultores tradicionais, especialmente quanto ao seu papel para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade, segurança alimentar e manutenção dos modos de vida. Foram visitados 90 quintais do município de Jangada para a coleta de dados socioeconômicos, etnoecológicos, de consumo alimentar e produção dos quintais para autoconsumo e venda de excedentes. O quintal está intimamente associado à cultura e tradição cuiabana, sendo o espaço de manejo da mulher agricultora que desempenha um papel central nos modos de vida das famílias cuiabanas. Destacam-se as festas religiosas, as benzeções, a fabricação tradicional da farinha, as quais fortalecem os modos de vida. A produção para o autoconsumo proporciona aos agricultores uma complementação da renda familiar, e para muitos significa a única fonte de frutas, verduras e legumes, o que garante ao menos parcialmente a segurança alimentar das famílias. Os quintais tradicionais de Jangada mantém reservatórios de agrobiodiversidade, representada por 136 etnoespécies, entre nativas e exóticas, com variedades agrícolas locais e comerciais, que conjuntamente com os espaços de roça e do cerrado compõem uma matriz permeável à rica fauna silvestre que circula localmente. A partir das múltiplas funções exercidas pelos quintais sugere-se a implementação de programas de fomento aos quintais, organização das mulheres e incentivos à permanência dos jovens no rural como forma de fortalecer os modos de vida dos agricultores tradicionais cuiabanos. / About the recent changes imposed by the advance of agricultural frontier on Mato Grosso state, the Baixada Cuiabana constitutes a territory where living processes of urbanization, expansion of mechanized agriculture and traditional agriculture. These new dynamics implemented since the 1970s have led to changes in lifestyles of traditional farmers, such as the demand for non-agricultural jobs to youth and adult males, decreased management of the gardens and implementation of community farinheiras. In this context, the yards become the latest management areas agrobiodiversity. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the multi-functionality of the homegardens handled by traditional farmers, especially about its role on biodiversity preservation, food security and maintenance of livelihoods. Were visited 90 yards of Jangada municipality to collect socioeconomic data, ethno-ecological, food consumption and production of homegardens for consumption and sale of surplus. The homegardens is closely linked to culture and tradition cuiabana, and the management space of women farmers that plays a central role in the livelihoods of cuiabanas families. There are the religious festivals, the benzeções, the traditional manufacture of flour, which strengthen livelihoods. The production for self offers farmers a supplement family income, and for many means the only source of fruits and vegetables, which guarantees at least partially to household food security. Traditional homegardens raft keeps agricultural biodiversity reservoirs, represented by 136 ethnospecies between native and exotic, with local commercial and agricultural varieties, which together with the spaces of fields and cerrado comprise a permeable matrix to the rich wildlife circulating locally. From the multiple functions carried out by homegardens suggest the implementation of incentive programs, women organization and incentives to young people stay in rural as a way to strengthen the livelihoods of traditional cuiabanos farmers.

Esta dissertação analisa os conteúdos e interesses presentes no processo de construção da noção de segurança alimentar da comunidade quilombola Maçambique, localizada no município de Canguçu, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir das ações de intervenções dos mediadores sociais, vinculados ao quadro de funcionários da empresa de assistência técnica e extensão rural - EMATER e do Centro de Apoio ao Pequeno Agricultor-CAPA. Parte-se do pressuposto de que esta elaboração oculta uma disputa entre estas duas instituições, em torno dos referenciais da “nova orientação” para as ações de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural no Brasil. Busca-se, a partir de dados empíricos, analisar as condições e estratégias de acesso aos alimentos pelos agricultores, que contribui para a formação simbólica deste referencial incentivada pelos mediadores sociais. Para isto, utiliza-se o conceito de arena, grupos estratégicos e mediação. Trata-se, portanto, de trazer para o centro da análise os conflitos, interesses e conteúdos presentes e um processo vivo de formação desta idéia, a partir da percepção dos diferentes agentes envolvidos. Nesse sentido, procurou-se identificar os saberes e práticas alimentares dos agricultores quilombolas, a partir de uma abordagem antropológica e social. São algumas dimensões empíricas que foram consideradas para o desenvolvimento das análises aqui postas. Assim, identificou-se que as estratégias usadas pelos agricultores na obtenção dos alimentos estão vinculadas a uma rede social, sustentada em princípios de reciprocidade, configurando uma relação didática. Também verificou-se diferentes conteúdos e interesses nas atuações dos mediadores neste processo, ocorrendo uma disputa em torno da percepção da segurança