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精確新聞報導之研究邱源寶, GIN, YUAN-BAO Unknown Date (has links)
一、研究目的
本研究分析聯合報、中國時報最近一年的精確新聞報導,並訪問國內新聞學者,企圖
回答下列問題:
(一)兩報精確新聞報導的數量及型態?
(二)兩報精確新聞報導的主題類型?
(三)兩報精確新聞報導樣本結構與人口統計資料的差異?
(四)兩報精確新聞報導解釋分析的情形?
(五)兩報精確新聞報導中是否提供有關研究過程的適當資訊?
(六)國內新聞學者和從事精確新聞報導的記者,是否贊成美聯社執行編輯協會所建
議的八項建議?
二、文獻介紹
本章有8篇文獻,並對國內外精確新聞簡史做扼要陳述,以下僅對4篇文獻做扼要論
證。
(一)波士頓大學公眾傳播學院院長韋比,曾分析紐約時報在六六年六月到十一月期
間的民意測驗報導。他發現紐約時報所從事的民意測驗的品質(如抽樣方法,樣本數
的問題)及報導方法都有可議之處。
(二)一九七八年,賓西凡尼亞州立大學新聞系副教授雷皮伊以郵寄問卷調查美國八
一七家日報執行民意測驗的情形。
(三)一九八一年,莫西爾和黑爾滾利用實驗法,探討精確新聞報導的可信度。
(四)辛格及安存尼在「大眾傳播對社會科學研究的報導」一文中,以內容分析的方
法,探討大眾傳播報導社會科學研究的情形。
三、研究方法
前五項研究問題採內容分析法,第六個研究問題,採親身訪談法。
(一)內容分析法:本研究選擇民國七十五年十一月一日至七十六年十月卅一日這段
時間中國時報和聯合報所進行精確新聞報導,進行分析。選擇這段時間的原因,一方
面是希望了解報社從事精確新聞報導的最新發展。另外,則是特意將民國七十五年十
一月及十二月選舉期間兩大報進行的民意調查納入分析,因為選舉期間兩大報都以極
大版面刊載精確新聞報導。
(二)親身訪談:訪談進行分為兩個步驟,首先將本次訪談之目的及內容先行寄給受
訪者,然後再進一步約定訪談時間。第二步驟則正式進行訪談,針對問卷內容,請受
訪對象發表意見,並將訪談內容錄音以便整理。
四、資料分析
(一)選舉期間除外,中國時報與聯合報的精確新聞報導,平均每報每個月約出現兩
則。
(二)就兩報精確新聞報導的型態來看,只有13.92%的精確新聞報導,有圖表
配合說明。
(三)在測驗主題方面,兩報最重視的是選舉問題。
(四)至於精確新聞報導的樣本結構方面,不論聯合報或中國時報的樣本年齡層分布
比例,均與人口統計資料有顯著差異。
(五)在分析方面,目前兩報的精確新聞報導,大多只用百分比或簡單的交叉分析,
來解釋研究發現。
(六)本研究發現兩報的精確新聞報導,已經進行趨勢分析。
(七)在報導有關研究過程的資訊方面,聯合報的表現要比中國時報好。
(八)至於親身訪談的結果顯示,國內新聞學者多數認為,精確新聞報導中應該指出
執行單位、有效樣本數、原樣本數、訪問方式、抽樣母體、測驗時間、樣本結構及抽
樣方法等資訊。
五、結論與建議
無論是美聯社執編會的建議,或是國內學者們的看法,都無法反映一般讀者的看法。
也許新聞界更關切的問題是:讀者是否能了解這些有關研究過程的資訊?有那些寫作
技巧,可以同時維持精確新聞報導的品質及可讀性?
