本研究探討電腦支援合作知識翻新（knowledge building）活動對國小四年級學童閱讀理解與寫作表現的影響。研究對象為新北市某公立國小的兩班學生共53人。其中，實驗組（n=25）採知識翻新活動﹔控制組(n=28)採傳統講述教學活動。研究方法採準實驗設計中的「不等組前後測設計」；在為期十八週的實驗期間進行前測、實驗處理及後測。 　　研究資料來源包含：(1)PIRLS閱讀測驗前後測成績；(2)教學科技平台討論內容；(3)教學科技平台活動參與量；(4)寫作表現分數；(5)實驗組與控制組學生的半結構訪談；以及(6)實驗組的段考學習成績。資料分析同時使用質性與量化兩種方式。質性分析內容包括半結構訪談與平台討論內容，量化資料分析內容包含閱讀測驗成績、平台活動參與程度、以及寫作表現分數。透過多元資料分析以瞭解經過不同教學方法後，兩組學生的閱讀理解與寫作表現上是否有所差異。 　　研究結果顯示：(1) 知識翻新有助於提升學生的整體閱讀理解，且使用知識論壇進行閱讀理解提問，也有助於提昇學生的提問能力；(2) 知識翻新有助於提升學生整體寫作表現，且知識論壇上的貼文與討論活動也有助於改善學生的寫作品質；(3) 知識翻新能幫助學生改進其想法概念，且實驗後期於知識論壇的活動量也有呈現增加的趨勢；及(4)經過知識翻新活動後，實驗組的低學業成就學生之閱讀理解表現優於控制組的低學業成就學生，但二組在寫作方面則無顯著差異。 　　本研究嘗試改變過去的學習模式，透過知識翻新：鼓勵學生產生並反思想法，讓學生的學習更具主動性；及鼓勵同儕間的互助與互動以改進閱讀想法，讓學生在閱讀理解與寫作表現的成效產生正向的成長。 / Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of knowledge building activities on grade-four students’ reading comprehension and writing performance. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design. In the experiment group, the participants were 25 grade-four students; in the control group, the participants were 28 grade-four students. The experiment class engaged in knowledge building and sustained ideational writing in order to enhance their writing performance (for 18 weeks). In contrast, the control group engaged in teacher-directed instruction. Data sources mainly came from: (1) pre-post PIRLS reading comprehension test; (2) students’ notes posted in Knowledge Forum; (3) students’ online discussion activities in Knowledge Forum, such as number of notes contributed, number of notes read, and number of notes built-on to other’s notes; (4) pre-post writing test; (5) semi-structured interview; and (6) student’ end-of-the-semester grades. To analyze, one-way ANCOVA, paired t-test and chi-square was employed to quantitatively examine students’ reading comprehension and writing test after the course. In addition, qualitative content analysis was also performed to evaluate the quality of students’ notes and to understand how students changed their views of ideas. The findings were as follows: (1) knowledge building pedagogy was conducive to enhancing students’ high-level reading comprehension and encouraging more in-depth questioning activities in Knowledge Forum; (2) after being engagaed in Knowledge building for a semester, students were able to demonstrate better writing performance, and more active discussion activities in the Knowledge Forum; (3) Knowledge building pedagogy changed students’ views of ideas and improved their idea generation capacity; and (4) Low achievers in the experiment group were able to demonstrate better reading comprehension than those in the control group. Overall, the findings suggested that knowledge building practice was able to help change the traditionally more authoritative and teacher-directed one-way instruction,   to an alternative, more student-centered, idea generation and improvement pedagogy, that helped students attain better reading comprehension and writing performance.

À trop vouloir poser la loi étrangère en parfait symbole de la résolution des conflits de lois, les auteurs dressent une présentation manichéenne du droit international privé où la lex fori (loi du juge saisi) incarne l'indésirable. C'est oublier qu'elle est davantage utilisée que la loi étrangère en matière de litiges internationaux puisque de nombreux procédés lui octroient pleinement ou subsidiairement une position privilégiée.<br />Prenant acte de ce constat, qu'il fonde sur des considérations sociologiques (ethnocentrisme) et pragmatiques (bonne administration de la justice), l'auteur entend réhabiliter la loi du for. Sans aller jusqu'à un legeforismo, dont la traduction pratique serait l'application systématique de la lex fori, un équilibre réaliste est proposé à partir d'un rapprochement des critères de rattachement et des chefs de compétence. Le vade-mecum de ce rapprochement offre alors les clés de la complémentarité qui doit exister entre la lex fori et la loi étrangère.

