O objetivo da presente dissertação é entender como ocorre a ficcionalização da memória da guerra colonial portuguesa nos romances Os Cus de Judas e A Costa dos Murmúrios e as estratégias usadas pelos autores para expressar essa memória em termos literários. Essas narrativas ao constatarem o colapso da antiga utopia colonialista do discurso nacional português, propõem uma revisão dos antigos valores nacionais e da retórica do regime salazarista, que afetou de forma profunda a vida dos autores. Em ambas as narrativas, a experiência da guerra é reconstruída através do testemunho e da reavaliação das reminiscências do passado das personagens, o que confere às obras um perfil confessional. Ao desmontar o tradicional relato histórico, relativizando verdades universalmente aceitas, a ficção visa preencher as lacunas do discurso histórico oficial, entendido como uma escritura dos vencedores. O confronto entre a memória individual resgatada pelas personagens e a memória legitimada da nação tem uma função redentora sobre o passado na medida em que interrompe a lógica dominante no momento presente. O estudo das referidas obras individualmente é concluído com uma análise sob o viés comparativo que visa estabelecer semelhanças e possíveis discrepâncias na forma de representação das memórias da guerra colonial / The aim of the present dissertation is to understand how fictionalization of the Portuguese colonial war memory occurs in the novels Os Cus de Judas e A costa dos Murmúrios and the strategies used by the authors to express this memory in literary terms.These narratives, atesting the collapse of the old colonialist utopia spread by the portuguese nations narrative, propose a re-evaluation of outdated national values as well as the rhetoric of Salazars regime, which affected profoundly these writers lives. In both narratives, the war experience is reconstructed through the characters testimonials and re-evaluation of their past reminiscences, what gives them a confessional profile. Dismounting the traditional historical narrative by the relativization of widely accepted truths, fiction intends to fill the gaps of the official historical record, seen as a discourse comiited with the dominant classes. The confrontation between the characters individual memory and the legitimized nation's memory, has a libertarian dimension about the past, as it interrupts the dominant logic of the present. The study of the refered novels individualy is concluded with a comparative analisys which stablish similarities and possible discrepancies between their representation of the colonial war memories

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Le sommeil a un effet sur la mémoire mais également sur l'oubli. Nous avons soumis des rats à des tâches impliquant différents degrés d'oubli. Ces tâches, impliquant mémoire de référence (MR), ou mémoire de travail (MT) avec différents niveaux d'interférences, ont été réalisées dans un même dispositif comportemental. Alors que nous avons observés une augmentation du sommeil paradoxal (SP) lors de la tâche de MR, les performances en MT nécessitant l'oubli sont dépendantes du sommeil lent (SL). Seuls les rats entrainés en MR montrent une augmentation du thêta phasique durant le SP, ainsi que des fuseaux durant le SL. Ces résultats indiquent donc un rôle du SP dans les apprentissages spatiaux à long terme alors que la flexibilité comportementale requise en MT semble dépendante du SL. Il existe de nombreuses évidences suggérant que l'apprentissage résulte de modifications synaptiques, et différentes théories suggèrent des rôles différents du SL et du SP dans ces changements. Nous avons donc ensuite examiné l'évolution de la transmission synaptique dans l'hippocampe (HPC), mais aussi entre l'HPC et le cortex préfrontal médian (CPFm) ainsi que le noyau accumbens (NAc). Alors que le SL accroit la transmission synaptique dans l'HPC, le SP la diminue. Au niveau des efférences de l'HPC, le SL diminue la transmission vers le CPFm alors que les épisodes de SP favorisent la communication vers le NAc. Plutôt que de favoriser globalement des processus communs à l'ensemble du cerveau, nos résultats suggèrent que le SL et le SP permettent de rediriger les flux d'informations entre différents réseaux, et que cet aiguillage de l'information est modulé par les oscillations du sommeil / Numerous studies have now demonstrated that sleep has a beneficial influence on memory but also impact forgetting. We have submitted rats to behavioral tasks involving different levels of forgetting. These tasks, implying reference memory (RM) or working memory (WM) with different level of interferences, were executed in the same behavioral apparatus. Whereas we observed an increase of paradoxical sleep (PS) during the RM training, the WM tasks requiring forgetting are