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當模糊遇上精確:刑法的語言使用分析 / When vagueness meets precision: an analysis of the language used in the criminal law胡碧嬋, Hu, Pi Chan Unknown Date (has links)
模糊是語言的主要特色之一,這與法律語言的終極目標—精確恰恰相反。在追求精確的過程中,在法律制度裡的某字或某術語該做何解釋,往往有許多爭議。法官如何在模糊與精確當中取得平衡?又如何確保每項法律公正地適用於每個人與每起個案?本文試圖探討這兩個極端—模糊與精確—如何交織與競合,從法律語言學的觀點對爭議個案提供解釋,並進一步解決法律制度中各種語言詮釋的問題,其中以刑法的語言為主要研究標的。為了闡釋文字的意義,本文嘗試以框架語意學、檢查表理論和原型理論來架構出法律語言的框架。本文之另一項目的是要觀察刑法法條中的語言現象,是否能反映出刑法的精神與特質。 / Vagueness is one of the major characteristics of language, which happens to be contradictory to the ultimate goal of legal language—precision. In the process of pursuing precision, there are a variety of disputes over what interpretations words or terms in the legal system should be made. How do judges strike the balance between vagueness (uncertainty) and precision (certainty) and affirm that every rule be justly applied to every individual and every case? This research attempts to explore how these two extremes interweave and compete and to provide explanations for some controversial cases and offer a perspective from forensic linguistics to solve the problems among the various interpretations of the language used in the legal system, in this case, the Criminal Law. To elucidate the meaning of words, this study tries to construct the frame of legal language with linguistic approaches such as frame semantics, checklist theory, and prototype theory. Another objective of the research is to see whether the linguistic phenomena observed in the system can reflect and convey the spirits and essences behind the Criminal Law.
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R軟體套件"rBeta2009"之評估及應用 / Evaluation and Applications of the Package "rBeta2009"劉世璿, Liu, Shih Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要是介紹並評估一個R的軟體套件叫做"rBeta2009"。此套件是由Cheng et al. (2012) [8] 所設計,其目的是用來產生貝他分配(Beta Distribution)及狄氏分配(Dirichlet Distribution)的亂數。本論文特別針對此套件之(i)有效性(effiniency)、(ii)精確性(accuracy)及(iii)隨機性(randomness)進行評估,並與現有的R套件作比較。此外,本論文也介紹如何應用此套件來產生(i)反貝他分配(Inverted Beta Distribution)、(ii)反狄氏分配(Inverted Dirichlet Distribution)、(iii)Liouville分配及(iv)凸面區域上的均勻分配之亂數。 / A package in R called "rBeta2009", originally designed by Cheng et al. (2012) [6], was introduced and evaluated in this thesis. The purpose of the package is generating beta random numbers and Dirichlet random vectors. In this paper, we not only evaluated (i) the efficiency, (ii) the accuracy and (iii) the randomness, but also compare it with other R packages currently in use. In addition, it was also scrutinized in this thesis how to generate (i) inverted beta random numbers, (ii) inverted Dirichlet random vectors, (iii) Liouville random vectors, and (iv) uniform random vectors over convex polyhedron by using the same package.
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內部控制報告書對資訊精確度與市場流動性之影響 / The impact of internal control reports on information precision and market liquidity翁慈青, Weng, Tzu-Ching Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要係在探討經過會計師查核的內部控制報告書是否會影響到分析師的公私有資訊精確度以及市場流動性。實證結果發現,當公司被視為具有重大內控缺失者,會造成分析師公有及私有資訊精確度下降,進而使得整體資訊環境的不確定性增加。本研究亦發現,當公司揭露內部控制缺失時,該公司在宣告期間會有較差的市場流動性以及較嚴重的資訊不對稱性。本研究更進一步將內控缺失區分成公司及會計層級內控缺失,結果發現有公司層級內控缺失的公司,相較於會計層級缺失者,會有較差的公有資訊精確度及市場流動性。最後,本研究發現,若公司下一年度有進行內部控制缺失修正時,會產生較高的公私有資訊精確度及較高的市場流動性。 / This dissertation extends prior research on internal control weaknesses (hereafter ICW) by examining the impact of internal control weakness and their remediation on information precision and market liquidity for firms filed Section 404 reports with the SEC. First, I find that the presence of ICW is associated with lower precisions of public and private information contained in analysts’ earnings forecasts, which in turn increase overall information uncertainty. Second, I find that market liquidity is significantly lower for ICW firms. Moreover, this dissertation provides evidence that firm-level control weaknesses have stronger impact on public information precision and market liquidity than account-specific control weaknesses. Finally, this dissertation suggests that ICW remediation firms have higher information precision and market liquidity, compared to non-remediation firms. My results are robust after controlling for the endogeneity problem and other sensitivity tests.
