Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti pagrindines FSC standarto poveikio sritis. Tikslui pasiekti buvo apklausos Lietuvos valstybinės miškų urėdijos, kaip pagrindinis sertifikavimo objektas. Didesniam analizės patikimumui pasiekti buvo atlikta ir pilotinė girininkijų apklausa. Šių apklausų rezultatai buvo lyginami ir analizuojami. Norint giliau ištirti sertifikavimo poveikį išorinėms suinteresuotosioms grupėms buvo apklausti keturių numatytų grupių atstovai. Apklausų rezultatai susisteminti ir apibendrinti. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, jog sertifikavimas nepadarė žymaus poveikio miškų valdymui. Urėdijų ir girininkijų darbuotojai atsakymai buvo panašūs. Daugiausiai žymesnių teigiamų pokyčių buvo nustatyta socialinėje srityje. Aukščiausiai teigiamai įvertinti klausimai buvo susiję su lengvai pastebimais, išmatuojamais ir palyginamais pokyčiais. Sudėtingesni ir sunkiau pastebimi pokyčiai buvo įvertinti beveik neutraliai. Pvz.: “Valstybinių miškų rūšinė sudėtis”. Tai gali būti siejama su miško ekosistemų specifika. Ekonominių pokyčių vertinimo analizė atskleidė, jog po sertifikavimo urėdijos prekių kaina ir paklausa pakito labai nežymiai. Ekonominės paskatos yra pagrindinis sertifikavimą skatinantis veiksnys, tad galima teigti, jog Lietuvoje miško savininkai yra silpnai skatinami sertifikuoti savo valdas. Sertifikavimo poveikio skirtingoms suinteresuotosioms grupėms analizė parodė, jog reikšmingai skiriasi valstybinių ir privačių grupių atstovų nuomonės. Privačių organizacijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this paper is to analyze the main impacts of the FSC. In order to achieve this goal, the survey was the Lithuanian state forest enterprises as the main subject of the certification. For added reliability analysis was performed to achieve the rangers and the pilot survey. The survey results were compared and analyzed. To further investigate the impact of certification on external stakeholders were interviewed by the four groups. Structured interviews and summarized results. The study found that the certification had no significant effect on forest management. Enterprises and district staff responses were similar. The most significant positive changes were found in the social sphere. Extra points were assessed positively associated with easily discernible, measurable and comparable developments. The more complex and more difficult to assess changes were evaluated as almost neutral. For example. "State forest composition”. This can be attributed to the specifics of forest ecosystems. Economic impact analysis revealed that after certification of enterprises, and the price of goods and demand has changed very slightly. Economic incentives are a key factor leading to certification, so it can be stated that Lithuanian owners are not encouraged to certify their holdings. The certification effect analysis of different stakeholders showed the significant differences between public and private groups opinion. The Private organizations were less active and the means of... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Jaiandra Guimaraes.pdf: 358111 bytes, checksum: 7a75c7192a949dc443ba033645f555bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / O objetivo deste projeto consistiu em analisar a atuação gerencial da empresa Gethal Amazonas S. A, uma organização florestal, para averiguar seu desempenho quanto ao cumprimento das condicionantes para o sistema de Certificação Florestal. A pesquisa apresenta caráter exploratório, com avaliação dos dados de maneira realista e sistemática, e caráter fenomenológico, relacionado à intuição intelectual, estando presente à consciência do participante do processo, sendo assim, o método qualitativo considerado o mais adequado nessa abordagem. As técnicas utilizadas foram pesquisa documental e entrevistas com aplicação de questionários. A Gethal sofre um momento de adaptações, encontrando assim, grandes dificuldades para realização das condições impostas. O processo requer todo um planejamento financeiro e pessoal, tendo em vista, demandar altos custos, necessitar da atuação ativa dos agentes envolvidos, envolverem estudos complexos exigindo profissionais específicos e parcerias. O desempenho gerencial tem contribuído para o uso mais sustentável dos recursos naturais, madeireiros e não madeireiros, no entanto, como a empresa já executa o processo de certificação há 04 (quatro) anos observa-se que às disfunções encontradas pela certificadora já deveriam ter alcançado um nível de minimização mais significativo que permitissem modificações concretas. A dificuldade em responder efetivamente as condicionantes impostas reside: na necessidade de um empenho mais intenso no sentido de envolver satisfatoriamente todos os públicos em questão com o processo da empresa, na carência de estratégias que mensure o entendimento dos públicos sobre o que é e qual a importância da Certificação, na ausência de um diagnóstico sócio participativo que saía da esfera da superficialidade e nas influências do faturamento da empresa, como flutuação do dólar, barreiras impostas por órgãos ambientais e o próprio mercado europeu que exige a marca CE (Comércio Europeu). A empresa precisa buscar maior efetividade gerencial a fim de responder satisfatoriamente as condicionantes para o bom manejo florestal.

