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yes / Objective: This study explored associations between food choice motives, attitudes towards, 5 and intention to adopt personalised nutrition in order to inform communication strategies 6 based on consumer priorities and concerns. Design and Setting: A survey was administered 7 online which included the food choice questionnaire (FCQ), and items assessing attitudes 8 towards and intention to adopt personalised nutrition. Participants: Nationally representative 9 samples were recruited in 9 EU countries (N=9381). Results: Structural equation modelling 10 indicated that the food choice motives, weight control, mood, health and ethical concern had 11 a positive association and price had a negative association with attitude towards, and 12 intention to adopt, personalised nutrition. Health was positively associated and familiarity 13 negatively associated with attitude toward personalised nutrition. The effects of weight 14 control, ethical concern, mood and price on intention to adopt personalised nutrition were 15 partially mediated by the attitude. The effects of health and familiarity were fully mediated 16 by attitude. Sensory appeal was negatively and directly associated with intention to adopt 17 personalised nutrition. Conclusion: Personalised nutrition providers may benefit from taking 18 into consideration the importance of underlying determinants of food choice, particularly 19 weight control, mood and price, in potential users when promoting services and in tailoring 20 communications that are motivationally relevant. / Post peer-review accepted manuscript; changes are in red.

Yes / Young people choose energy-dense, nutrient-poor diets, yet understanding of potential determinants is limited. Associations between food choices, mental wellbeing, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and family affluence were explored to identify targets for intervention to promote dietary health and wellbeing in young people. Adolescents were recruited via post-primary schools in the UK and surveyed at two time-points when aged 13-14 years and 15-16 years. The questionnaire enquired about mental wellbeing using the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, HRQoL using the KIDSCREEN-10, socio-economic status using the Family Affluence Scale and food choice by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). With missing and anomalous cases excluded, the sample comprised 1208 cases. Factor analysis on the FFQ indicated five food choice factors: ‘Junk Food’; ‘Meat’; ‘Healthy Protein’; ‘Fruit/Vegetables’; ‘Bread/Dairy’. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that frequent consumption of Junk Food was associated with being male and lower mental wellbeing. Frequent Meat intake was associated with being male and with lower HRQoL. Frequent choice of Bread/Dairy foods was more common among males and associated with higher wellbeing and greater affluence. Those who consumed Fruit/Vegetables frequently were more likely to be female, have higher HRQoL, higher mental wellbeing, and greater family affluence. These direct associations endured between time points. The dietary factors were not mutually exclusive. Those who frequently chose Junk Food were less likely to choose Fruit/Vegetables. Frequent choice of Meat was associated with more frequent choice of Junk Food and Healthy Protein. Intervention to improve dietary and psychological health in young people should target males, those in less affluent households, seek to reduce consumption of ‘junk’ food, and increase fruit and vegetable intake. / This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This ma-terial is based upon work conducted as part of the Wellbeing in Schools (WiSe) study which was financially supported by the Centre of Excel-lence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), and the Centre of Evidence and Social Innovation, at Queens University Belfast.

Yes / Food Involvement reflects the bond between consumer and food, and serves as a means of expression, identity and social recognition. Yet no existing scales are able to assess the complex psychological nature of Food Involvement. To fill this gap, this study developed and validated a Psychological Food Involvement Scale (PFIS). Data were collected by an online self-report questionnaire, involving 476 Italians aged 20-72 years (M = 48.13, SD = 13.18). The structure and psychometric properties of PFIS were examined through an exploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis, and construct validity was assessed by correlating it with Food Involvement Scale, Food Variety Seeking Scale and the General Health Interest Scale. As a behavioural indicator of validity, food and drink consumption was assessed using the Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire. Factor analysis indicated that the PFIS comprised 19 items grouped in four stable dimensions: Emotional Balance; Self-Realization; Social Affirmation; Social Bonding. People more psychologically involved in food were more interested in healthy eating and more likely to vary their diet. The PFIS discriminated between dietary patterns. Higher PFIS scores were associated with frequent consumption of meat/fish and wholegrains/legumes. Frequent intake of meat/fish and snacks was associated with Social Bonding and meat/fish with Emotional Balance. The PFIS also explained consumption of vegetable drinks and lactose-free milk indicating the symbolic value ascribed to them related to self-expression, acceptance by others, and emotions. This implies potential for the PFIS for use in research to understand food choice and promote healthy eating. / This work was supported by the Fondazione Cariplo and Regione Lombardia within the CRAFT (Cremona Agri-Food Technologies) project ID 2018/2757.