This thesis examines the use of actor-based Applied Theatre methods within the workplace. Typically such methods are employed for behavioural skills training with the intention of enabling staff to effectively perform their work roles in a context of rapid and fundamental change to work practices and structures. This research uses case studies and mixed methods and finds that whilst work-based Applied Theatre may be commissioned for reasons of efficiency, in practice there is also the potential for individual efficacy. Whilst competitive forces drive the imperative for increased efficiency, the practice opens a space where the human consequences of this pressure can be explored. Studies of Applied Theatre have ignored or excluded the workplace as a site of research and consequently applications of these methods are under researched and little understood. This thesis questions the exclusive assumptions of the academic field, presenting a more complex picture of the practice than currently appears in the literature. Whilst the workplace presents many tensions that must be negotiated, this research finds that the participative, embodied and dialogic qualities of the practice can enable a space for catharsis, negotiation, expression and learning not possible through other methods. These dialogic and participatory qualities are found to promote a social model of leadership and interaction that is progressive, facilitating a shift away from pervasive mechanistic command and control approaches to management and leadership. A central quality of this efficacy and impact was found to be the role of the workplace actor which has evolved beyond the delivery of performance and into innovative approaches that aim to increase the actor’s contribution to learning. This emerging hybrid role is defined here as the ‘pedagogical actor’, drawing on skills of calibration, feedback and facilitation in addition to delivering a credible performance. Case Studies include an examination of the use actor-based role-play within financial services company Friends Provident and Forum Theatre used by the multi-national 3M, in addition to numerous case examples.

This qualitative study is about social security system as a form of international aid, with focus on cash transfers in Tanzania. The study aims to examine social security systems as the right tool to fight poverty in the long term. It also aims to analyze how Swedish international aid organisations contributes to the establishment of social security systems in Tanzania. The study is based on literature of relevance, interviews and other existing social security systems. In this study a total of eight semi structured interviews were conducted with representatives from various Swedish international aid organisations, as well as a scientist operating at a university in Sweden. The theoretical framework in this study includes Social Progress Index as a tool to measure and analyze the well being of a country. The main findings in this study showed that social security systems in form of cash in hand is a simple and effective way to get people out of poverty. The results also include problems with international aid and the absence of a long term solution in fighting poverty. The main findings in this study contributes to a greater understanding of the importance of contextualization regarding social security systems. It also shows that Sweden as a welfare nation has an important role in international discussions concerning social protection. / Det här är en kvalitativ studie om internationella biståndsinsatser i form av sociala trygghetssystem med fokus på kontantstöd i Tanzania. Studien syftar till att undersöka om sociala trygghetssystem i den här bemärkelsen är rätt verktyg för att bekämpa extrem fattigdom ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv, samt hur svenska biståndsorganisationer bidrar till uppbyggnad av sociala trygghetssystem i Tanzania. Studien utgår från relevant litteratur, intervjuer och referenser till andra sociala trygghetssystem. Sammanlagt genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med informanter från svenska biståndsorganisationer samt en forskare som är verksam vid ett svenskt universitet. En viktig teoretisk utgångspunkt i studien är Social Progress Index (SPI) som är ett verktyg för att mäta länders välmående. Av resultatet framgår att sociala trygghetssystem är ett effektivt och enkelt sätt att lyfta människor ur fattigdom. Detta ställs i kontrast till problematiken kring bistånd och sociala trygghetssystem som endast en kortsiktig lösning. Resultatet visar också vikten av kontextualisering i biståndsinsatser och Sveriges viktiga roll i den internationella biståndsdebatten.