O conceito de Alto Valor de Conservação (AVC) foi desenvolvido pela certificação florestal FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), e tem por objetivo designar áreas com características excepcionais devido a presença de importantes atributos, divididos nas seguintes categorias: florestas com concentração significativa de biodiversidade; grandes áreas florestais em nível de paisagem, que contenham populações viáveis da grande maioria das espécies de ocorrência natural; áreas florestais contidas ou que contém ecossistemas raros, ameaçados ou em perigo; áreas florestais em situações críticas que forneçam serviços básicos da natureza; áreas florestais fundamentais para atender necessidades básicas das comunidades locais; áreas florestais críticas para a identidade cultural tradicional de comunidades locais. Trata-se de um conceito inovador ao incluir aspectos sociais e culturais, razão pela qual tem sido amplamente utilizado fora do setor florestal, sendo incorporado por esquemas de certificação ligados a commodities e biocombustíveis, empresas de cadeia de logística (produção) e instituições financeiras. A identificação dos atributos pode ser feita seguindo-se uma abordagem genérica, na qual o manejo deve contribuir para manutenção ou incremento dos atributos identificados seguindo uma abordagem de precaução, incluindo as comunidades locais no processo de identificação das áreas de AVC. Para melhor uso deste conceito em situações específicas, alguns países adaptam os conceitos gerais em documentos chamados de Interpretação Nacional. O Brasil é um dos países que ainda não possuem uma interpretação Nacional e, portanto, a identificação de áreas de AVC é feita utilizando-se a abordagem genérica. Este trabalho se propõe a uma análise ampla do uso do conceito de AVC em três diferentes escalas: análise das publicações existentes sobre o tema, aplicação regional por meio das interpretações nacionais e uso do conceito no Brasil pelos empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado pelo FSC. O capítulo 1 consiste em uma revisão estruturada das publicações existentes a nível mundial sobre o tema, que possibilitou a formação de uma base considerando as principais informações disponíveis sobre o tema. No capítulo 2 aprofunda-se em uma análise do conceito regional, considerando apenas os países que possuem uma interpretação nacional, reconhecendo as diferenças e características próprias de cada local. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo tem como foco específico os empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado no Brasil, possibilitando o levantamento dos atributos identificados até o momento e a realização de uma análise das etapas de condução dos estudos de AVC por meio de questionários. / The concept of High Conservation Value (AVC) was developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and its purpose is to designate areas with exceptional characteristics due to the presence of important attributes, divided into the following categories: forests with a significant concentration of biodiversity; large landscape-level forest areas containing viable populations of the vast majority of naturally occurring species; forest areas contained or containing rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems; forest areas in critical situations that provide basic services of nature; areas that are fundamental to meeting the basic needs of local communities; areas critical for the traditional cultural identity of local communities. It is an innovative concept to include social and cultural aspects, which is why it has been widely used outside the forest sector, being incorporated by certification schemes linked to commodities and biofuels, logistics chain companies (production) and financial institutions. The identification of the attributes can be done following a generic approach, in which the management should contribute to the maintenance or increment of the attributes identified following a precautionary approach, including the local communities in the process of identifying the areas of HCV. To better use this concept in specific situations, some countries adapt the general concepts into documents called National Interpretation. Brazil is one of the countries that do not yet have a national interpretation and, therefore, the identification of areas of HCV is done using the generic approach. This work proposes a broad analysis of the use of the concept of HCV in three different scales: analysis of existing publications on the theme, regional application through national interpretations and use of the concept in Brazil by the forest management companies certified by the FSC. Chapter 1 consists of a structured review of the existing worldwide publications on the subject, which enabled the formation of a base considering the main information available on the theme. In Chapter 2, the analysis of the regional concept is analyzed, considering only the countries that have a national interpretation, recognizing the differences and characteristics of each place. Finally, the third chapter focuses specifically on certified forest management projects in Brazil, enabling the identification of attributes identified so far and conducting an analysis of the stages of conduction of HCV studies through questionnaires.