Yes / Meat eaters and meat abstainers differ in their beliefs and moral emotions related to meat consumption alongside gender differences. Few studies have investigated beliefs and moral emotions in pescatarians and vegans. Little is known about differences in moral emotions and beliefs regarding dairy, eggs, and fish or about speciesist beliefs within and between specific dietary groups. To address this gap, we investigated moral emotions (consumption-related disgust and guilt), attitudes towards animals (Animal Attitudes Scale) and justifying beliefs related to meat (Carnism Inventory), dairy, egg, and fish consumption in omnivores (n = 167), pescatarians (n = 110), vegetarians (n = 116), and vegans (n = 149). Results showed that people who consumed animal-derived products reported lower disgust and guilt and held stronger justifying beliefs about consumption of these products, than those who did not consume animal products. All dietary groups significantly differed from each other in their attitudes about using animals for human benefit, with omnivores showing the least positive attitudes towards animals, followed by pescatarians and vegetarians, and with vegans showing the most positive attitudes towards animals. Women experienced greater moral emotions and held fewer justifying beliefs than men within groups where animal products were consumed and this was related to the animal-based products they consume (i.e., fish for pescatarians and eggs/dairy for vegetarians). These findings emphasise the importance of considering a wider range of animal products, and dietary groups in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the psychological underpinnings of animal product consumption. The results highlight differences between dietary groups in attitudes and moral concern towards animals, which may be important to consider when designing interventions to reduce animal product consumption.

Yes / Background: Understanding how health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is related to lifestyle factors during adolescence is crucial to effective health promotion. The aim of this analysis was to identify associations between HRQoL and lifestyle and to determine the degree to which they are mediated by food choices in adolescents. Methods: The Wellbeing in Schools (NI) survey (N = 1609; 13–14 years) assessed HRQoL using the Kidscreen52. Food choice was assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A). Social media and alcohol abstinence were self-reported. Results: Path analysis indicated that fruit and vegetable intake was associated with higher HRQoL on dimensions of moods and emotions, parent relations and home life, financial resources, and social support and peers. Bread and diary intake was related to higher physical wellbeing. Protein was associated with higher psychological wellbeing, moods and emotions, self-perception, parent relations and home life, financial resources, and lower social support and peers. Junk food was related to lower moods and emotions. Males had higher psychological wellbeing, moods and emotions, parental relations and home life. Females had higher self-perception, autonomy, and social support and peers. Greater physical activity explained higher HRQoL on all dimensions. Less social media was associated with higher psychological wellbeing, moods and emotions, self-perception, parent relations and home life, and school environment. Alcohol abstinence was associated with higher physical wellbeing, psychological wellbeing, moods and emotions, self-perception, parent relations and home life, and school environment dimensions. Conclusion: Intervention to promote HRQoL in adolescents should consider food choices whilst encouraging physical activity, discouraging social media and deterring alcohol, and targeting boys and girls separately. / This study was financially supported by the Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), and the Centre of Evidence and Social Innovation, at Queens University Belfast.

