O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar cinco contextos de ensino de língua inglesa nos níveis fundamental e médio de escolas públicas e particulares. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter etnográfico que se realizou a partir de entrevistas com coordenadores, professores e monitores das escolas participantes deste estudo; de gravações de aulas feitas em áudio onde atuei como pesquisadora-observadora; de notas de campo e material coletado durante a pesquisa (trabalhos de alunos, material didático utilizado pelos professores, folhetos informativos sobre as escolas). O estudo destes contextos revelou que língua inglesa é interpretada como disciplinaproblema e, portanto, tende a receber um tratamento diferenciado por parte das escolas que procuram ministrar tal disciplina a partir do estabelecimento de formas alternativas de ensino: a parceria entre um colégio particular de ensino fundamental e médio e uma escola de línguas, a criação de um Centro de Línguas próprio dentro de um colégio, a terceirização do ensino de inglês em um colégio de ensino fundamental e médio, a utilização de uma Disciplina-Projeto de inglês para o ensino médio em uma escola da rede pública e Aulas de Revisão para alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas visando o aprendizado de leitura. A partir do diagnóstico de inglês como disciplina-problema, houve a percepção de que há um embate entre o tradicional e o novo no ensino de inglês. Tal conflito reside no fato de que as escolas buscam inovações pedagógicas que as situem como mais adequadas e eficientes às propostas educacionais contemporâneas, porém, ao mesmo tempo, parecem sofrer abalos na sustentabilidade de seus próprios projetos devido às inevitáveis influências presentes nas sociedades pós-modernas: por exemplo, a atribuição de se \"dominar\" o idioma estrangeiro inglês como exigência para se tornar parte do mundo globalizado e de se conseguir um bom emprego no futuro. Os dados deste estudo igualmente assinalaram a questão da mercantilização do ensino de inglês decorrente das demandas globais e em um grupo de comunidades educacionais locais onde, nos bastidores, inglês é percebido como disciplina-problema. / The purpose of this study is to investigate five contexts of English language teaching and learning within the scope of elementary and high school levels of public and private institutions. This is a qualitative research with ethnographic characteristics which was conducted through interviews with coordinators, teachers, and monitors from schools; audiorecordings of classes where I acted as an observer-researcher; classroom notes; and material gathered during the research (students\' homework assignments, didactic material used by teachers, leaflets concerning those schools). The study of these contexts has revealed that the English language is interpreted as a synonym of a \"subject of problems\", and therefore it may be handled in a different manner by schools which try to teach it by establishing alternative ways: the partnership between a private elementary and high school and a language school; a private school which created its own language center; an outsourcing of English language teaching adopted by a private elementary and high school; a special subject where students are supposed to learn English through projects in a public high school; and English revision classes for third-year secondary students of public schools which focus on teaching reading. According to the diagnosis of English as a \"subject of problems\" there is a \"clash\" between the traditional and the new in English teaching and learning. Such conflict is aroused from the searching for new pedagogic innovations used by schools in order to become more efficient and adequate for contemporary educational propositions. However, at the same time, these alternatives chosen by schools cannot sustain their own projects owing to the inevitable influences in post-modern societies: for instance, to \"master\" English as a foreign language as a requirement for taking part in a globalized world, as well as for getting a good job in the future. The data of this study have equally stressed the question of English as a \"market product\" in view of global demands in local educational communities, the background of which includes the interpretation of English as a \"subject of problems\".

