Background: Historically, many reference lines and planes of the human skull have been used in an attempt to depict the head in a natural head position (NHP) which is a relaxed/balanced position when looking ahead at their eye level. Head position correction has been attempted in fields such as anatomy, art, anthropology, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, and forensics. In orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and plastic surgery, corrected head position (CHP) is particularly important for diagnosis of the normality/protrusion/retrusion of the patient’s facial skeleton. Usually a single plane, such as Frankfurt horizontal, is used to correct head position, but its angulation is variable between individuals, because each individual’s anatomy is unique. It has been found previously that the Neutral Horizontal Axis (NHA), Frankfurt horizontal (FH), Krogman-Walker plane (KW plane), and Palatal plane (P plane) demonstrated near parallelism, and these planes averaged -1 to -2 degrees from the true horizontal (HOR, which is a horizontal plane determined as being perpendicular to the earth’s gravitational force) with subjects in NHP. Methods: Craniofacial planes were measured in an Aboriginal Australian sample and in two contemporary samples obtained from Australian orthodontic practices, and the findings were compared with previous studies. Each sample consisted of 40 individuals (20 males and 20 females) with subjects in NHP. The Aboriginal Australian sample was longitudinal (T1, mean age 10 years; T2, mean age 14 years, and T3, mean age 18 years) enabling NHP to be assessed over approximately 8 years. A soft tissue Ear - nose plane (EN plane) was also investigated. Results: NHP reproducibility over 8 years demonstrated a mean of absolute difference of 2.9 degrees, with a range of differences from -7.9 to 8.2 degrees and a standard deviation of differences equal to 3.6 degrees. The Neutral Horizontal Axis (NHA), Frankfurt horizontal (FH), Krogman-Walker plane (KW plane), and Palatal plane (P plane) demonstrated near parallelism with each other, and averaged between 0 and -3 degrees from HOR. On average, EN plane was horizontal but was variable. Conclusions: NHP is not consistently reproducible at the individual level. For hard tissue images, the combined use of NHA, FH, KW plane, and P plane enables prediction of CHP. Additionally, the rectangular shape of the lower orbit - nasal airway region appears to be useful for correcting head position. In facial soft tissue images, EN plane in combination with other visual factors helps to correct head position. Simple geometry enables this head position correction to be performed from any view of the head where relevant landmarks are seen. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1346599 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

Zugl.: Osnabrück, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, August 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Zugl.: Habil.-Schr.

The divide between popular culture and high culture has been a subject of discussion since the early days of media research. Even though popular culture has a somewhat higher status today than in the early 1900’s, the division between the two cultural forms still exists. For example, the movies that appeal to the great masses are rarely awarded the most prestigious European film prices. The aim of this study was to examine how these two cultural practices is separated in film reviews on the Swedish film site MovieZine with the use of the socio-cultural theories of Adorno, Horkheimer and Bourdieu. The main issues consisted of what types of rhetorical arguments the critics use to value the film, and what types of cultural references they make in the different reviews The selection of the movie reviews for this study was based on the ten most viewed movies in Swedish cinema in 2016, and ten movies that were awarded some of the most prestigious and refined American and European film prices in the same year. The general result showed that the film critics used different types of rhetorical arguments based on what type of films they reviewed. In their reviews of the more high cultural films, the citric based their arguments on matters that are considered to be of a more intellectual and analytical kind, than in the reviews of the films that appeal to the masses. The critics often referred to movies or other cultural phenomenon that could be placed on the same side of the cultural spectrum as the movies they reviewed.