Yes / The present study explored associations between food choice motives, attitudes towards and intention to adopt personalised nutrition, to inform communication strategies based on consumer priorities and concerns. Design/Setting: A survey was administered online which included the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) and items assessing attitudes towards and intention to adopt personalised nutrition. Subjects: Nationally representative samples were recruited in nine EU countries (n 9381). Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that the food choice motives ‘weight control’, ‘mood’, ‘health’ and ‘ethical concern’ had a positive association and ‘price’ had a negative association with attitude towards, and intention to adopt, personalised nutrition. ‘Health’ was positively associated and ‘familiarity’ negatively associated with attitude towards personalised nutrition. The effects of ‘weight control’, ‘ethical concern’, ‘mood’ and ‘price’ on intention to adopt personalised nutrition were partially mediated by attitude. The effects of ‘health’ and ‘familiarity’ were fully mediated by attitude. ‘Sensory appeal’ was negatively and directly associated with intention to adopt personalised nutrition. Conclusions: Personalised nutrition providers may benefit from taking into consideration the importance of underlying determinants of food choice in potential users, particularly weight control, mood and price, when promoting services and in tailoring communications that are motivationally relevant.

According to popular and academic sources, home cooking is in decline. Nutrition and public health scholars concern that a loss of cooking abilities may diminish individuals' control over their food choices, thus contributing to poor health outcomes. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions. What skills, strategies, and knowledge sets are required to cook a meal on any given occasion? What capacity separates those who cook with ease from those who struggle to incorporate cooking into their daily routines? I propose that this difference is determined by an individual's capacity to employ a range of cognitive and technical skills related to meal preparation. I call this capacity 'food agency'. Drawing upon discourses of human agency developed in the social sciences, this food-specific theory considers how a home cook employs cognitive skills and sensory perceptions, while navigating'and shaping'various societal structures (e.g., schedule, budget, transportation, etc.) in the course of preparing a meal. Thus, to have food agency is to be empowered to act throughout the course of planning and preparing meals. To better understand the form and function of food agency in everyday contexts, this thesis has pursued two ethnographic explorations. The first study explored food agency from the vantage of routine performance by looking at the everyday practices of twenty-seven home cooks in the Northeastern United States. Data was collected through videotaping and observing the home cooks as they prepared typical dinnertime meals, followed-up with semi-structured interviews. The data has revealed a working model of the interrelated components seen as essential to consistent cooking practice, and thus to food agency'a conglomeration of skills, techniques, and strategies; structural and sensory guidelines; confidence and self-efficacy. All the home cooks were found to possess a basic scaffolding for food agency, yet the degree to which each had developed fluency in any given area was contingent upon personal experience. This supports the view that food agency is an actively acquired and dynamic capacity best understood as fluid rather than dichotomous. The second study explored food agency through guided progression, by following a cohort of eight college students at the University of Vermont as they learned how to cook during a semester-long food and culture course. Data was collected through videotaping the students as they cooked, and by interviewing them about their food behaviors and experiences at the beginning and end of the semester. The findings outlined the students' various trajectories as they progressed in many of the component areas involved in food agency'for example, skills, techniques, organizational strategies, sensory engagement, and a sense of individual and collective efficacy around meal preparation. While the longitudinal scope of this study was limited, these results suggest a need to develop similar curricula for hands-on cooking interventions that can be offered in a more diverse range of settings and contexts.