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管理當局能力與分析師盈餘預測之關聯性—基於中國A股上市公司的實證分析 / The relationship between Managerial Ability and Financial Analysts' Earnings Forecasts譚宇浩, Tan, Yu Hao Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以中國2007年至2012年的A股上市公司為研究對象,探討管理當局能力與分析師盈餘預測行為的關係,預測行為迴歸模型以分析師追蹤人數、分析師盈餘預測準確性及預測離散程度三種特性進行分析。
研究結果發現,管理當局能力與分析師追蹤人數、盈餘預測精確度皆呈現顯著正相關,與預測離散程度則為負相關,但并不顯著。這表示經理人能力較好,則分析師對該公司之追蹤意願較高,且盈餘預測誤差與預測離散度較低。本研究藉此結果推論,管理當局能力愈佳之企業,經理人愈會提供品質良好、具可靠性的財務報導,故分析師將愈信賴該公司所提供之資訊,並可幫助分析師做出更精確之盈餘預測,並降低彼此間之預測誤差。 / This study examines the relation between managerial ability and financial analysts’ earnings forecast behaviors in China from 2007 to 2012. We use several analysts’ attributes: number of analysts following, forecasts error, and forecasts dispersion.
According to the empirical results, in general, analysts tend to follow firms with more ability of managers, and managers with superior ability might decrease analysts’ forecast errors and the dispersion of analysts’ earnings forecasts.
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管理當局能力與管理當局自願性盈餘預測之關聯性 / The Relationship between Managerial Ability and Management Earnings Forecast林姿均, Lin, Tzu Chun Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討管理當局發佈自願性盈餘預測意願、預測精確度、預測型態與管理當局能力之關聯性,並進一步檢測能力較佳之管理當局所發佈之盈餘預測對投資人是否具增額資訊內涵。
實證分析結果顯示管理當局能力與管理當局發佈盈餘預測之機率呈顯著正相關,亦即管理當局能力愈好,發佈盈餘預測之機率愈高;再者,本研究發現能力愈佳之管理當局,其盈餘預測之精確度亦會較高;而實證結果亦顯示當管理當局能力較好時,較願意以資訊量較多之完整式財務預測型態發佈財務預測。增額測試結果則顯示市場對於能力較佳之管理當局發佈之自願性盈餘預測反應程度較高。 / The primary objective of this thesis is to explore whether the managerial ability is related to management earnings forecast, earnings forecast accuracy , and disclosure format. Additionally, this thesis investigates whether managerial ability increases the informativeness of management earnings forecast for (potential) investors.
Empirical results show that managers with superior ability tend to announce management earnings forecast and when managers have better ability, they shall announce more precise management earnings forecast. About disclosure format, this thesis finds that managers with superior ability prefer to announce complete earnings forecasts than simple ones. Additionally, market reaction will be more to the informativeness of management earnings forecast which made by managers with better ability.