Sur la base d’enquêtes de terrain menées en France auprès de travailleurs du service eau potable et assainissement, cette thèse explore la façon dont se tissent au cœur du travail les relations à soi, aux autres et à la nature pour en déceler les distorsions respectives. L’idée centrale est que c’est par la médiation de cette triple relation à soi, aux autres et à la nature que se construit une subjectivité au travail. C’est aussi par cette triple médiation qu’une subjectivité peut manquer à se construire et à inscrire l’histoire de ses pratiques dans un monde. Une double origine de ces distorsions a été identifiée. Premièrement, le cadre normalisant de l’organisation productive qui étouffe la puissance normative du travailleur et sa possibilité de tisser réflexivement des liens signifiants avec les autres et son environnement, et ultimement, avec soi. Secondement, autour des eaux, eau potable, eaux usées, se sont solidifiées des pratiques dépréciées et des représentations dépréciatives. Ces deux composantes expliquent la forme que prend la relégation des travailleurs des eaux et leur sentiment d’injustice. L’expérience de l’injustice décelée dans ce parcours des existences au travail, renforce la portée éthique et politique de cette enquête. La thèse examine finalement la possibilité d’ouvrir un espace de délibération où s’articuleraient de telles expériences. L’appropriation significative du travail est la condition de leur expression et celle de pratiques subversives par lesquelles torsion peut être faite aux structures polarisantes dont les travailleurs héritent. / Based on field investigations conducted in France among workers in the sanitation and drinking-water services, this dissertation studies how relationships to self, others and nature develop at work, but also how the relations between these three elements may become distorted. The principal argument is that at the core of work subjectivity is built throughout the mediation of this triple relationship between self, other, and nature. Moreover, throughout this triple mediation, subjectivity can fail to construct itself and thus to engrave the story of its practices in a world. A double source of distortions were identified. First, the normalizing frame of the productive organization, which stifles the normative power of the worker, as well as the individual’s opportunity reflexively to develop significant bonds with others, the environment, and finally the self. Second, water has significances which are articulated within a structure of domination. These two components explain how the workers are marginalised, as well as the feeling of injustice that results from this marginalisation. The experience of injustice, revealed in the course of existences at work, reinforces the ethical and political impact of this investigation. The dissertation finally examines how a deliberative space can open up where such experiences could articulate and express themselves. The appropriation of work as meaningful is the condition of this expression, but also of subversive practices through which polarizing structures, inherited by the workers, can potentially be transformed.

La Critique de la vision phénoménologique est une tentative de critique de la phénoménologie, à travers la Théorie Critique et la philosophie d’Emmanuel Lévinas, qui caractérise la phénoménologie comme une science eidétique. Nous proposons donc une bref histoire du concept de l’eidos, qui est compris comme un archétype idéal depuis le Platonisme. On aborde l’opposition du matérialisme et de l’idéalisme ancrée dans la Théorie des formes de Platon, l’hylémorphisme d’Aristote, et la Théorie matérialiste des simulacres de Lucrèce. La question substantielle : « matérialisme et/ou idéalisme » nous conduit aux principes de l’individuation, au formalisme et aux concepts de la réification. La phénoménologie de Husserl est née dans le Kulturkampf qui se caractérise par le déferlement du positivisme dans l’idéalisme. Sous cet angle, la phénoménologie est un certain tour de force idéaliste contre le positivisme. La phénoménologie essaie d’intégrer les courants contemporains de la philosophie allemande, et c’est ici et non en biologie que se situe la lutte pour la vie, selon Husserl. Le problème de la vision phénoménologique, en regard de la « race » comportant des significations qui ne sont pas particulièrement biologiques, est un problème qui remonte à Aristote. Selon lui, l’usage de l’eidos est aussi synonyme des catégories de genre et d’espèce. L’eidos d’Husserl inclut la conception d’Aristote, et se présente comme un moyen possible de construire un concept métaphysique de la race en dehors de la biologie. L’eidos en tant que type, tel qu’il est constitué dans la Lebenswelt, se caractérise finalement par la transformation de l’Umwelt en Heimwelt, dans lequel l’individu est passivement formé par la tradition, l’habitus, par terre et sang – un monde de la moyenne, de la « normalité ». Nous essayons de montrer, dans le processus de ce bouleversement irrationnel de la philosophie en Allemagne, le cas particulier et tragique du devenir de la phénoménologie de Husserl entre les mains de Heidegger, qui suggère une auto-limitation de la phénoménologie à la recherche d’un sens qui vise à l’unité du Dasein. Notre but ici est simple et radical : de même que Marx a montré que la philosophie de Hegel n’est rien d’autre que la collection des catégories de la philosophie bourgeoise en déclin, Lévinas et l’École de Francfort ont montré que la philosophie de Heidegger n’est rien d’autre qu’une poursuite de la philosophie hégélienne, mais à un niveau plus abstrait et aussi plus global. / This work is driven by the attempt to criticise Phenomenology with the help of Levinas. Similar to the Frankfurt School, he characterises it as a “vision of essences”. These eidetical essences are, and can never be fully absolute, not only because several movements of Hegelian Dialectics are refuted in submitting knowledge either to the imago of mere immanence, or to normative structures which are postulated as invariant like in certain versions of Neoplatonism, but because they function as an apriori of an eternally unfinished and fragmented Lebenswelt. Maybe it is to harsh to compare Husserl to the neoscholastic readings of Descartes and to the formalist interpretations of Kant. Husserl is well aware of the kinaesthetic foundations of consciousness and, contrary to Heidegger, he even promotes Spinozism in a certain phase of his which excels his adolescent fervour of Berkeley. Nevertheless, Husserl incorporates a subject-based, “monadic” transcendentalism, that paradoxically leads to the dissolution of subjective identity. Traditional reasoning itself is exfoliated to perfection in Heidegger afterwards. Husserl's halfhearted formalism ignores the materialist theory of the simulacrum by Lucretius. Heideggers philosophy widens this overseen aspect in calling the Eidos an Aussehen in referring to the Presocratics, but it despises any kind of method and finally flees in to poetry, maintaining its fatalist errors which it committed right form the start: this is why it gained the name of pseudo-concreteness. Cursed through a specific anti-sociological tendency caused by an anti-empiricist vision of history, their theories virtually (not conceptually) exclude the influences of society on philosophy: they are the end result of the era of Kulturkampf, in which idealism tried to battle positivism, naturalism and historicism. Husserl even defines this philosophical battle as the very struggle of existence. The formulation of the Eidos becomes performance. Aristotle used Eidos synonymous to genus and species. Hence the amplitudes of these philosophies foster the metaphysical standpoint of race, that got out of hand in the Nazi Era and even later on. The “topic” of blood and soil appears in Husserl's definition of Heimwelt and his Eurocentrism. Phenomenology is in no case to blame for National Socialism, and that it has very little to to with its causes. My work simply tries to make the same analogy that Marx had made for Hegel. It tries to describe, how two leading philosophers of the German Bourgeoisie are reproducing the categories of their surrounding society without even really observing it.