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAPC.pdf: 556922 bytes, checksum: 558f92556a9d19d1e6f9217946f65b18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-22 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This assignment has as aim to analyze the impact of forest certification about the work conditions of forest workers. It s believed that, although the origin of forest certification had been conditioned by market factors, its social worries are producing effect at companies that adopted it. In this assignment will be described the formation of forest complex, reminding the fundamental policies for the consolidation of the current Brazilian complex. It ll also be done a short discussion of the two forest certification systems used in our country: FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and CERFLOR (The Brazilian Forest Certification System). The assignment advances at the discussion of the forest production process and the organization of work at forest production. In this sense, the contribution of this assignment is to identify the changes at the work organization, occurred after the certification and if improvements at work conditions of forest workers had happened. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o impacto da certificação florestal sobre as condições de trabalho dos trabalhadores florestais. Acredita-se que, embora a origem da certificação florestal tenha sido condicionada por fatores de mercado, suas preocupações sociais estejam surtindo efeitos nas empresas que a adotaram. Neste trabalho será descrita a formação do complexo florestal, rememorando as políticas fundamentais para a consolidação do atual complexo florestal brasileiro. Será feita uma breve discussão dos dois sistemas de certificação florestal utilizados no país, FSC (Conselho de Manejo Florestal) e CERFLOR (Sistema Brasileiro de Certificação Florestal). O trabalho avança na discussão do processo de produção florestal e organização do trabalho na produção florestal. Neste sentido, a contribuição deste trabalho é no sentido de identificar as mudanças na organização do trabalho ocorridas após a certificação e se ocorreram melhorias nas condições de trabalho dos trabalhadores florestais.

O conceito de Alto Valor de Conservação (AVC) foi desenvolvido pela certificação florestal FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), e tem por objetivo designar áreas com características excepcionais devido a presença de importantes atributos, divididos nas seguintes categorias: florestas com concentração significativa de biodiversidade; grandes áreas florestais em nível de paisagem, que contenham populações viáveis da grande maioria das espécies de ocorrência natural; áreas florestais contidas ou que contém ecossistemas raros, ameaçados ou em perigo; áreas florestais em situações críticas que forneçam serviços básicos da natureza; áreas florestais fundamentais para atender necessidades básicas das comunidades locais; áreas florestais críticas para a identidade cultural tradicional de comunidades locais. Trata-se de um conceito inovador ao incluir aspectos sociais e culturais, razão pela qual tem sido amplamente utilizado fora do setor florestal, sendo incorporado por esquemas de certificação ligados a commodities e biocombustíveis, empresas de cadeia de logística (produção) e instituições financeiras. A identificação dos atributos pode ser feita seguindo-se uma abordagem genérica, na qual o manejo deve contribuir para manutenção ou incremento dos atributos identificados seguindo uma abordagem de precaução, incluindo as comunidades locais no processo de identificação das áreas de AVC. Para melhor uso deste conceito em situações específicas, alguns países adaptam os conceitos gerais em documentos chamados de Interpretação Nacional. O Brasil é um dos países que ainda não possuem uma interpretação Nacional e, portanto, a identificação de áreas de AVC é feita utilizando-se a abordagem genérica. Este