O objeto deste trabalho é estudar o emprego de textos literários e a forma como eles são aproveitados no ensino de Português-Língua Estrangeira (PLE). Para tanto, apoiamo-nos nos fundamentos teóricos da abordagem comunicativa, da leitura e da enunciação a fim de investigar os potenciais pedagógicos do texto literário na sala de aula e nos livros didáticos de PLE. Com base em uma pesquisa feita com estudantes estrangeiros, pudemos detectar suas expectativas quanto à utilização de textos da literatura brasileira nas aulas, bem como suas representações lingüísticas, aí incluída a apropriação de elementos culturais, confirmando a relevância da contribuição desses textos no ensino de PLE. E, a partir da análise do emprego de textos literários e exercícios de compreensão em quatro materiais didáticos, observamos também que tais livros não podem suprir todas as expectativas dos alunos em razão de sua própria natureza didática, descontextualizada da interação autor-texto-leitor original. Como resultado, pudemos confirmar que o bom aproveitamento dos textos literários no ensino de PLE não está simplesmente no seu emprego como um pretexto em sala de aula ou nos manuais, mas no tratamento dado a eles, tendo em vista o seu caráter literário. / The objective of this paper is to study the employment of the literary texts and how they are exploited in the teaching of Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PFL). For that purpose, we followed the theoretical line of the communicative approach of reading and utterance-act in order to inspect the pedagogical potential of the literary text in the classroom and in PFL\'s textbooks. In a survey involving foreign students, we were able to detect their expectations in relation to the application of texts of the Brazilian literature in the classes, as well as their linguistic representations, including the appropriation of cultural elements, confirming the relevant contribution of these texts in PFL\'s teaching. And, after analysing the employment of the literary texts and the exercises of comprehension in four types of textbooks, we observed that these books are not able to fill all the students\' expectations due to the own educational nature of these materials, decontextualized from the original authortext- reader interaction. As a result, we were able to confirm that the effective utilization of the literary texts in PFL\'s teaching does not merely depend on its employment as an excuse in the classroom or in the manuals, but on the treatment given to them, in view of their literary quality.

The main aim of this paper was to find out if and how teachers in upper secondary school use oral feedback when they correct their students' oral mistakes. I also wanted to find out which approach the teachers find most useful and if they use different approaches depending on the error made by the student. I have found that the majority of the teachers find oral feedback as an important tool to help students achieve a higher proficiency in a second and foreign language. My results also show that feedback is most often used when the student makes errors regarding content and pronunciation. Most of my respondents are aware of the necessity of applying different feedback approaches to different errors made by the students. My investigation shows that teachers chose to give feedback on different occasions, both directly, but more commonly, indirectly, to a single student or later on to a full class. Most teachers also prefer a mix of feedback approaches depending on the specific student and situation. My intention with this study has also been to determine what factors influence the students' uptake. My respondents have, among several factors, stressed the importance of comfortable learning situations, students' personal interest and size of group.

This diploma thesis focuses on foreign language teaching to children with specific learning difficulties (LD) at Czech lower secondary schools. It aims to define learning difficulties and describe their causes and manifestations in developing individual foreign language skills and sub-skills. Moreover, the work with these children in the school environment is mentioned and the Czech system of educating them is compared to the French one. The practical part surveys the opinions of foreign language teachers on this subject and analyses the techniques they use with these pupils. Special attention is paid to the differences in the approach of teachers at schools with classes specialized in the tuition of children with LD, schools with extensive language teaching and schools with no specialization. The results indicate that the majority of teachers agree with the integration of pupils with LD into mainstream schools and they favour their exemption from second foreign language study. The individual types of schools differ mainly in the approach towards the presentation of new grammar, in the types of exercises used for the development of communication skills and in the forms of testing and evaluation. Only negligible variations were discovered in other areas of research. KEYWORDS specific learning...

