In recent years, the public has seen a rise in recorded footage of violent encounters between police and Black American citizens, partially due to technology such as cell phones, dash-cameras, and body-cameras. This linguistic study examines how these encounters get escalated to the point of violence by asking 1) what kind of directives were used, 2) how were they responded to, 3) how the directives contributed to escalation, and 4) how might power and authority have played a role. I use two case studies to analyze directives and their responses. Findings reveal that repetition of directives on the part of the officers, as well as the rejections to those directives on the part of the motorists tend to aggravate the conversation. I conclude that a variety of directives may represent a variety of reasons the officer might have for a motorist to comply with their directives and that police authority might be better understood and agreed to by the motorist if a variety of linguistic resources were used.

Spoken language as a means of communication contains huge amounts of information apart from the linguistic message that is conveyed. It is often the first channel of interaction between people and based on the speaker’s manner of talk, we create a mental image of the speaker as a person, of the speaker’s background, origin and personal qualities. Through five case studies, this dissertation investigates how immigrants to Sweden are judged based on their foreign accents (Cases 1—3) and how the use of an interpreter in court can affect the legal process and the judging of the immigrant (Cases 4—5). Case 1 investigated Swedish students’ attitudes towards immigration and immigrants through a survey-based study and revealed that Swedish students hold predominantly positive attitudes towards immigrations and immigrants. Case 2, using accent imitation, asked if Swedish speakers have a cognitive prototype for British English accented Swedish and found that this was the case. This demonstrated that Swedes have models of accented Swedish accents. Case 3 asked Swedish students to rate their impressions of speakers of nine foreign accented Swedish voices on 18 six-point semantic differential scales. They also rated their impressions of each voice for five social factors. The results suggest that the listeners evaluated the voices based on perceived social desirability, or perceived cultural distance between the listener and the voice’s country of origin. Juxtaposing these findings with those of Case 1 suggests that even among a group who are positive to immigrants and immigration some groups of immigrants are more welcome than others. Case 4 examined discourse disfluencies in a bilingual court hearing and a Swedish-Polish bilingual court hearing in detail. The case showed that most of the dialogue-related difficulties have other sources than the interpreter, even if the interpreter at first glance often appeared to be part of the problem rather than part of the solution. Case 5 examined the interpreter’s role in courtroom dialogue situations through interviews with a court interpreter and a lay judge. The study found that the picture of the interpreter’s role differs between the various actors in the court setting. This, in combination with a lack of knowledge about cultural differences in dialogue strategies, creates complications, can have an impact on the perception of the witness and, ultimately, affect the legal rights of the accused. Furthermore, as the interpreter most frequently speaks foreign accented Swedish, the perception and evaluation of their foreign accented Swedish can further place some immigrant groups at a double legal disadvantage when being judged.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kleyvson_jose_miranda.pdf: 525955 bytes, checksum: 4be4e694097fb0c4ff840738df8989e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / The society lives a historic detachment of the Law and the Justice. The elitism of the aplicated language (verbal or not verbal) is one of the principals causes of segreation of this juridic meaning and acess to justice. This project proposes identify that one of the reasons of this persevering and unecessary use of Juridiquês cames from of the own concept about what is the law (cience or prudence, engajed or not in the social dialog) so in the society vision (that don't fells protected by the law, don't believe in the Justice and don't know your rights and duties) as for the judges, public defenders, lawyers, clerks and students (that monopolize the juridic knowing and perpetuate o use of a inacessible language to the jurisdictional). Through a social-philosophical approach, semiotics, as also grounded in local field research, this project explain and indicates possibles solutions for the juridic discurse be intelligible and the barriers to the acess to justice and the knowledge about the Law be broken. / A sociedade vive um distanciamento do Direito e da Justiça. A elitização da linguagem empregada (verbal ou não verbal) é uma das principais causas da segregação do conhecimento jurídico e do acesso à justiça. O trabalho propõe identificar que um dos motivos desse emprego insistente e desnecessário do Juridiquês provém da própria conceituação do que é o direito (ciência ou prudência, engajada ou não na dialética social) tanto na visão da sociedade (que não se sente protegida pelo direito, desacredita na Justiça e não conhece seus direitos e deveres) quanto para os juristas, advogados, serventuários e estudantes (que monopolizam o conhecimento jurídico e perpetuam o uso de uma linguagem inacessível aos jurisdicionados). Através de uma abordagem sócio-filosófica, semiótica, como também embasada em pesquisa de campo local, o trabalho explica e indica possíveis soluções para que o discurso jurídico seja inteligível e as barreiras para o acesso à justiça e o conhecimento acerca do Direito sejam quebradas.