trabalho se propõe a uma análise ampla do uso do conceito de AVC em três diferentes escalas: análise das publicações existentes sobre o tema, aplicação regional por meio das interpretações nacionais e uso do conceito no Brasil pelos empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado pelo FSC. O capítulo 1 consiste em uma revisão estruturada das publicações existentes a nível mundial sobre o tema, que possibilitou a formação de uma base considerando as principais informações disponíveis sobre o tema. No capítulo 2 aprofunda-se em uma análise do conceito regional, considerando apenas os países que possuem uma interpretação nacional, reconhecendo as diferenças e características próprias de cada local. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo tem como foco específico os empreendimentos de manejo florestal certificado no Brasil, possibilitando o levantamento dos atributos identificados até o momento e a realização de uma análise das etapas de condução dos estudos de AVC por meio de questionários. / The concept of High Conservation Value (AVC) was developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and its purpose is to designate areas with exceptional characteristics due to the presence of important attributes, divided into the following categories: forests with a significant concentration of biodiversity; large landscape-level forest areas containing viable populations of the vast majority of naturally occurring species; forest areas contained or containing rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems; forest areas in critical situations that provide basic services of nature; areas that are fundamental to meeting the basic needs of local communities; areas critical for the traditional cultural identity of local communities. It is an innovative concept to include social and cultural aspects, which is why it has been widely used outside the forest sector, being incorporated by certification schemes linked to commodities and biofuels, logistics chain companies (production) and financial institutions. The identification of the attributes can be done following a generic approach, in which the management should contribute to the maintenance or increment of the attributes identified following a precautionary approach, including the local communities in the process of identifying the areas of HCV. To better use this concept in specific situations, some countries adapt the general concepts into documents called National Interpretation. Brazil is one of the countries that do not yet have a national interpretation and, therefore, the identification of areas of HCV is done using the generic approach. This work proposes a broad analysis of the use of the concept of HCV in three different scales: analysis of existing publications on the theme, regional application through national interpretations and use of the concept in Brazil by the forest management companies certified by the FSC. Chapter 1 consists of a structured review of the existing worldwide publications on the subject, which enabled the formation of a base considering the main information available on the theme. In Chapter 2, the analysis of the regional concept is analyzed, considering only the countries that have a national interpretation, recognizing the differences and characteristics of each place. Finally, the third chapter focuses specifically on certified forest management projects in Brazil, enabling the identification of attributes identified so far and conducting an analysis of the stages of conduction of HCV studies through questionnaires.

Markkompaktering ökar risken för stress och skador på träden, såsom stormfällningar och rotröta. Idag spelar klimatfrågan en viktig roll, både i samhället och inom skogsbruket. Därför är det intressant att undersöka intresset för att använda alternativa skogsskötselmetoder. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka skogsägares attityder till att använda hästar till drivning. Studien genomfördes som en enkätundersökning bland skogsägare i fem kommuner i Dalarna, med en svarsfrekvens på ca. 36%. Baserat på inkomna svar gick det inte att se några skillnader mellan certifierade och icke certifierade skogsägare. Däremot spelade inställningen till hyggesfritt skogsbruk och storleken på skogsinnehavet in. Slutsatserna var att det fanns ett intresse av att använda häst till drivningen av virket, speciellt vid uttag av vindfällen och fröträd. Skogsägarna bör ta ett större ansvar för sina kunskaper inom skogsskötsel och skogsbruk, medan hästentreprenörer och skogsbolag har ett stort ansvar i att visa på lämpliga alternativ till skogsmaskinerna.