O processo de escolha alimentar recebe múltiplas influências, sendo possível destacar a preocupação com a saúde, o prazer obtido por meio da alimentação e a satisfação corporal como importantes determinantes do consumo alimentar, podendo inclusive agir como fatores precipitantes e mantenedores de transtornos alimentares (TA). Objetivos - Avaliar como atitudes mais voltadas à saúde ou ao sabor dos alimentos diferem entre mulheres jovens de população não clínica e com TA; e a relação entre a imagem corporal e atitudes voltadas à saúde ou ao sabor entre estas mulheres. Métodos - 216 universitárias e 30 mulheres em tratamento para TA (18-40 anos; 83 por cento com diagnóstico de bulimia nervosa; 17 por cento com diagnóstico de anorexia nervosa) responderam a Escala de Atitudes em Relação à Saúde e ao Sabor (EARSS) e a Escala de Silhuetas Brasileiras. Universitárias participaram da adaptação transcultural da Escala de Sabor das EARSS e responderam ainda o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares para avaliação de risco para TA. A Escala de Sabor foi avaliada em relação à sua consistência interna, confiabilidade teste-reteste, validade discriminante e concorrente, além de análise fatorial confirmatória e exploratória. Os escores na EARSS de universitárias com e sem risco para TA e, pacientes com TA e universitárias sem risco foram comparados por meio de análise de covariância. A influência da satisfação e da percepção corporal nos escores na EARSS foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados - A Escala de Sabor foi considerada adequada e de fácil compreensão, 8 com boa consistência interna e confiabilidade (alpha de Crombach 0,86; Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse 0,84). O comportamento de risco para TA foi identificado em 25 por cento das universitárias, que não foram comparadas com pacientes. Universitárias sem risco de TA tiveram uma pontuação maior na Escala de Sabor da EARSS quando comparadas às pacientes (p=0,009). Universitárias com risco de TA tiveram pontuação maior na Escala de Saúde (p=0,022) comparadas aquelas sem risco. Pacientes apresentaram maiores níveis de insatisfação corporal (p<0,001) e pior percepção corporal (p=0,015) que a população não clínica. Em ambos os grupos, não houve correlação entre insatisfação e percepção corporal com atitudes mais voltadas à saúde ou ao prazer. Conclusão - Mulheres de população não clínica apresentaram atitudes mais voltadas ao sabor enquanto que aquelas com TA apresentaram atitudes mais voltadas à saúde, independente do grau de insatisfação e percepção corporal. / Food choice process receives multiple influences, could be highlighted the concern for health, the pleasure obtained through food and the body dissatisfaction as important determinants of food consumption, and may also act as precipitating factor and maintainers of eating disorders (ED). Objective - To assess how attitudes towards taste versus health differ between young women with eating disorders and young women from non-clinical population, and the relationship between these attitudes with their body image. Methods - 216 college students women and 30 women under treatment for ED (18-40 years; 83 per cent had a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa; 17 per cent had a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa) completed the Health and Taste Attitudes Scale (HTAS) and the Figure Rating Scales for Brazilian Adults. College students participated in the crosscultural adaptation of the Taste Scale of HTAS and answered Eating Attitudes Test - for assessing the risk for ED. The Taste Scale was assessed in terms of their internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity, and confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory. The scores of HTAS for students with and without risk for ED and, patients with ED and without risk for ED were compared using by means a covariance analysis. The influence of body satisfaction scores in HTAS was assessed by Pearson coefficient correlation. Results - The Taste Scale was considered adequate and easily understood, showed good internal consistency and reliability (Cronbachs alpha 0.86, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 0.84). The risk behavior for ED was identified in 25.0 per cent of the college students, who were not 10 compared with patients. Students had a higher score on the Taste Scale when compared to the patients (p<0.009). College students with ED risk had higher score on Health Scale compared with those without ED risk (p=0.022). Patients had higher levels of body dissatisfaction (p<0.001) and worse body perception (p=0.015) than students. In both groups, there was no correlation between body dissatisfaction and perceived attitudes more focused health or taste. Conclusion - Women of non-clinical population had attitudes more focused on taste and pleasure while those with ED showed attitudes more geared towards health, regardless of the degree of dissatisfaction and body perception.