Ziel der hier vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die stilistische Perspektive der interaktionalen Linguistik, welche an dieser Stelle vorerst kurzum als „Stil ist sozial“ beschrieben werden soll, in die Stilanalyse der forensischen Linguistik und damit in die Aufgaben und Methoden der Autorschaftsattribution zu integrieren. Bisher folgt die forensische Stilanalyse einem Ansatz, welcher Stil als die individuelle Wahl eines jeden Individuums in Anhängigkeit zum Medium und der Textsorte beschreibt und dementsprechend auch in der Stilanalyse betrachtet. Im Kontext der modernen Forschungen und auch der voranschreitenden Kommunikation auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen erscheint die derzeitige Stilperspektive der forensischen Linguistik nicht mehr geeignet, um einen umfassenden Blick auf die stilistischen Gegebenheiten eines schriftsprachlichen Stils herauszustellen und somit den Weg für eine erfolgreiche Autorenerkennung zu ebnen. Die interaktionale Linguistik und die interaktionale Stilistik sollen im Folgenden dabei helfen, einen neuen Blickwinkel für die Autorschaftsattribution in Bezug auf den Stil des Täters zu schaffen, um somit interaktionale Kommunikation und die Bedingungen eines wechselseitigen Kontextes stärker in den Fokus dieser recht jungen Disziplin zu rücken, deren Weiterentwicklung weiterhin gesichert werden muss.

While much research has shown that some linguistic features can indicate a person is lying, this line of research has led to conflicting results. Furthermore, very little research has been done to verify that these supposed linguistic features of deception are universal. In addition, few studies have researched the cross-cultural perceptions of deception, which knowledge could greatly improve the detection of deception across cultures. The current study addresses these gaps in the literature by analyzing and comparing truthful and deceptive discourse of eight native English-speaking Americans and eight non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The discourse was elicited in one-on-one interviews where each interviewee spontaneously responded to questions about themselves. Later, interviewee responses were judged by 47 native English-speaking Americans and 35 non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The results showed that Americans and Ghanaians lie differently—Americans' lies were more superfluous and redundant; had more pronoun inconsistencies, adjectives, adverbs, and modal verbs; and had fewer negative emotion words than their truths. Ghanaians' lies, on the other hand, also had more pronoun inconsistencies but had fewer negations than their truths. Furthermore, the groups' baseline speech differed in superfluousness, positive emotion words, word count, and response latency. Regarding detecting deception, Ghanaians were slightly more accurate and significantly more confident in detecting lies than Americans. Both groups were slightly more accurate and confident in judging the veracity of statements within their own cultures. Neither group, however, demonstrated truth- or lie-bias cross-culturally. These results have implications for law enforcement investigators and analysts who can learn the differences between Americans' and Ghanaians' truthful and deceptive speech so as to more accurately detect deception through language. In addition, cross-cultural deception perception research can improve cross-cultural communication and understanding.