Nobia AB i Tidaholm tillverkar kompletta kök till privatpersoner och byggprojekt. I samhället har hållbarhetstänket ökat markant vilket betyder att kunderna ställer högre krav på det de konsumerar. För att producera hållbara kök med hänsyn till miljö och människor i enlighet med deras affärsstrategi krävs det att verksamheten är certifierad. De certifikat som är av intresse är Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) och Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC).  För att erhålla ett certifikat krävs det att vissa krav uppfylls och att spårbarhet finns i verksamheten. För att erhålla ett av certifikaten måste bristerna identifieras och förslag på åtgärder tas fram. För spårbarheten gäller det att produktionen granskas och att verksamheten jämförs med de ställda kraven. Efter utförd studie har det påvisat möjligheten till certifiering för Nobias verksamhet i Tidaholm. Teorin samlades in genom litteratur, standarder och artiklar. Metoder som användes för att undersöka nuläget var diskussioner, processkartläggning och observationer. Utifrån teorin och undersökningen av nuläget tillämpades en gapanalys för att jämföra differensen mellan certifikatens krav och den befintliga uppfyllandegraden. Flertalet brister påvisades och de största mest påverkningsbara sammanfattades i en prioriteringslista. Utifrån analysen togs förslag arbetssätt och åtgärder fram för att uppnå spårbarhet. Resultatet innefattar teoretiska åtgärder relaterat till arbetssättet och praktiska åtgärder för hur spårbarheten kan uppnås. Slutligen har Nobia goda möjligheter att på ett strategiskt sätt möjlighet till att utveckla sin verksamhet till en certifierad produktion med hjälp av ett teoretiskt arbetssätt samt praktiska åtgärder. / Nobia AB in Tidaholm manufacture complete kitchens towards private persons and building projects. With the increasing awareness of sustainability in the society, there is an increase of sustainable consumption by the customers which leads to higher demands on sustainable kitchens. To produce kitchens with the environment and people in mind in line with their business strategi, their organization needs to be certified. The certificates of interests are the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). To acquire certification Nobia will need to fulfil the demands in the standard and have traceability in their production. To acquire traceability, it is needed to review the production and to compare the organisation with the standards demands. After the completed study it has been proven that there is a possibility to certify Nobia’s organization in Tidaholm. The theory chapter was collected through literature, standards, and articles. Methods that were used to examine the current situation was discussions, process mapping and observations at the company. From the theory and the examination of the current situation was a gap analysis completed to compare the difference between Nobia’s current situation and the demands in the standard. Multiple breaches were discovered and the changes that would help the traceability the most was summarized in a priority list. The result includes theoretical measures related to working practice and practical measures as to how traceability can be achieved. Lastly is that Nobia has a good possibility, in a strategic way, to develop their organization and produce certified production with the help of a theoretical and practical measures.

In recent decades, political scientists have devoted substantial attention to the changing role of the state towards more inclusion of non-state actors in policymaking. This deliberative turn, or move towards governance, may signal inability to handle complex problems without cooperation with nonstate actors. On the other hand, governance is frequently credited with generating legitimate decision-making processes and results. In some instances, non-governmental actors have even taken the lead in policymaking. One archetype of such private governance, which has received significant scholarly attention, is forest certification. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is frequently described as the most democratic and therefore legitimate forest certification organization since it grants equal voting rights to three stakeholder groups in the formulation of criteria for responsible forestry: environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs), social groups (indigenous peoples and labor organizations) and forest owners. However, in Sweden, a country often described as a role model in forest certification, the FSC has increasingly received critique for failing to generate legitimate processes and results, and recently three of five ENGOs have chosen to exit the FSC organization. Such processes of de-legitimation have received little attention in the forest certification literature. This thesis therefore provides a critical assessment of the legitimacy of forest certification in Sweden. Legitimacy is analyzed through concerned stakeholders’ perceptions of both procedural qualities (input legitimacy) and problem-solving capacity (output legitimacy). This study of legitimacy is combined with an assessment of the ability of certification to enhance environmental protection, defined as changes in both forest management practices and biophysical conditions. The thesis focuses not the least on legitimacy on the local level, which is where the actual implementation takes place. Today local studies of the legitimacy of forest certification are rare. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are applied and a number of sources are analyzed: forest monitoring data, survey data, interviews with and documents produced by the participating stakeholders. Papers I and IV analyze the perceived legitimacy of forest certification, while Papers II and III analyze forest certification schemes’ ability to enhance environmental protection. The results show that a process of de-legitimation is occurring in Swedish forest certification. In particular, certification has lost legitimacy with ENGOs, which increasingly consider Swedish forest certification to lack both input legitimacy and output legitimacy. Moreover, although the Swedish FSC standard pays attention to reindeer husbandry, the results show that reindeer herders consider themselves to have limited power to influence long-term forest planning and management (low output legitimacy). The forest industry, on the other hand, increasingly grants legitimacy to forest certification due to customer demands, which are created not the least by pressures from international ENGOs and by EU regulation. The results also show that Swedish forest companies have paid more attention to their environmental practices after obtaining certification. However, to what extent these changes result in positive environmental impacts remains uncertain, especially since forests in Sweden grow slowly, which requires analyses over time. There are also measurement problems resulting from the low certification rate among small-scale forest owners and from the fact that certified small-scale owners tend to be more active in their management. These findings highlight that research on private forest governance should not neglect the role of the state, neither as a buyer nor as a regulator. These findings also suggest that further research should pay attention to power asymmetries in private governance and develop methods for better understanding and evaluating the certification schemes’ environmental and social impacts.