alimentar dentro da comunidade, polarizando duas teses: tecnificação versus exotização por parte dos mediadores. Chega-se a conclusão que estas duas orientações geram uma violência simbólica; além de uma relação de dominação entre mediadores e mediados. / This dissertation, analyzes the contents and interests present in the concept of alimentary safety, as a process of construction in a community quilombola Maçambique, localize in county of Canguçu, on the state of Rio Grande of South, base on work and interventions of the social mediators that belong to the group of workers of the company of attendance technique and extension rural-EMATER and to the Center of Support to Small Farmer-CAPA. It starts with the presupposition that this elaboration, hides one dispute among these two establishments, around of ideas about “the new orientation” for the actions of Attendance Technique and Extension Rural to the Brazil. It looks for, to begin, from empirical data, to analyze the conditions and strategies of accessing the foods by the farmers, which contribute for the formation of symbolic referent, motivate by the social mediators. For this, I use the arena concept of the groups strategic and mediation. So, it’s necessary to bring to the center of the analysis the conflicts, interests and contents present in one system, alive, on formation of that knowledge, to start with the perception of this different agents involved. On this sense, it wants to identify the knowledge and uses alimentary by the quilombolas farmers’, from one anthropological and social approach. They are some of the empirical dimensions that were taking into account for the developments of the analyses considered here. So, it recognizes that the strategies used by the farmers for obtained the foods; it’s connected to one social net, sustained in foundations of reciprocities, which configured one ‘diática’ relationship. Also it verified different contents and interests on the actuations of mediators’ on this process, occurring one dispute around the perception of alimentary safety inside the community that polarize two theses: technicality versus exoticism from the mediators. I arrived to the conclusion that this two guidance’s generate a symbolic violence, beyond one relationship of domination among mediators and mediated.

Traditional food is fundamental for the cultural identity, mental and spiritual well-being, and physical and nutritional health of First Nations in Canada. Rapid environment changes including environmental contamination and degradation, climate change, urbanization and industry growth reduce the availability and diversity of traditional foods. This is concomitant with changing lifestyle and an increased prevalence of malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the roles of traditional fish consumption for First Nations’ health in the complex interplays between environmental contaminant exposure, climate change, and food and nutrition security. Data collected from the First Nations Food Nutrition and Environment Study were used. The thesis is comprised of seven chapters presented in three sections. Section 1 addressed the importance of traditional fish consumption for food and nutritional security among First Nations in Canada. With increased income-related food insecurity, First Nations rely more on traditional foods including fish and participate more in fishing and other traditional practices. Nevertheless, many factors such as climate change, governmental restrictions, hydro and forestry operations continue to reduce the availability of traditional fish and access to traditional food sources, land and waterways. Section 2 explored the associations between locally-harvested fish consumption, long chain omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) intake and dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POP) with type 2 diabetes in First Nations in Canada. Dietary POP exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes whereas fish consumption (n-3 FA) showed protective dose-response associations. Furthermore, we found that relatively high POP exposure from fish may outweigh the protective associations of fish on type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the balance of risks and benefits associated with fish consumption is highly dependent on the regional POP concentrations in fish. Section 3 entailed studies on the nutritional benefits of seafood consumption and modelling potential impacts of the climate-related decline in seafood abundance on the nutritional quality of adult diets and cardiovascular health among coastal First Nations in British Columbia. We estimated that projected climate change may reduce the intakes of essential nutrients by 21%– 31% by 2050 relative to 2000. Moreover, hypothetical substitution of seafood with alternative non-traditional foods would not provide adequate amounts of nutrients. Reduced fish consumption and consequent n-3 FAs intake may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in First Nations. Our findings provide important information for communities, fishery governance, local resource managers and public health professionals to promote traditional food systems, nutritional health, food security, and food sovereignty in Canadian First Nations.