模糊是語言的主要特色之一，這與法律語言的終極目標—精確恰恰相反。在追求精確的過程中，在法律制度裡的某字或某術語該做何解釋，往往有許多爭議。法官如何在模糊與精確當中取得平衡?又如何確保每項法律公正地適用於每個人與每起個案?本文試圖探討這兩個極端—模糊與精確—如何交織與競合，從法律語言學的觀點對爭議個案提供解釋，並進一步解決法律制度中各種語言詮釋的問題，其中以刑法的語言為主要研究標的。為了闡釋文字的意義，本文嘗試以框架語意學、檢查表理論和原型理論來架構出法律語言的框架。本文之另一項目的是要觀察刑法法條中的語言現象，是否能反映出刑法的精神與特質。 / Vagueness is one of the major characteristics of language, which happens to be contradictory to the ultimate goal of legal language—precision. In the process of pursuing precision, there are a variety of disputes over what interpretations words or terms in the legal system should be made. How do judges strike the balance between vagueness (uncertainty) and precision (certainty) and affirm that every rule be justly applied to every individual and every case? This research attempts to explore how these two extremes interweave and compete and to provide explanations for some controversial cases and offer a perspective from forensic linguistics to solve the problems among the various interpretations of the language used in the legal system, in this case, the Criminal Law. To elucidate the meaning of words, this study tries to construct the frame of legal language with linguistic approaches such as frame semantics, checklist theory, and prototype theory. Another objective of the research is to see whether the linguistic phenomena observed in the system can reflect and convey the spirits and essences behind the Criminal Law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lourival Novais Neto.pdf: 1494421 bytes, checksum: 6e7805041cbc2804c72bf4c66e51f72a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The practice of court interpreting in Brazil has been commonly done by professionals with bilingual skills that are nominated interpreters ad hoc, whenever no sworn translators are available in the jurisdictions. Although much theoretical researches have increased in the field of court interpreting in the last twenty years, court interpreters still work as individuals and independents, ignoring the studies directed toward of their activity. Court interpreting terminology is widely used to mention any type of legal interpreting; however, the courtroom is only one of the many contexts in which the legal interpreting occurs. This research aims to reflect on the intricacy on face-to-face interaction process in a natural context of speech: the bilingual courtroom, in which the interpreter has the function to interpret from one language to other and also within the mother language, whose difficult process is performed in real time. This thesis dialogs with Forensic Linguistics, which has the purpose to study the relation between Law and Language that converge topics in common, in order to indicate possible resolutions of legal problems; and it also dialogs with the Interacional Sociolinguistics. Studies by Goffman (1967, 1975, 1979), Brown & Levinson (1987) and Gumperz (1982) are highlighted. This thesis presents characteristics of one of the qualitative methods based on ethnographic research: the natural observation (Adler & Adler, 1998), and the analysis is focus on the data extracted from Novais Néto (2002). In the context of the current reality of court interpreting in Brazil, this work explores mainly the features of interpreter s questions when mediating the interaction between a judge, speaker of Portuguese idiom, and a defendant, speaker of English idiom, in a testimony of a Brazilian Court of Justice. The action of the interpreter is mainly determined by the Criminal Proceeding Code, Term of Commitment, and Criminal Code. However, there is no guarantee the fulfillment of these rules, due to the judge s linguistic ability in foreign language. Therefore, the interpreter assumes a similar judge alignment in the hearing, regarding to conversational power, not legal: a peritus peritorum, a classic expression from the forensic field used specifically to the judge as expert of the connoisseurs (Barros, 2008:32) / A atividade de Interpretação de Tribunal no Brasil é comumente realizada por profissionais com habilidades bilíngües que são nomeados intérpretes ad hoc, quando não há tradutores juramentados disponíveis nas jurisdições. Apesar do aumento de pesquisas nos últimos vinte anos nesta área, os intérpretes convocados trabalham de forma individualizada e independente, ignorando os estudos voltados para sua atividade. A terminologia Interpretação de Tribunal é amplamente usada para se referir a qualquer tipo de interpretação legal, entretanto a sala de audiências é apenas um dos muitos contextos no qual a interpretação legal se estabelece. A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de refletir sobre o complexo processo de interação face-a-face em um contexto natural de fala: a sala de audiências bilíngüe, na qual o intérprete tem a função de interpretar de uma língua para outra e na mesma língua, além da dificuldade de fazer esse processo em tempo real. Esta tese dialoga com a Lingüística Forense, que tem a finalidade de estudar as relações entre o direito e a linguagem que convergem em tópicos comuns, para indicar possíveis resoluções de problemas legais/jurídicos; e com a Sociolingüística Interacional. Neste sentido, estudos de Goffman (1967, 1975, 1979), Brown & Levinson (1987) e de Gumperz (1982) são destacados. Esta tese apresenta características de um dos métodos qualitativos contemplados pelas pesquisas etnográficas: a observação natural (Adler & Adler, 1998), e tem como foco de análise parte do corpus de Novais Néto (2002). O objetivo é de investigar o evento social que é vivido pelo intérprete, um interrogatório (perguntas e respostas), no qual o intérprete media a interação juiz, falante do português, e o acusado, falante do inglês, em uma audiência bilíngüe de um Tribunal de Justiça brasileiro.A ação do intérprete é determinada pelo Código de Processo Penal, Termo de Compromisso e Código Penal. Todas essas normas estão sob a responsabilidade do juiz de fazê-las cumprir. No entanto, não há como garantir o cumprimento desses ditames devido, sobretudo, à competência lingüística do juiz em língua estrangeira. Constata-se, portanto, que o intérprete assume um patamar semelhante ao do juiz na audiência bilíngüe, no que se refere ao poder conversacional, não legal: peritus peritorum, expressão clássica proveniente do campo forense atribuída ao juiz como perito dos peritos (Barros, 2008:32)