面對全球氣候急遽變遷的挑戰下，各國政府對於環境治理議題高度的重視與 關切。在1992年京都議定書制定後，國家透過彼此的規範制約，期望可減少二 氧化碳的排放與環境的破壞。然而，正式權威途徑的執行，對於經濟發展與環境 永續的趨避衝突，卻不見預期效益。爾後，森林認證概念倡議後，希冀以市場途 徑作為國際規範，進入各國的創新管道。而第一個透過非政府組織建立的FSC體系，在2001年經由WWF進入中國大陸推展認證項目。只是，西方的運作思維與原則框架，在中國大陸終究遭遇到體制與管理上的困境。2008年後，中國大陸政府除了主導國家體系CFCC外，也與PEFC在2014年正式達成互認的成果。本研究試圖從政策改變前與後，以兩個階段分析行動者協力合作的情況，網 絡互動與體系採用的擴散情況。 研究結果分為兩個部分，首先就問卷統計數據來看協力與體系採用的相關性。對於FSC而言，治理與規範性是行動者選擇採用與否的重要因素。也就是行動者選擇FSC是因為重視認證資源的獲取、非正式關係的信任度與公開透明的正式溝通管道。而對於PEFC而言，治理因素同樣重要，而受到行動者支持的是相互性因數。傘型認證體制的特性，共同分享資訊、資源，使得政策場域中的行動者支持 PEFC。然而，對於CFCC而言並沒有太大的差異性。而在協力與網絡互動的分析上，自主性成為影響的因數。代表政策場域中的行動者，重視管理協調與主導政策制定討論的過程。 第二，對於擴散因數與體系採用的相關檢定。對FSC而言，社會化是重要 的關鍵。政策制定行動者考慮的是體系鄰近性、市場偏好、企業喜好與國際組織 的支持。而採用CFCC的行動者，同樣認為社會化重要。表示，利益方瞭解這是一個市場遊戲，而CFCC得到PEFC的互認後，對國家體系保持肯定態度。然而，競爭因素與採用CFCC也具有顯著性。表示行動者瞭解在中國大陸，政府透過管制帶來的競爭情勢，因此選擇了CFCC體系。 第三，就社會網絡分析數據分析，來看組織協力與體系採用關係。以程度中 心性來看，在資源與專業知識面向，皆是從國際組織轉向政府部門。在影響力層 面，國際組織甚至在第二階段便消失。而正式途徑的合作，以政府及國際組織為 兩大群體。但在第二階段，政府集中性更高，而國際組織則愈趨降低。包括在信 任度上，國際非政府組織也是下降的情況。在結構洞分析方面，第一階段的資源 掮客是一個多元組織的分佈，到的第二階段則單一化，國際體系成為傳達訊息的 角色。在影響力方面，第二階段主要是政府的角色成為掮客，而國際組織傳達影 響力的功能消失。而在信度度方面，第二階段發現國際非政府組織與企業，反而 更突顯他們在非正式關係網絡中的掮客位置。影響信任網絡的因素，分析發現政 策制定過程的資訊分享是關鍵原因。 本論文認為國際規範不僅建立在行動者的合作上，更需要結合地方組織，透 過社區力量建立由下而上的互動網絡。尤其第一階段，中國大陸需要藉由國際力 量，協助國內政策制定。因此，給予行動一個大鳴大放的空間與環境。第二階段， 受到協商過程的困境，而形成權力收回的情況。再者，中國大陸對於非政治敏感 議題，並非完全恪守政治命令而行，來決定政策發展的方向。相反的，政府可相 對釋出部分的自主性給國際組織。然而，當遭遇話語權問題時，便會透過管制途 徑收回權力，是一種「妥協式的管制協力」。而擴散的效應則是源於政策場域中， 行動者對於政策的學習與社會化而成。本研究透過微觀的實證資料，對中國大陸 協力、擴散與網絡互動研究有興趣的學者，提供另一個角度的解釋。總結來說， 國際規範透過非政府組織的「非正式途徑」，從國外帶入國內，並同時垂直向上 與向下影響中央政府的決策，及提升草根的公民力量。以中國大陸經驗反思國際 政策治理理論，重構對於開發中國家的「迴力鏢效應 2.0」模式。 / While facing the challenge of global climate change, each country puts much emphasis on environmental governance issues urgently. Since the Kyoto Protocol declared in 1992, the effective approach to resolve environmental crisis aims to regulate environmental standards and reduce emission of carbon dioxide through various air, forest and water management. However, the management efficiency is not obvious to enhance the sustainable target by formal authorities because of the conflict of economic development and environmental sustainability. The forest certification mechanism is an innovative business strategy to implement international norms into domestic governance. Particularly, FSC is successfully getting into China to develop systems through the strong support from international organizations and enterprises. On the other hand, FSC also confronted many obstacles in regulatory institution and management difficulties from Chinese registration and standard laws. Meanwhile, Chinese governments dominated in national system (CFCC) which had recognized with PEFC in 2014. This research analysis focused on the development of collaboration, network interaction and system adoption in two stages of policy change. First, the statistical findings show that norm and governance factors are significant to actors in adoption of FSC which