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit option droit des technologies de l'information" / Ce mémoire de maîtrise présente une situation dans laquelle un citoyen ordinaire tente de diffuser sur Internet une opinion critique qu'il dirige contre une grande entreprise commerciale et tente d'analyser les éléments favorables à la diffusion de cette opinion critique ainsi que les embûches qui sont à prévoir. Cet exemple permet d'illustrer les forces et les faiblesses d'Internet en matière de liberté d'expression. Il permet de poser une mise en garde concernant les dangers de transposer les limites actuelles à la liberté d'expression des citoyens au contexte d'Internet. La première partie de l'analyse souligne les caractéristiques d'Internet et les différentes façons d'aborder la question de la liberté d'expression sur Internet selon les approches libertaire, libérale ou interventionniste, pour finalement faire le point sur l'apport d'Internet en matière d'information et de communication. La deuxième partie de l'analyse aborde la question de l'efficience en identifiant les éléments qui encouragent l'exercice de la liberté d'expression et ceux qui découragent les utilisateurs de s'exprimer sur Internet. L'exemple des critiques dirigées contre les oligopoles permet d'illustrer la nécessité d'établir des règles propres à Internet en matière de liberté d'expression. Cet exemple fait ressortir le caractère inadéquat des limites actuelles à la liberté d'expression établies par le droit de la presse, le droit de la radiodiffusion, le droit de propriété et le droit de la propriété intellectuelle. L'auteur vient à la conclusion qu'en matière de liberté d'expression, il serait souhaitable: 1) Que Internet soit considéré comme un espace public de discussion; 2) Que la préséance des intérêts économiques sur les intérêts démocratiques au niveau du développement de la société de l'information soit avouée; 3) Que les inégalités en termes d'opportunités d'expression soient reconnues; 4) Que les limites imposées en vertu des règles du droit de la propriété soient reconsidérées à la lumière des caractéristiques d'Internet. / This master thesis presents a case in which an ordinary citizen tries to spread on the Internet a criticizing opinion aimed at a large company, and attempts to analyse what are the elements in favour of this criticism broadcasting, as weil as the obstacles to be expected. This example allows us to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the Internet in matter of freedom of speech. It also allows to put forward a warning concerning the risks of transposing current Iimits of freedom of speech in an Internet context. The first part of the analysis underlines the Internet's characteristics and the different ways to broach the subject of freedom of speech over the Internet, following severaI approaches, to finally focus on the Internet's contribution in matter of information and communication. The second part of the analysis deals with the question of efficiency, while identifying the elements that encourage the exercise of freedom of speech and those that discourage Internet users from expressing themselves. The example of criticism aimed toward large companies allows to illustrate the need to establish the Internet's own rules in matter of freedom of speech. What emerges from this example is the inadequate character of current limits to freedom of speech as set up by freedom of the press, broadcasting law, property and intellectual property law. The author concludes that in matter of freedom of speech, it wouId be recommended: 1) that the Internet be considered as a public forum; 2) that the predominance of economic interests over democratic interests in the development of the information society be admitted; 3) that the inequalities in terms of expression opportunities be recognized; 4) that the limits imposed in accordance with property law be reconsidered in an Internet context.

L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di analizzare la relazione fra l’esperienza di consumo e la costruzione della corporeità. Il lavoro si sviluppa all’ interno di un frame teorico che ha previsto lo studio integrato di tre discipline: sociologia, filosofia e marketing esperienziale. In particolare, l’analisi sociologica dei consumi ha messo in luce la complessità del consumo postmoderno collocandolo all’ interno del più ampio contesto socio culturale contemporaneo. Un consumo dove si evidenziano nuove modalità di espressione dell’identità dell’individuo attraverso l’uso degli oggetti, innovativi spazi di comunicazione e condivisione (offline e online) e una pluralità di stili di consumo che di volta in volta il consumatore cambia in base agli stili di vita, gusti, preferenze e contesti sociali. In questo quadro, allora, è emersa la necessità di studiare il consumo da una seconda prospettiva teorica che chiama in causa il marketing esperienziale, al fine di comprendere le modalità e le strategie attraverso cui il marketing veicola la propria offerta commerciale. Pertanto, si è inteso approfondire il concetto di esperienza di consumo, fornendo una definizione teorica e le sue principali caratteristiche. Da queste analisi si è evidenziato il ruolo del corpo nel processo di costruzione dell’esperienza; partendo da questo assunto si è proceduto allo studio della filosofia per fare chiarezza sulla contrapposizione fra corpo soggetto agente dell’esperienza e corpo agito dall’intelletto. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi della letteratura sociologica, si è approfondito la contrapposizione fra una visione della corporeità intesa come progetto individuale e quella che la intende come oggetto sociale. Infine si è analizzata una terza chiave di lettura (Featherstone 2010) che identifica nel ‘soggetto’ una sua possibile ricomposizione. La base empirica della tesi si fonda sull’uso della netnografia per l'analisi di un forum (Ciao.it) dove sono stati rilevati i post di consumatori di cosmetici e offline attraverso 15 interviste semistrutturate. La tesi mette chiarisce quali sono le categorie di consumo comunicate dai consumatori, se sono presenti nuove categorie non individuate dalla letteratura e la differenza fra la comunicazione online e offline dell’esperienza. Inoltre, l’analisi consentirà di delineare i processi sottostanti la costruzione della corporeità nell’esperienza di consumo e se il ‘soggetto’ si configura quale effettivo elemento di ricomposizione fra corpo come progetto individuale e corpo come oggetto culturale. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between the experience of consumption and body construction. The work is developed within a theoretical framework that provides for the integrated study of three disciplines: sociology, philosophy and experiential marketing. In particular, the sociological analysis of consumption has highlighted the complexity of postmodern consumption by placing within the broader socio-cultural context of the contemporary. A consumer wherever there are new ways of individual expression of identity with objects, innovative communication and sharing spaces (offline and online), and a plurality of styles of consumption that the consumer changes according lifestyles, tastes, preferences and social settings. In this context, then, it is important to study the consumption by a second theoretical perspective that involves experiential marketing, in order to understand the ways and strategies through which conveys marketing its product offering. Therefore, it was necessary to deepen the concept of consumer experience, providing a theoretical definition and its main characteristics. From these analyses it is highlighted the role of the body within the process of construction of experience. So, the study of philosophy was important to clarify the contrast between the body as an agent of experience and a vision that considers the body as an object of the intellect . In addition, through the analysis of the sociological literature, it has deepened the contrast between a vision of corporeality as an individual project, and one that considers the body as a cultural object. Finally, we examined a third interpretation (Featherstone 2010) that identifies the 'subject' a possible third interpretation of this phenomenon. The empirical basis of the thesis is based on the use of netnography for analysing a forum (Ciao.it) where the post of consumers of cosmetics and offline through 15 semi-structured interviews were detected. The thesis clarifies the categories of consumption reported by consumers, if there are new categories not identified in the literature and the difference between the online and offline communications experience. In addition, the analysis will outline the processes underlying the construction of corporeality in the experience of consumption and whether the 'subject' is presented as an effective third interpretation of the conflict between the vision of the body as an individual project and the body as a cultural object.

Les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) sont de plus en plus présentes dans les différentes sphères de notre société, comme en éducation. De nombreux enseignants s’en servent pour travailler avec leurs élèves en classe. Malgré leur utilisation parfois limitée aux fonctions de base, les TIC offrent beaucoup d’avantages qui peuvent être très bénéfiques à l’éducation des jeunes, tout comme les échanges interculturels qui permettent aux jeunes de s’ouvrir sur le monde. Ce projet proposait de mettre en réseau par Internet des élèves québécois et des élèves français de 8 à 12 ans à l’aide du forum de discussion Knowledge Forum et de l’outil de vidéoconférence Via. Les connaissances et les attitudes des jeunes face aux autres et à leur culture, ainsi qu’à la technologie ont été analysées. Plus précisément, la participation, les différences et les ressemblances, les connaissances acquises, les façons d’interagir, les attitudes et le degré de présence sociale ont été étudiés à l’aide d’une grille d’analyse incluant les catégories de Bales. Des entrevues effectuées avec les enseignants et les élèves ont aussi été analysées. Le degré de présence sociale a permis aux attitudes des jeunes d’évoluer, devenant plus amicales au fil des échanges. Les élèves ont appris sur la culture de l’autre, ont discuté des différences et des ressemblances et ont donné beaucoup d’informations sur eux. Donc, la technologie a permis aux élèves de créer des liens avec les autres et d’apprendre sur la culture des deux pays. / Information and communication technologies (ICT) are increasingly present in every aspect of our society, such as education. Many teachers use these to work in class with their students. Sometimes, the ICT uses are limited to basic functions, but these technologies can have positive outcomes for students. Intercultural exchanges that may occur through the use of ICT can also help students to open their minds to others. In this project, students, aged 8 to 12, are linked together with two online software: Knowledge Forum and Via. Via is used for videoconferencing and Knowledge Forum for online writing. The knowledge and attitudes of students toward other cultures and technologies were analyzed. Specifically, the participation, differences and similarities, knowledge, interactions and level of social presence were studied with analytic tools, including Bales’ categories. Interviews conducted with teachers and students were also analyzed. The level of social presence helped students’ attitudes to evolve, becoming friendlier with time. Students learned about each other’s cultures, talked about differences and similarities and shared much information about themselves. In short, technology helped students learn about different cultures and build relationships.