The diploma thesis is concentrated on CLIL, an innovative method of teaching. It integrates the content and the language learning. The aim of this work is to find out how CLIL is actually realized at primary schools and discover the possibilities and the limits of this method. The theoretical part of this work is based on the literature and it summarizes the main characteristic of Content and Language Integrated Learning. The practical part of this diploma thesis is an outcome of qualitative research. As the methods of research I used interviews with teachers, observations, a realization and a following reflection of a lesson which was planned and based on the principles of CLIL. The result of this work is the analysis of the CLIL lessons in primary education and the analysis of the possibilities and the limits of this method. KEYWORDS innovative method, foreign language teaching, Content and Language Integrated Learning, foreign language across the curriculum, qualitative research

Title of the master's thesis: Augmented reality (AR) and its possibilities of use in education: Evaluation of the contribution of AR for teaching vocabulary in German based on a comparison of classical and experimental learning methods Abstract: This master's thesis focuses on the use of augmented reality (AR) in the context of education. AR currently represents a dynamically evolving technology. The aim was to explore the benefits of using AR for foreign language teaching, to compare the possibilities of didactic application with the traditional way of teaching and to find out whether learning with AR is a motivating factor stimulating students' interest and a tool for better understanding and memorizing through visualization and acting on emotions. The theoretical part of the work presented the characteristics of augmented reality, its types and areas of use and compared it with virtual and mixed reality. It briefly mentioned the history of AR, the advantages and negative aspects of the use of this method, the current state of research in language didactics and cases of the use of AR in education in the Czech Republic and abroad. In the practical part, a web interface was created using the Model Viewer tool, which allows users to view 3D objects in augmented reality. Then, quantitative research was...

[pt] O presente estudo sobre palavras tabus focaliza o uso de palavrões em nove episódios de Porta dos Fundos como forma de desvendar as práticas discursivas dos residentes do Rio de Janeiro (cariocas) por meio das teorias, principalmente, de: Lexicultura (Galisson, 1988); Semântica e Pragmática (Goffman, 1967; Camara Jr., 1981; Jay, 2008, Carretero, 2011); Interculturalismo (Bennett, 1998; Lewis, 2006; Hofstede, 2010; Ting-Toomey e Chung, 2012); e Didática das Línguas Estrangeiras (Bennett, 1998; Byram, 2000; Liddicoat, 2005, 2013). Através de metodologia qualitativa interpretativa, palavras tabus são analisadas em nove episódios da popular comédia situacional da série online Porta dos Fundos. Sete palavras tabus usadas muito frequentemente nas práticas discursivas dos cariocas, nomeadamente buceta, cu, caralho, foder, pau, porra e puta, são analisadas e interpretadas. O uso semântico e pragmático dessas palavras de ofensa demonstra que se situam nos campos da anatomia sexual, da atividade sexual, da escatologia, do sexo ilícito e dos nomes dos animais – estes, não classificados como palavrão. Onde considerado relevante faz-se uma comparação com palavras tabus em hindi. Observa-se que o uso frequente das palavras tabus em comédias, sátiras e outras formas de entretenimento, assim como em outras situações comunicacionais, não é percebido, como acontece no emprego geral da língua, como atos de ataque à face (Goffman, 1967) em português, em oposição ao que ocorre em Hindi. A análise mostra ainda que os cariocas, brasileiros multi-ativos (Lewis, 2006), a depender de variáveis pragmáticas, usam as palavras tabus também como atos expressivos de fala para comunicar emoções, nem sempre com valor ofensivo, como é o caso do seu uso como interjeição. Ao final, apresenta-se uma proposta didática de palavras tabus para os professores e alunos do Português do Brasil como Língua Estrangeira na Índia. / [en] This study on taboo words focuses on the observation of use of palavrões in nine episodes of the comedy series Porta dos Fundos (PdF) as portrayal of discursive practices of residents of the city of Rio de Janeiro (Cariocas), primarily through theories of: Lexiculture (Galisson, 1988); Semantic and Pragmatics (Goffman, 1967; Camara Jr., 1981; Jay, 2008; Carretero, 2011); Interculturalism (Bennett, 1998; Lewis, 2006; Hofstede, 2010; Ting-Toomey and Chung, 2012); and Foreign Language Teaching (Bennett, 1998; Byram, 2000; Ting-Toomey and Chung, 2012; Liddicoat, 2005, 2013). Through a qualitative interpretative methodology taboo words are analysed in nine episodes of the popular situational comedy online series Porta dos Fundos. Seven more frequently used taboo words by Cariocas, namely buceta, cu, caralho, foder, pau, porra and puta, are analysed and interpreted. The semantic and pragmatic use of taboo words demonstrates that they belong to the themes of sexual anatomy, sexual activity, scatology, illicit sex and animal names – although the latter ones are not classified as taboo words. They are compared with Hindi taboo words wherever applicable. The frequent use of taboo words in comedies, satires and other forms of entertainment, as well as in different types of communicative situations, is not, as generally perceived, i.e., a face threatening act (Goffman, 1967) in Portuguese, opposed to what happens in Hindi. The analysis also shows that the Cariocas, as multi-active Brazilians (Lewis, 2006), depending on the pragmatic variables, use taboo words as expressive speech acts to communicate emotions, not always carrying an offensive tone, as when used as interjections. A TbWs didactic proposal is presented for the teachers and students of Brazilian Portuguese as a Foreign Language in India.