dependent on slow-wave sleep (SWS). Only the RM trained rats exhibited an increase in theta bursts during PS, as well as spindles during SWS. These results thus indicate the role of PS in long-term spatial learning, whereas behavioral flexibility required by WM tasks is dependent on SWS. Numerous pieces of evidence suggest that learning is caused by modifications of synaptic connections, and different theories suggest different roles of the SWS and PS to optimize these changes. We sought to understand the evolution of synaptic transmission in the hippocampal network but also between the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as between the HPC and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). While SWS increases synaptic transmission in the HPC, PS decreases it rapidly. In contrast and regarding hippocampal efferents, SWS reduces transmission to the mPFC while PS enhances transmission to the NAc. In contrast to the hypotheses posing that sleep promotes a global process common to the entire brain; our results suggest that SWS and PS redirect data flows between different networks, and that this switch between different information pathways could be modulated by the various sleep oscillations

Friedrich Nietzsche’s 1874 essay "On the Use and Disadvantage of History for Life" (HL) presents ideas on how the past ought to be appropriated and how history ought to be written. His 1887 book "On the Genealogy of Morality" (GM) presents an account of the historical development of European morality. Given that Nietzsche appropriates the past through writing in GM, the question arises: does GM put into practice Nietzsche’s earlier ideas from HL concerning how the past ought to be appropriated through the writing of history? I argue that GM does indeed apply some of Nietzsche’s key ideas from HL. In particular, GM remains consistent with HL insofar as it appropriates the past unhistorically, makes use of the monumental and critical modes of history, and appropriates the past in a way that encourages the flourishing of an elite kind of human being. However, Nietzsche’s manner of appropriating the past in GM also diverges from what he espouses in HL. Whereas in HL he emphasizes the usefulness and desirability of forgetting and distorting the past, in GM he exhibits a more notable concern with knowing the truth about the past. I show that this difference in approach is due to the significant change that Nietzsche’s epistemology underwent between the writing of HL and the writing of GM. This difference in approach notwithstanding, the great virtue of illuminating GM through the lens of HL is that it allows us to see more clearly how a lack of concern with truth and knowledge plays a positive role in Nietzsche’s writing of the past in GM. It also helps us to understand why he appropriates the past the way that he does in GM. Just as in HL Nietzsche thought that the past ought to be appropriated in a way that encourages the activity of genius, his writing of the history of European morality in GM is undertaken with the intent to encourage the occurrence and activity of a select kind of human being, a kind of human being that Nietzsche values above all else.

Depuis de nombreuses années, les scientifiques ont étudié les bases neurales de la mémoire. Cependant, une question clé demeure: comment le cerveau distingue t'il les informations suffisamment importantes pour être consolidées en mémoire à long terme des informations stockées de manière temporaire en mémoire à court-terme/mémoire de travail, et qui doivent être effacées afin de ne pas saturer nos ressources cognitives. Contrairement à l'opinion populaire qui considère l'oubli comme nuisible à notre mémoire, de nombreux travaux suggèrent que l'oubli est un processus adaptatif essentiel permettant le filtrage des informations non-essentielles qu'on peut stocker de manière temporaire. Étonnamment, on connaît peu de choses des bases cellulaires et moléculaires de cet oubli adaptatif. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise à déterminer les bases de cette forme d'oubli adaptatif, en particulier de celui nécessaire au traitement des informations en mémoire de travail. Avec cette thèse, nous avons ainsi montré que le gyrus denté est une structure clé responsable du traitement des informations non pertinentes en mémoire, un processus essentiel qui permet une utilisation optimale de nos ressources cognitives. Nous pensons que ces travaux nous aident à mieux comprendre comment le cerveau gère les interférences, mais également à identifier les mécanismes responsables de l'oubli « utile » d'informations / For many years, scientists have been investigating the neural bases of memory. However, a key question remains unanswered: how does the brain distinguish information important enough to be consolidated