67 Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is "Forum Shopping under European Regulation on Insolvency." The forum shopping means deliberate transfer of court proceedings from one EU member state to another under the regulation of EC Council No. 1346/2000, on insolvency proceedings. Forum shopping has been immensely developed recently which is evidenced by the fact that British courts have been facing motions for insolvency proceedings regarding debtors with major link to a non-UK country. I have chosen this topic because forum shopping often happens in real word and Czech expert literature keeps quite on this topic. The Regulation on Insolvency is linked to partly universal effect within the European Union. This means that insolvency proceedings in one Member state will be effective in other member states as well. The insolvency proceedings is commenced in the member state of the debtor's centre of main interests. COMI as a basic building stone of the Regulation is not precisely expressed, and only a partly construction served by the Court of Justice of the European Union leaves door open for large forum shopping evidenced by abundant decision making by the Court of Justice of the European Union and national courts of member states. Forum shopping is furthered by mutual recognition of decisions in terms...

My thesis deals with the status of German language standard and is based on research in the internet discussion sites (internet forums), that deal with the topic of language. The internet forums that I've chosen offer help in learning a foreign language, in our case German. The help is provided either by proofreading or by answering the specific questions. This thesis is based on Ulrich Ammon's model of four social forces and the theory of language management. Next to the instances, which according to Ammon determine the standard, I included the participants of discussion, who decide what is standard too and thereby affect those for whom isn't German the native language. The analysis will be carried out on the basis of the proofreading of model texts. With the help of the language management theory I will discuss with the proofreader in the comments their selected (or not selected) option. The aim of my work is to observe the behavior of normative authority in relation to the codified norm, whether they know and follow it. Furthermore, I am interested in the social background and language abilities of the participants, which I'll find out by using the questionnaires.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liliane Pereira da Silva.pdf: 1475228 bytes, checksum: 6421991f69c754b7074bd467c77dec2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-07 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The aim of this research was to verify how argumentation occurs in an online educational forum as well as to map the interaction network in the analyzed forum, observing how the discussion was set up in it. The research was held with a group of Práticas de Leitura e Escrita na Contemporaneidade, offered by Secretariat for Education of São Paulo (SEE-SP) in association with Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) in the Post-graduation Program of Applied Linguistics and Language Studies (LAEL). The course was exclusively online and attended by aproximately 10,000 teachers of all disciplines of Basic Education II, teacher-coordinators (PCs), teacher-coordinators and teaching supervisors of the state schools in São Paulo. The theoretical basis that guided the research was divided into three aspects: the first one related to interaction, according to Gunawardena, Lowe and Anderson (1997) and Anderson and Kanuka (1998); the second one related to language analysis in a real context of use, guided by Systemic Functional Linguistics, more precisely by the concept of Contextual Configuration (CC) and generic structure potential (GSP) developed by Halliday e Hasan (1989); and the third one related to argumentation in discussion forums according to the studies of Coffin, Painter and Hewings (2005). Based on the qualitative analysis of the discussion forum, it was possible to verify how interaction and argumentation can relate in the environment. As the interaction develops better, the possibilities of deepening the discussion increase, and, consequently, the chances of developing more argumentative strategies increase too. It was also possible to realize how the articulation between the interaction development and discussion is like in relation to the type of mediation that occurred in the analyzed environment / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como a argumentação ocorreu em um fórum de discussão online com finalidade educacional, bem como mapear a rede das interações no fórum analisado, observando como a discussão se configurou. A pesquisa foi realizada com uma turma do Curso Práticas de Leitura e Escrita na Contemporaneidade, oferecido pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEE-SP) em parceria com a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, por meio do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem (LAEL). O curso foi oferecido totalmente a distância, via internet, para cerca de 10.000 professores de todas as disciplinas da Educação Básica II, professores-cordenadores (PCs), professores-cordenadores de Oficina Pedagógica (PCOPs) e supervisores de ensino da rede pública estadual paulista. A fundamentação teórica que orientou a pesquisa foi dividida em três eixos: o primeiro, em relação à interação, a partir dos pressupostos de Gunawardena, Lowe e Anderson (1997) e Anderson e Kanuka (1998); o segundo, em termos de análise da linguagem em um contexto real de uso, orientado pela Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, a partir dos conceitos de configuração contextual (CC) e de estrutura potencial genérica (EPG), desenvolvidos por Halliday e Hasan (1989); e, finalmente, o terceiro, em relação à argumentação em fórum de discussão, de acordo com os estudos de Coffin, Painter e Hewings (2005). A partir da análise qualitativa do fórum de discussão, foi possível constatar como interação e argumentação podem se relacionar nesse ambiente: quanto mais desenvolvida a interação, maior será a possibilidade de se aprofundar a discussão e, dessa forma, desenvolverem-se estratégias argumentativas. Foi possível também perceber como se deu a articulação entre o desenvolvimento da interação e da discussão em relação ao tipo de mediação que ocorreu no fórum analisado