[pt] A pesquisa O ensino de línguas estrangeiras como um fator de inclusão social: o desafio da francofonia no Rio de Janeiro tem por objetivo analisar o efeito das políticas lingüísticas para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, partindo de um pressuposto básico da sociolingüística que é aquele que propõe estabelecer uma relação entre língua e sociedade. Esta análise considera dados provenientes do contexto histórico, econômico e cultural de alguns municípios do Estado selecionados para este estudo. Consideramos a inserção sócio-econômica dos cidadãos nas regiões estudadas como um dos critérios para julgar a eficácia das políticas lingüística adotadas. Para tanto, consideramos as políticas lingüísticas no domínio das línguas estrangeiras levando primeiramente em conta as medidas legalmente explicitadas através de leis e decretos, assim como procuramos mostrar de que modo uma parcela da sociedade resolve as lacunas relacionadas à oferta de ensino de línguas no sistema educacional. / [en] This study analyzes the effect of language policies for the teaching of foreign languages in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based on the basic postulate of sociolinguistics - that of establishing a relation between language and society. Our analysis takes into account a set of data derived from the historical, economic and social context of a few selected municipalities of the State. We consider the socioeconomic insertion of citizens in the regions under investigation as one of the criteria to evaluate the efficiency of the language policies adopted. Thus, we consider the language policies as reflected in the teaching of foreign languages, taking into account, first of all, the legal means and measures, as expressed in laws and decrees. We also attempt to show how a part of the society fills the gaps related to foreign language teaching-or the lack thereof- in the educational system. / [fr] Ce travail a pour but d analyser l effet des politiques linguistiques sur l enseignement des langues étrangères à l tat de Rio de Janeiro, prenant par principe l un des concepts de bases de la sociolinguitsique qui propose d établir un lien entre langue et société. Cette analyse prend en compte des données issues du contexte historique, économique et culturel de quelques municipalités de l État . Nous avons consideré l insertion sócio-économique des citoyens des régions étudiées comme l nun des critères d évaluation de l efficacité des politiques linguistiques adoptées. Notre point de départ ont été les politiques des langues étrangères explicitées à travers des lois et des décrets pour ensuite vérifier comment la société agit face aux lacunes concernant l offre de l enseignement des langues dans le système éducationnel. / [es] Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto de las políticas lingüísticas para enseñar lenguas extranjeras en el Estado de Rio de Janeiro, partiendo del principio básico de la sociolingüística que es aquel que propone establecer una relación entre lengua y sociedad. Este análisis considera datos provenientes del contexto histórico, económico y cultural de algunos municipios del Estado. Consideramos la inserción socio-económica de los ciudadanos en las regiones estudiadas como uno de los criterios para juzgar la eficacia de las políticas lingüísticas adoptadas. Para tal efecto, consideramos las medidas legalmente explicitadas a través de leyes y decretos y posteriormente, si tales políticas corresponden a los perfiles de los municipios. / [de] Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ausgehend von der grundlegenden Annahme der Soziolinguistik, die eine Beziehung zwischen Sprache und Gesellschaft herstellt, die Auswirkungen der sprachpolitischen Maßnahmen auf den Fremdsprachenunterricht im Bundesstaat von Rio de Janeiro zu analysieren. Die vorliegende Analyse stützt sich auf Daten des historischen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Kontexts einiger Regierungsbezirke des Bundesstaats, die für diese Studie ausgewählt wurden. Die sozioökonomische Integration der Bürger in die untersuchten Regionen wird als eines der Kriterien benutzt, um die Effizienz der sprachpolitischen Maßnahmen zu beurteilen. Dafür wird die Sprachpolitik bezüglich der Fremdsprachenbeherrschung berücksichtigt, v.a. solche Maßnahmen, die rechtsgültig durch Gesetze und Dekrete ausgedrückt werden und darauf folgend wird untersucht, ob diese den Anforderungen der Bezirkskreise entsprechen.