into long-term memory from information required only temporarily, and that needs to be cleared away for not saturating our cognitive resources. In contrast to the popular view considering forgetting as deleterious to our ability to remember, forgetting might be an essential adaptive process allowing the filtering of non-essential information. Surprisingly, very little is known on the cellular and molecular bases of adaptive forgetting. The work presented in this thesis aims to find a way to determine such bases of adaptive forgetting, in particular in the context of Working Memory processing. With this thesis, we thus showed that the dentate gyrus is a critical node in processing the forgetting of irrelevant information, an essential process allowing optimal use of cognitive resources. Our work sheds light not only on the question of how the brain responds to interferences, but also on the mechanisms of "forgetting" what should be forgotten

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étude la mémoire urbaine du centre-ville de Beyrouth. L’objectif de cette recherche est de reconstituer in situ, le fil historique et mémoriel urbanistique du centre-ville de Beyrouth depuis sa reconstruction d’après-guerre : de sa mutation à sa métamorphose. Ce travail se base sur soixante-et-un entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de la population libanaise, de professionnels (architectes, avocats, hommes politiques) et d’enseignants-chercheurs (géographes, sociologues, littéraires). Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une démarche qualitative. Elle s’appuie également sur des études socio-anthropologiques, historiques et géographiques menées sur la reconstruction du centre-ville de Beyrouth et son histoire urbaine retraçant ainsi trois périodes temporelles : l’avant, le pendant et l’après-guerre, fondatrices des évolutions du centre-ville de Beyrouth. Elle explore grâce à l’outil de comparaison les processus de reconstruction d’autres villes détruites lors de conflits armés. En croisant les différents questionnements et choix urbains liés à la reconstruction et à la conservation de la mémoire des villes détruites, cette recherche cerne ainsi les spécificités de la reconstruction libanaise. Ce travail repose également sur un recueil de données ethnographiques mettant en lumière la mémoire urbaine du centre-ville à travers les récits mémoriaux des habitants, privilégiant ainsi un urbanisme sensible focalisé sur une mémoire sensorielle et sur des sensations passées, éprouvées et disparues avec la métamorphose des lieux du centre-ville beyrouthin. / This thesis aims to study the urban memory of downtown Beirut. The objective of this research is to reconstitute in situ, the historical and memory line of downtown Beirut since its post-war reconstruction: from its transformation to its metamorphosis. This work is based on sixty-one semi-structured interviews with the Lebanese population, professionals (architects, lawyers, politicians) and research professors (geographers, sociologists, literarys). This research is part of a qualitative approach. It also relies on socio-anthropological, historical and geographical studies carried out on the reconstruction of downtown Beirut and its urban history retracing three time periods: before, during and after the war, founders of evolutions of downtown Beirut. Through the comparison tool, it explores the reconstruction processes of other cities destroyed during armed conflicts. By crossing the different questions and urban choices related to the reconstruction and preservation of the memory of the destroyed cities, this research identifies the specificities of the Lebanese reconstruction. This work is also based on a collection of ethnographic data highlighting the urban memory of the city center through the memorial narratives of the inhabitants, favoring a sensitive urban planning focused on a sensory memory and on past sensations, proven and disappeared with the metamorphosis places downtown Beirut.

This piece of work deals with a philosophy of design adaptive controller, which is based on knowledge of mathematical model controlled plant. This master thesis is focused on closed-loop on-line parametric identification methods. An estimation of model´s parametres is solved by two main concepts: recursive leastsquare algorithms and neural estimators. In case of least-squares algorithm the strategy of preventing the typical problems are solved here. For instance numerical stability, accurecy and restricted forgetting. Back Propagation and Marquardt- Levenberg algorithm were choosen to represent artificial inteligence. There is still a little supermacy on the side of methods based on least-squares algorithm. To compare individual algorithms the grafical interface in MATLAB/Simulink was created.