Šiuo darbu siekta nustatyti, ar asmeninių elektroninių laiškų kalboje atsiskleidžia autoriaus idiolektas ir kokiais leksiniais bei grafiniais požymiais jis pasireiškia.. Tyrimui buvo surinktas šešių autorių asmeninių neoficialaus bendravimo elektroninių laiškų tekstynas. Tekstyno duomenys apdoroti pasitelkiant WordSmith Tools programą ir atlikta gretinamoji tekstų analizė: lyginti kalbos vienetų pasikartojimo dažniai tiriamųjų autorių laiškuose ir nustatyta, kad vienų autorių dažniau ar rečiau nei kitų vartojami kalbos vienetai skiria autorių idiolektus. Iš nustatytų kalbos požymių apibendrintos su idiolektu sietinų kalbinės raiškos vienetų grupės. Nustatyta, kad leksikos lygmenyje idiolektus aiškiausiai skiria autoriaus vertinimą ir nuostatas perteikiantys bei modalumą reiškiantys žodžiai bei iš galimų leksinių konkurentų pasirenkami žodžiai ir trumpiniai. Taip pat idiolektus žymi skirtingų autorių nevienodai dažnai pasirenkamų skyrybos ir grafinių ženklų vartojimas. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais disertacijoje pateikiamos rekomendacijos teismo lingvistinius autorystės tyrimus atliekantiems ekspertams. / The current study aims to establish, if authors idiolect can be recognized in electronic mails language and to determine the features of lexis and graphics, which can be linked to idiolect. The data has been derived from a corpus of 65,000 words consisting of electronic letters written in Lithuanian by six persons. The WordSmith Tools software was used to generate frequency lists of six subcorpora, representing each person’s language. By using the contrastive method the frequency data of six persons language were compared. The lexis and graphics elements, which were used by one person more often or more rarely than by others and were not determined by the topic, were linked to authors idiolect. As a result of the analysis the classification of lexical and graphical elements is given, which can help recognizing idiolect. The study shows that on a lexical level the main differences between idiolects are in the usage of the modality and stance expressing words, and also the words and abbreviations, which are differently chosen from possible variants. On a graphical level idiolects can be recognized from punctuation marks, emoticons and graphic symbols, used at a different frequency. Based on research results the recommendations for authorship attribution examinations are given.

The current study aims to establish, if authors idiolect can be recognized in electronic mails language and to determine the features of lexis and graphics, which can be linked to idiolect. The data has been derived from a corpus of 65,000 words consisting of electronic letters written in Lithuanian by six persons. The WordSmith Tools software was used to generate frequency lists of six subcorpora, representing each person’s language. By using the contrastive method the frequency data of six persons language were compared. The lexis and graphics elements, which were used by one person more often or more rarely than by others and were not determined by the topic, were linked to authors idiolect. As a result of the analysis the classification of lexical and graphical elements is given, which can help recognizing idiolect. The study shows that on a lexical level the main differences between idiolects are in the usage of the modality and stance expressing words, and also the words and abbreviations, which are differently chosen from possible variants. On a graphical level idiolects can be recognized from punctuation marks, emoticons and graphic symbols, used at a different frequency. Based on research results the recommendations for authorship attribution examinations are given. / Šiuo darbu siekta nustatyti, ar asmeninių elektroninių laiškų kalboje atsiskleidžia autoriaus idiolektas ir kokiais leksiniais bei grafiniais požymiais jis pasireiškia.. Tyrimui buvo surinktas šešių autorių asmeninių neoficialaus bendravimo elektroninių laiškų tekstynas. Tekstyno duomenys apdoroti pasitelkiant WordSmith Tools programą ir atlikta gretinamoji tekstų analizė: lyginti kalbos vienetų pasikartojimo dažniai tiriamųjų autorių laiškuose ir nustatyta, kad vienų autorių dažniau ar rečiau nei kitų vartojami kalbos vienetai skiria autorių idiolektus. Iš nustatytų kalbos požymių apibendrintos su idiolektu sietinų kalbinės raiškos vienetų grupės. Nustatyta, kad leksikos lygmenyje idiolektus aiškiausiai skiria autoriaus vertinimą ir nuostatas perteikiantys bei modalumą reiškiantys žodžiai bei iš galimų leksinių konkurentų pasirenkami žodžiai ir trumpiniai. Taip pat idiolektus žymi skirtingų autorių nevienodai dažnai pasirenkamų skyrybos ir grafinių ženklų vartojimas. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais disertacijoje pateikiamos rekomendacijos teismo lingvistinius autorystės tyrimus atliekantiems ekspertams.