Данная научная работа направлена на выявление эффективности и способов использования комиксов в качестве учебного материала при обучении русскому языку учеников французских лицеев. Описываются преимущества такого подхода. Предлагаются примеры возможных упражнений на разных этапах работы с комиксами. Материалом для упражнений выступает серия русских комиксов о Майоре Громе. В первой части работы рассматриваются общие теоретические вопросы, касающиеся особенностей поликодовых текстов в целом и комиксов в частности. Во второй части работы описывается методологическая основа процесса совершенствования ИКК учащихся с помощью комиксов, а также критерии отбора материала для занятий. Наконец, в третьей части работы предлагается комплекс упражнений на тренировку учащимися конкретной грамматической темы – «спряжения глаголов русского языка». Комплекс упражнений разрабатывается на материале комиксов в контексте обучения такому рецептивному виду речевой деятельности как чтение. Оценивается качество выполнения упражнений учащимися. Теоретическая значимость работы заключается в выявлении видов упражнений, материалом для которых являются комиксы. Практическая значимость результатов исследования состоит в том, что их можно использовать на занятиях по русскому языку как иностранному при обучении французских учеников в условиях неязыковой среды. Результаты исследования могут оказать помощь при разработке учебных материалов с использованием комиксов. / This scientific work is aimed at identifying the effectiveness and ways of using comics as an educational material in teaching the Russian language to students of French high schools. The advantages of this approach are described. Examples of possible exercises at different stages of working with comics are offered. The material for the exercises is a series of Russian comics about Major Grom. The first part of the work deals with general theoretical issues concerning the features of polycode texts in general and comics in particular. The second part of the work describes the methodological basis for the process of improving the foreign language communicative competence of students with the help of comics, as well as the criteria for selecting material for classes. Finally, in the third part of the work, a set of exercises is proposed for students to train a specific grammatical topic - “conjugation of verbs in the Russian language”. A set of exercises is developed on the material of comics in the context of teaching such a receptive type of speech activity as reading. The quality of the exercises performed by the students is evaluated.

Данная работа посвящена развитию иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции с помощью коммуникативного тренинга и мультимедийных технологий. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью выявления новых путей развития компонентов иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции. В теоретической главе были определены основные составляющие иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции, рассмотрены мультимедийные технологии, использующиеся при обучении иностранным языкам, а также изложены принципы и условия применения коммуникативного тренинга в процессе обучения иностранному языку. В практической главе были разработаны планы единичного коммуникативного тренинга и серии коммуникативных тренингов, описано их практическое применение. / This work is devoted to the development of foreign language communicative competence with the help of communicative training and multimedia technologies. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity to identify new ways to develop the components of foreign language communicative competence. In the theoretical chapter the main components of foreign language communicative competence were identified, multimedia technologies used in foreign language teaching were considered and the principles and conditions of communicative training application in the process of foreign language teaching were outlined. In the practical chapter the plans of a single communicative training and a series of communicative trainings were developed, and their practical application was described.