This essay discusses the effects of mass culture on the Loman family in Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman. The focus is to identify whether conformation to mass culture and alienation have caused the characters to be lonely and to give up what they enjoy and to fall in line with a system where individuality is replaced by totality. The theoretical framework used is the Frankfurt School’s critical theory which further developed Karl Marx’s socialist economic theory by putting an emphasis on the role of media and culture. The Frankfurt School critical theory purports that people in a mass culture society are estranged from themselves and others as large corporations and machines eradicate individual skills. Consumerism and meaningless media control and keep fatigued workers happy in their leisure time and thus distract them from starting a revolution. Advertising and entertainment create heroes to be revered which leads to a society where people strive for success, but this also results in competition and further estrangement. The conclusion is that the behaviour of the Loman family members is a result of conforming to the expectations of a mass culture society. Willy and Biff fail in their professional fields as they are not engaged in the manual work they are qualified for and that would fulfil their true needs. The constant effort to live up to expectations leads to immoralities, lies, contradictions, and loneliness. A false consciousness conveyed through media has indoctrinated a belief that someone who is not successful should be excluded from society. Willy’s escape after his own and his sons’ failures is suicide.

Aus der Truppe der Beiträger, die überwiegend dezimalklassifikatorische Beiträge lieferten, gab Magda Heiner-Freiling, Die Deutsche Bibliothek, Frankfurt, einen Sachstandsbericht zum Projekt „DDC Deutsch“ und eine Vorausschau auf die zu erwartenden Dienstleistungen. Festzuhalten ist an dieser Stelle nur soviel, daß die Sachgruppen der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie seit Jahrgang 2004 auf DDC umgestellt sind; damit wurde unsere laufende Nationalbibliografie von einer hausgemachten Systematik in eine international gebräuchliche Klassifikation überführt. Dies entsprach auch der Empfehlung, die im Jahre 1998 von einer Expertenkommission des damaligen Deutschen Bibliotheksinstituts gegeben wurde, die überwiegend mit Mitgliedern der Gesellschaft für Klassifikation besetzt war. Mehr dazu findet sich unter www.ddc-deutsch.de