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簡單順序假設波松母數較強檢定力檢定研究 -兩兩母均數差 / More Powerful Tests for Simple Order Hypotheses in Poisson Distributions -The differences of the parameters孫煜凱, Sun, Yu-Kai Unknown Date (has links)
波松分配(Poisson Distribution)常用在單位時間或是區間內,計算對有興趣之某隨機事件次數(或是已知事件之頻率),例如:速食餐廳的單位時間來客數,又或是每段期間內,某天然災害的發生次數,可以表示為某一特定事件X服從波松分配,若lambda為單位事件發生次數或是平均次數,我們稱lambda為此波松分配之母數,記作Poisson(lambda),其中lambda屬於實數。
今天我們若想要探討由兩個服從不同波松分配抽取的隨機變數,如下列所述:令X={(X1,X2)}為一集合,其中Xi為X(i,1),X(i,2),...,X(i,ni)~Poisson(lambda(i)),i=1,2。欲探討兩波松分配之均數是否相同或相差小於某個常數d時,考慮以下檢定:H0:lambda2-lambda1<=d與H0:lambda2-lambda1>d,對於此問題可以使用的檢定方法有Przyborwski和Wilenski(1940)提出的條件檢定(Conditional test,C-test)或K.Krishnamoorthy與Jessica Thomson(2002)提出的精確性檢定(Exact test,E-test),其中的精確性檢定為一個非條件檢定(Unconditional Test);K.Krishnamoorthy與Jessica Thomson比較條件檢定與精確性檢定的p-value皆小於顯著水準(apha),而精確性檢定的檢定力不亞於條件檢定,因此精確性檢定比條件檢定更適合上面所述之假設問題。
Roger L.Berger(1996)提出一個以信賴區間的p-value所建立的較強力檢定,而目前只用於檢定兩二項分配(Binomial Distribution)的機率參數p是否相同為例,然而Berger在文中提到,較強力檢定比非條件檢定有更好的檢定力,而且要求的計算時間較少,可以提升檢定的效率。
本篇論文我們希望在固定apha與d時檢定的問題,建立一個兩波松分配均數顯著水準為apha的較強力檢定。
利用Roger L.Berger與Dennis D.Boos(1994)提出以信賴區間的p-value方法,建立波松分配兩兩母均數差的較強力檢定;研究發現此較強力檢定與精確性檢定的p-value皆小於apha,然而我們的檢定的檢定力皆不亞於精確性檢定所計算得出的檢定力,然而其apha及虛無假設皆需要善加考慮以本篇研究來看,當檢定為單尾檢定時,若apha<0.01,我們的較強力檢定沒有辦法找到比精確性檢定更好地拒絕域,換言之,此時較強力檢定與精確性檢定的檢定力將會相等。 / Poisson Distribution is used to calculate the probability of a certain phenomenon which attracted by researcher. If we want to test two random variable in an experiment .Therefore ,let X={(X1,X2)} be independent samples ,respectively ,from Poisson distribution ,also X(i,1),X(i,2),...,X(i,ni)~Poisson(lambda(i)),i=1,2.
The problem of interest here is to test:
H0:lambda2-lambda1<=d and H0:lambda2-lambda1>d,
where 0<apha<1/2 ,and let Y1 equals sum of X1 and Y2 equals sum of X2, where apha ,lambda,d be fixed.
In this problem of hypothesis testing about two Poisson means is addressed by the conditional test.However ,the exact method of testing based on the test statistic considered in K.Krishnamoorthy,Jessica Thomson(2002) also commonly used.
Roger L.Berger ,Dennis D.Boos(1994) give a new way to calculate
p-value,which replace the old method ,called it a valid p-value .In 1996, Roger L.Berger used the new way to propose a new test for two parameter of binomial distribution which is more powerful than exact test. In the other hand, Roger L.Berger also explain the unconditional test is more suitable than the conditional test.
In this paper,we propose a new method for two parameter of Poisson distribution which revise from Roger L.Berger’s method. The result we obtain that our new test is really get a much bigger rejection region.We found when the fixed increasing ,the set of more powerful test increasing, and when the fixed power increasing ,the required sample size decreasing.
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