means that the policy makers emphasize on the resource, informal trust relationships and transparent formal communication. Also, governance is important to actors to adopt PEFC systems. Another influential factor is mutuality that actors prefer the umbrella mechanism of PEFC to share information and resources with more flexible institutions. Otherwise, the correlation of interval variable of collaboration and network interaction, the analysis shows that autonomy is the influential factor to affect the collaborative relationships among actors in policy domain. On the other side, the interactive relationship is not significantly correlated to system adoption and diffusion. Second, about the results of diffusion and system adoption, socialization is a crucial element to support FSC because of system approximation, market preferences and INGO support. To CFCC adopters, socialization is also a significant factor to them which means that they understand the certification system is a global market game. After CFCC recognized with PEFC, policy-domain actors approve CFCC. Meanwhile, competition is a considerable dimension to actors by regulatory approach by central governments. Finally, based on network analysis of centrality, the high-central actors transformed to governmental actors from international NGOs in the second stage. Meanwhile, INGOs disappeared in influential factor. As for formal collaborative relationship, the public sectors and INGOs are two main groups. However, the public sectors are more central, but INGO are more peripheral. Also, the trust centrality of INGOs descends since CFCC and PEFC recognized. Of the structural-constraint analysis, the resource brokers are multiple in the first stage, but more homogeneous to public sector then. In policy-influence dimension, the governmental organizations are still main brokers in the second stage, and INGOs disappeared. The trust brokers are INGO and private sectors that highlight their informal relationships in the broker network. The Chinese governments release the approach of “airing views freely” to INGOs and multinational corporations in the first stage, and take back the autonomous right in second one because of “political baselines”. In conclusion, this research argues that collaborative governance not only requires the legitimacy of international norms and rules implemented to domestic markets, but also integrates more local actors in policy-making process to enhance the efficiency. Chinese governmental actors are willing to cooperate with others by releasing more power and autonomy. However, they also take back the power while they lose the power of discourse which means that it is “negotiable regulation and collaboration”. Moreover, the research results reform the “Boomerang Effect 2.0” to rethink about another vertical effect of INGOs power bringing into domestic central governments and local civil society.