In the thesis, I aim to analyze how people remember their past in changed political circumstances, what and who affect that memory, and why and how does rapture between social memory and historical narratives come about. My subject of inquiry is the personality of Josip Broz Tito and above that the period of socialism and the years of his reign. Studying these my intention is not in writing his biography, rather I use him as an object through which I can get a closer look at the production of a new social memory. I analyze my ethnographic data by using the theory of collective memory and politics of memory theory. Those two main analytical tools are combined with more concepts and hypotheses. The inquiry is done on multisited places, by doing multi-local ethnography namely in Croatia and Serbia. I argue that the mnemonic communities like nations, social groups or power elites influence how people perceive their past and consequently remember historical facts. In times of unstable political circumstances like the change of communist order into capitalistic one, people tend to make sense of their complex past by producing different narratives which are often contested.

L'oubli est une perte temporaire ou permanente de mémoire, que l'on perçoit souvent de manière déplaisante lorsqu'elle nous empêche d'accéder à un savoir que l'on a acquis. Cependant, des découvertes récentes suggèrent que l'oubli peut aussi être un processus adaptatif permettant d'optimiser notre mémoire, en effaçant des informations non pertinentes susceptibles d'interférer avec le stockage ou le rappel de nouvelles informations. Ainsi, l'oubli adaptatif est particulièrement essentiel au fonctionnement de notre mémoire à court terme ou mémoire de travail (MT), car les informations qui y sont stockées doivent être oubliées une fois utilisées. A l'inverse, des informations peuvent être stockées pendant toute une vie dans la mémoire à long terme ou mémoire de référence (MR) chez l'animal. Les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires sous-tendant le stockage des informations en mémoire mais également leur oubli adaptatif restent mal connus. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons adopté une approche comparative et utilisé trois tâches comportementales chez le rat au sein d’un même labyrinthe radial : une tâche de MR et deux tâches de MT impliquant un oubli adaptatif plus ou moins efficace. Nous avons étudié la transmission synaptique à la synapse entre le cortex entorhinal et le gyrus denté (voie d’entrée de l’hippocampe, structure clé de la mémoire) entre les deux jours d’apprentissage de ces trois tâches. Nous avons montré que la consolidation mnésique (en MR) induit un phénomène de potentialisation synaptique à long terme (proche d'une LTP), comme attendu d’après la littérature. A l'inverse, nous avons montré pour la première fois que l’oubli adaptatif en MT induirait une dépression synaptique à long terme. De plus, de nombreuses études suggèrent l’implication du sommeil dans la mémoire, mais le rôle des différentes phases de sommeil dans la consolidation mnésique ainsi que leur rôle dans l’oubli adaptatif reste ambigu. Nous avons donc également réalisé des enregistrements polysomnographiques (entre les deux jours des tâches), afin de quantifier la durée des états sommeil et la puissance des oscillations cérébrales. Nous avons ainsi confirmé le rôle du sommeil paradoxal, et plus particulièrement de ses oscillations gamma, pour la consolidation mnésique en MR. A l’inverse, l’oubli adaptatif en MT serait favorisé par les oscillations lentes du sommeil lent. Ces résultats représentent une contribution significative non seulement aux mécanismes neuronaux sous-tendant la mémoire et l’oubli adaptatif, mais également aux modulations de ces mécanismes par le sommeil. Nous avons donc montré que la consolidation mnésique induit un phénomène physiologique de potentialisation synaptique proche d'une LTP. Or l’induction artificielle de LTP par stimulation tétanique est considérée comme un modèle cellulaire de la mémoire. Notre second objectif a été d'évaluer l'impact de la modulation des états de sommeil sur une LTP, cette-fois-ci induite artificiellement (dans les mêmes conditions à la même synapse chez le rat vigile). Nous voulions ainsi comparer l'effet de la modulation du sommeil sur une potentialisation physiologique (après apprentissage) ou sur une LTP artificielle. Nous avons montré de nombreuses similitudes entre ces deux situations de potentialisation synaptique, notamment en ce qui concerne le rôle favorable du sommeil paradoxal, ce qui confirme l’intérêt de la LTP artificielle pour l’étude de la mémoire. Enfin, notre étude montre que non seulement le sommeil, mais également les oscillations de l'éveil contribuent à la mémoire et l’oubli. Nous avons analysé les oscillations locales dans le gyrus denté au cours des trois tâches comportementales déjà décrites. L'importante résolution spatiale et temporelle de cette analyse nous a permis d'identifier l'implication de certaines oscillations locales à des moments cruciaux de prise de décision dans le labyrinthe, au cours de l'encodage et du rappel d'informations stockées en MR ou en MT / Forgetting is a temporary or permanent loss of