O presente trabalho aborda o evento tomada de depoimento audiovisual a partir da metodologia de Estudo de Caso Etnográfico. Este estudo justifica-se pelas alterações processuais decorrentes do art. 187 do Código de Processo Penal, com redação incluída pela Lei n 10.792, de 01 de dezembro de 2003, que prescreve a maneira pela qual o magistrado deve realizar a inquirição do réu. A motivação para esta dissertação partiu da necessidade de se empregar nas pesquisas jurídicas novas perspectivas determinadas pelo princípio da transdisciplinaridade. Daí a utilização de pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da lingüística e da etnografia, que possibilitará transgredirmos tais fronteiras jurídicas, no intuito de arquitetar soluções possíveis a problemáticas complexos e atuais, como aquelas ligadas a Sociedade da Informação e a aplicação das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação, nos procedimentos judiciais. O objetivo deste trabalho é a descrição do evento tomada de depoimento no processo eletrônico da justiça brasileira, comparando sempre que possível ao evento de tomada de depoimento tradicional, utilizando a descrição etnográfica da tomada de depoimentos, a partir da metodologia desenvolvida por Virgínia Colares, como parâmetro para nossa pesquisa. Quanto a metodologia empregada, trata-se de um Estudo de Caso Etnográfico descritivo-explicativo desenvolvido através de pesquisa observacional do evento tomada de depoimento audiovisual. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois estágios: o primeiro, observacional, o qual compreende as anotações do evento tomada de depoimento audiovisual; o segundo, descritivo-explicativo, que compreende a análise das principais características do processo eletrônico, mas destacadamente, da depoimento audiovisual do qual poderá envolver o uso de técnicas padronizadas de coleta de dados. Busca-se averiguar que o sistema tradicional de registro de depoimentos, com a redução a termo feita pelo juiz, após ouvir o depoente, é falha, pois não permite à complexidade do depoimento ser efetivamente refletida, no papel, não captando as expressões, as dúvidas, as certezas e outros aspectos relevantes do depoimento. O registro audiovisual dos depoimentos permite a superação de certas incompletudes da tomada de depoimentos com redução a termo, pois irá refletir com incomparável fidedignidade a totalidade do depoimento, e não apenas a impressão que o juiz instrutor dele teve e, de forma pessoal, transmitiu para o papel / This paper deals with the event taking testimony from the audiovisual methodology Ethnographic Case Study. This study is justified by procedural changes arising from art. 187 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, with the wording included by Law No. 10,792 of 1 December 2003, which prescribes the manner in which the judge must conduct the examination of the defendant. The motivation for this work came from the need to employ new perspectives in legal research determined by the principle of transdisciplinarity. Hence the use of theoretical and methodological assumptions of linguistics and ethnography, which will enable such transgress legal boundaries in order to devise possible solutions to complex problems and present, such as those related to Information Society and application of Information and Communication Technologies in proceedings. The objective of this work is the description of the event taking of testimony in the electronic process of Brazilian justice, comparing where possible to take the deposition event traditionally, using ethnographic description of the taking of testimony from the methodology developed by Virginia Necklaces, as parameter to our research. The methodology used, it is an Ethnographic Case Studyexplanatory descriptive observational research developed through the event making audiovisual testimony. The survey was conducted in two stages: first, observational, which includes the notes of testimony taken audiovisual event, the second descriptive, explanatory, which includes the analysis of the main features of the electronic process, but notably, the testimony of the audiovisual which may involve the use of standardized techniques for data collection. Search to find out that the traditional system of registration statements, by reducing the term made by the judge, after hearing the witness, is flawed because it does not allow the complexity of the testimony be effectively reflected in the paper, not capturing the expressions, doubts, certainties and other relevant aspects of the testimony. The audiovisual record of the testimony allows the overcoming of certain incompleteness of the taking of testimony with reduced term because it will reflect all with unmatched reliability of the testimony, not just the impression that the judge had his instructor and, personally, sent to paper