As certificações socioambientais, a fim de tornarem-se mais acessíveis a pequenos produtores proporcionam métodos alternativos para obtenção dos selos. O FSC, além da possibilidade de certificação em grupo oferece, desde 2004, o padrão de certificação Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). No Brasil, para atender a alta demanda do mercado e manterem-se competitivas, empresas florestais, além de estabelecer contratos de fomento, vêm incentivando e auxiliando pequenos produtores a certificarem-se. Para os pequenos produtores, a certificação pode contribuir com a diversificação dos meios de vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) caracterizar quais são os fatores que geram mudanças nos meios de vida de grupos de pequenos produtores florestais fomentados certificados; e ii) verificar a influência do tempo de certificação na mudança dos capitais dos meios de vida destes grupos. Para isso foram estudados quatro grupos de produtores florestais fomentados e certificados com FSC SLIMF, e um grupo fomentado, porém não certificado. Estes grupos localizam-se nas regiões brasileiras do extremo sul do estado da Bahia e norte do Espírito Santo, e vale do rio Tibagi, no estado do Paraná. Os grupos foram caracterizados por meio de entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. Os impactos da certificação nos meios de vida dos grupos de pequenos produtores florestais foram mensurados por meio questionário baseado em adaptação da abordagem dos Meios de Vida Sustentáveis. Foram propostos cenários da influência da certificação nos meios de vida de cada grupo certificado e interpretadas as interações entre os capitais dos meios de vida. O bom desempenho da certificação foi influenciado pela demanda do mercado por produtos certificados, pela situação prévia do capital social dos grupos de produtores e suas condições socioeconômicas. A certificação FSC SLIMF promoveu mudanças positivas em todos os capitais dos meios de vida, porém em intensidade diferente em cada grupo. Foi unânime a percepção de maior mudança no capital natural. O capital financeiro, principal motivador para participação na certificação, não apresentou o Preço Premium esperado pelos produtores. O tempo de certificação influenciou positivamente os resultados em todos os meios de vida, entretanto o engajamento e a participação dos membros na gestão dos grupos é determinante para o sucesso da certificação. Aspectos como escolaridade e renda influenciaram no interesse em se certificar e na percepção de melhorias. / Socio-environmental certifications, in order to become more accessible to small producers, provide alternative methods of obtaining the acreditation. The FSC, in addition to the possibility of group certification, has offered the Small and Slow Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF) certification standard since 2004. Brazilians forestry companies, in order to meet the market\'s high demand and to remain competitive, not only have established outgrower schemes, but also have encouraged and assisted small producers to certificate. Certification can contribute to the diversification of smallholders\' livelihoods. The present study had as objectives: i) to characterize the factors that generate changes in groups of certified forest smallholders\' livelihoods; and ii) to verify the influence of time of certification on the change of livelihood assets of these groups. Four groups of FSC SLIMF certified smallholders outgrowers, and a not certified smallholder outgrower group were selected to this study. These groups are located in the Brazilian regions of the extreme south of Bahia and north of Espirito Santo, and the Tibagi river valley in Paraná. The groups were characterized by interviews and bibliographic surveys. The certifications\' impacts on the smallholders\' livelihoods were measured using a questionnaire based on an adaptation of the Sustainable Livelihoods approach. Scenarios on the certification\'s influence on each group\'s livelihoods were developed and the interactions between livelihood capitals were interpreted. The certification\'s positive performance was influenced by the market demand for certified products, the smallholders groups previous situation on the social capital and their socioeconomic conditions. The FSC SLIMF certification promoted positive changes in all livelihoods\' capitals, but at different intensities in each group. The perception of higher change in the natural capital was unanimous. The financial capital, considered to be the main participation motivator in the certification, did not present the Premium Price expected by the producers. Certification time positively influenced outcomes across all livelihoods, however engagement and participation of group members in management is key to successful certification. Aspects such as schooling and income influenced the interest in pursuing certification and perceiving improvements.