O processo de escolha alimentar recebe múltiplas influências, sendo possível destacar a preocupação com a saúde, o prazer obtido por meio da alimentação e a satisfação corporal como importantes determinantes do consumo alimentar, podendo inclusive agir como fatores precipitantes e mantenedores de transtornos alimentares (TA). Objetivos - Avaliar como atitudes mais voltadas à saúde ou ao sabor dos alimentos diferem entre mulheres jovens de população não clínica e com TA; e a relação entre a imagem corporal e atitudes voltadas à saúde ou ao sabor entre estas mulheres. Métodos - 216 universitárias e 30 mulheres em tratamento para TA (18-40 anos; 83 por cento com diagnóstico de bulimia nervosa; 17 por cento com diagnóstico de anorexia nervosa) responderam a Escala de Atitudes em Relação à Saúde e ao Sabor (EARSS) e a Escala de Silhuetas Brasileiras. Universitárias participaram da adaptação transcultural da Escala de Sabor das EARSS e responderam ainda o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares para avaliação de risco para TA. A Escala de Sabor foi avaliada em relação à sua consistência interna, confiabilidade teste-reteste, validade discriminante e concorrente, além de análise fatorial confirmatória e exploratória. Os escores na EARSS de universitárias com e sem risco para TA e, pacientes com TA e universitárias sem risco foram comparados por meio de análise de covariância. A influência da satisfação e da percepção corporal nos escores na EARSS foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados - A Escala de Sabor foi considerada adequada e de fácil compreensão, 8 com boa consistência interna e confiabilidade (alpha de Crombach 0,86; Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse 0,84). O comportamento de risco para TA foi identificado em 25 por cento das universitárias, que não foram comparadas com pacientes. Universitárias sem risco de TA tiveram uma pontuação maior na Escala de Sabor da EARSS quando comparadas às pacientes (p=0,009). Universitárias com risco de TA tiveram pontuação maior na Escala de Saúde (p=0,022) comparadas aquelas sem risco. Pacientes apresentaram maiores níveis de insatisfação corporal (p<0,001) e pior percepção corporal (p=0,015) que a população não clínica. Em ambos os grupos, não houve correlação entre insatisfação e percepção corporal com atitudes mais voltadas à saúde ou ao prazer. Conclusão - Mulheres de população não clínica apresentaram atitudes mais voltadas ao sabor enquanto que aquelas com TA apresentaram atitudes mais voltadas à saúde, independente do grau de insatisfação e percepção corporal. / Food choice process receives multiple influences, could be highlighted the concern for health, the pleasure obtained through food and the body dissatisfaction as important determinants of food consumption, and may also act as precipitating factor and maintainers of eating disorders (ED). Objective - To assess how attitudes towards taste versus health differ between young women with eating disorders and young women from non-clinical population, and the relationship between these attitudes with their body image. Methods - 216 college students women and 30 women under treatment for ED (18-40 years; 83 per cent had a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa; 17 per cent had a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa) completed the Health and Taste Attitudes Scale (HTAS) and the Figure Rating Scales for Brazilian Adults. College students participated in the crosscultural adaptation of the Taste Scale of HTAS and answered Eating Attitudes Test - for assessing the risk for ED. The Taste Scale was assessed in terms of their internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent and discriminant validity, and confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory. The scores of HTAS for students with and without risk for ED and, patients with ED and without risk for ED were compared using by means a covariance analysis. The influence of body satisfaction scores in HTAS was assessed by Pearson coefficient correlation. Results - The Taste Scale was considered adequate and easily understood, showed good internal consistency and reliability (Cronbachs alpha 0.86, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 0.84). The risk behavior for ED was identified in 25.0 per cent of the college students, who were not 10 compared with patients. Students had a higher score on the Taste Scale when compared to the patients (p<0.009). College students with ED risk had higher score on Health Scale compared with those without ED risk (p=0.022). Patients had higher levels of body dissatisfaction (p<0.001) and worse body perception (p=0.015) than students. In both groups, there was no correlation between body dissatisfaction and perceived attitudes more focused health or taste. Conclusion - Women of non-clinical population had attitudes more focused on taste and pleasure while those with ED showed attitudes more geared towards health, regardless of the degree of dissatisfaction and body perception.