memory, often perceived as deleterious to our cognitive abilities, especially when it prevents us from accessing information we previously acquired. However, recent studies in Neurosciences suggest that forgetting could also be an adaptive phenomenon that would optimize memory function by erasing non relevant information, that could otherwise interfere with the storage or recall of new information. Therefore, adaptive forgetting would particularly be necessary for daily activities relying on short-term or working memory (WM), as information temporarily stored in WM need to be forgotten once used, so that this temporary information does not interfere in the future with the storage and recall of newer information. On the contrary, information can be stored for a lifetime in long-term or reference memory (RM) in animals. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying memory storage of information, but also adaptive forgetting, are still unclear. During this thesis, we used a comparative approach by training rats in three different behavioral tasks in the same radial maze: one RM task and two WM tasks involving a more or less effective adaptive forgetting process of previously stored information. We studied synaptic transmission at the synapse between the entorhinal cortex and the dentate gyrus (gating hippocampus, a key structure for memory) between two days of training in these three tasks. Our results show that memory consolidation (in RM) induces a form of long-term potentiation (LTP-like), confirming previous published work from the literature. However, we showed for the first time that adaptive forgetting in WM could trigger long-term synaptic depression. Moreover, numerous studies suggest that sleep is important for optimal memory processing, but the role of the different sleep phases in memory consolidation and in adaptive forgetting remains to be elucidated. We thus also performed polysomnographic recordings (between the two trainings days in the three behavioral tasks), in order to measure sleep state durations and sleep oscillations associated with these processes. Our results confirm the essential role of paradoxical sleep, and more specifically gamma oscillations during this state, for memory consolidation in RM. On the contrary, we also found that adaptive forgetting in WM would benefit from slow oscillations during slow wave sleep. We believe that these results contribute significantly to our understanding of neuronal mechanisms underlying memory and forgetting, especially concerning the modulation of these mechanisms by the different sleep states following training. On the one hand, we thus here showed that memory consolidation induces an LTP-like physiological phenomenon. On the other hand, the induction of an artificial form of LTP by tetanic stimulation is considered a cellular model of memory. Our second goal was to assess the modulation of an artificial LTP (at the same synapse, in the same conditions, on freely-moving rats) by sleep states. We also wanted to compare the impact of sleep states on a physiological LTP-like process (after learning) or on an artificial LTP. Our results showed many similarities between these two situations of synaptic potentiation, in particular concerning the positive role of paradoxical sleep, confirming the relevance of artificial LTP as a model to study memory processes. Finally, our study shows that not only sleep, but also oscillations during waking, could contribute to memory and forgetting. We therefore analyzed local spontaneous oscillations in the dentate gyrus while rats were performing the three behavioral tasks previously described. The high spatial and temporal resolution of this analysis allowed us to show the role of different local spontaneous oscillations at critical moments of training in the maze, in particular during decision making, and during encoding or retrieval of information stored in RM or WM

Čeněk Pýcha History in public space: Changes of institutions of memory Abstract The submitted dissertation project is based on a longer research interest in memory and remembering. Interdisciplinary memory studies is one of the most dynamically developing subdisciplines in the social sciences and humanities. The aim of this work is to contribute to the ongoing academic discussion and to explore some environments of making sense of the past, which so far stood rather on the periphery of research interests. The research field of this project is defined by the questioning of transformations of memory institutions. I observe this change primarily on the trajectory of movement from grand institutions of memory to small ones. As the grand institutions of memory, I understand the traditional institutions of the interpretation of the past that were born in the modernization process. In this dissertation project, I focus mainly on institutions of heritage preservation and museums. With the partial disintegration of grand collective frameworks, these institutions are divided into small institutions. I study this movement in case studies on contemporary cultural practices of remembrance in new memory ecologies. I focus on digital platforms for travelers, remembering through visual communication or interest in places...