The thesis' subject is the celebrated poet Jindřich Hořejší (1886-1941) in his lesser-known vocation as a theatre translator whose bulk of work consists of translation of contemporary French drama (eg. Giraudoux, Claudel, Cocteau, Salacrou, Neveux, Passeur, Achard or Pagnol). First, it follows traces of theatre in the poet's life, before discussing various aspects of his role as a translator in the reality of theatre at the time (fnancial conditions of theatre translation, the work of theatre agencies, communication with theatres etc.) and offering a list of his translations of French drama, compiled to be as complete as possible. The next chapter contains analyses of Hořejší's own articles detailing his views on the theoretical aspects of translation (which are also reprinted in the Appendix), putting them into the context of contemporary translation theory and practice. The fnal two chapters analyse selected translations. The frst deals with verse drama translations, Arnoux' Huon of Bordeaux and Racine's Phaedra; the latter with an extensive commentary on the history of Czech stage alexandrine. The next chapter follows Hořejší's work with colloquial language in Pagnol's Fanny and compares his approach to translation of Giraudoux' Intermezzo with that of Karel Kraus.

Auteur emblématique de la Modernité viennoise, Hofmannsthal valorise pourtant systématiquement les notions de classicisme et de tradition littéraire, selon lui davantage instituées en France que dans les pays germanophones. Cette thèse étudie sa perception de l’héritage de la culture française, qui représente à ses yeux, d’une manière rendue critique dans le contexte de crise du tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, un modèle esthétique et civilisateur. Elle montre la coïncidence surprenante établie par Hofmannsthal entre la création théâtrale et la référence française, toutes deux placées sous le signe d’un lien social. Elle procède pour ce faire en analysant chronologiquement le regard que porte l’auteur autrichien sur les siècles de la littérature française classique, de ses prémices, à l’époque de la Renaissance, à ses variantes tardives, sous les Lumières. Elle y distingue une continuité dans l’exigence humaniste, une certaine posture moraliste, un idéal de littérature populaire et un modèle formel et générique canonique, quoique empreint de légèreté, qui selon Hofmannsthal fait cruellement défaut en Allemagne et en Autriche. Elle révèle également à quel point son œuvre, et particulièrement son théâtre, se nourrit de cette littérature étrangère, au point de revendiquer à travers elle une forme de classicisme. Elle montre ainsi comment Hofmannsthal, en cherchant à accroître les échanges intellectuels entre la France et son pays, incarne une figure d’auteur paradoxalement originale, à mi-chemin entre une vocation diplomatique européenne et une forme de moralisme moderne. / Hofmannsthal, considered to be one of the eminent members of Viennese Modernity, systematically emphasizes, however, the notions of classicism and literary tradition, which are, according to him, more established in France than in german-speaking countries. This dissertation studies his perception of the inheritance of French culture, which represents for him an aesthetical and civilizing pattern, in a way that becomes problematic in the context of cultural crisis at the turn of the 20th century. It shows the surprising coincidence Hofmannsthal points out between the process of creating for the theatre and the reference to France, which are both deemed to contribute to the fabric of society. It proceeds to analyse the look the Austrian author casts on the history of French classic literature in chronology, from its beginnings, in the Renaissance, to its late variations, in the age of Enlightenment. It underlines a continuity in the humanistic involvement, an attitude that stresses the importance of moral choices, an ideal of popular literature and a formal and generic canonic pattern which, though also marked by a certain lightness, is strongly missing, according to him, in Germany and Austria. It also reveals how much his works, and especially his plays, find their impulse in this foreign literature, so that, through it, they seem to claim a kind of classicism. It shows then how Hofmannsthal, by trying to develop intellectual exchanges between France and his country, embodies a paradoxically original type of author, at the crossroads between a European diplomatic vocation and modern moralism.

Inspired by the work of the Swiss psychotherapist Alice Miller (For Your Own Good, 1983) on the negative effects of traditional childrearing practices in Germany, this thesis posits the existence in France of a similar tradition of "poisonous pedagogy," also founded on a set of moral principles and pedagogical techniques designed to desensitize, demoralize, and blame the child while protecting the parent/teacher. Working under the banner of Cultural Studies, I study examples of pedagogical discourse taken from a variety of cultural productions, ranging from moral treatises (lay and religious) and books on infant care (puericulture) to children's stories, primary school readers, and civics texts. Drawing on Michel Foucault's paradigms of power/knowledge and the "archeology" of knowledge, this study focusses on the various constructions of the child in nineteenth-century France. Beginning with an analysis of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influential Emile ou de l’education (1762), this study traces the legacy of poisonous pedagogy in France during the July Monarchy, the Second Empire and the Third Republic. During the nineteenth century the discourse on children was in constant mutation, and opposing perspectives clashed throughout the century, although criticism of poisonous pedagogy became strong only in the last quarter of the century during the Third Republic. Child advocates at this time can be found in many different spheres-education, politics, medicine-but the contribution of literary writers to the discourse on children is perhaps the most dramatic of any group. The harshest criticisms of poisonous pedagogy and its concomitant construction of the child came at the end of the century in the form of two literary works: Jules Valles's L'Enfant (1879), and Jules Renard's Poil de Carotte (1894). By skillfully weaving powerful attacks on the techniques and principles of poisonous pedagogy into their texts, these two writers prefigure the pedagogical discourse of modern-day psychologists and child specialists. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

For the past two decades, scholars have been reassessing the ways in which Western writers and intellectuals have traditionally misrepresented the non-white world for their own ideological purposes. Orientalism, Edward Said's ground-breaking study of the ways in which Europeans projected their own social problems onto the nations of the Near East in an attempt to take their minds off the same phenomena as they occurred closer to home, was largely responsible for this shift in emphasis. Fantasy America: The United States as Seen Through French and Italian Eyes is an exploration of a parallel occurrence that could easily be dubbed "Occidentalism." More specifically, it is a study of the ways in which French and Italian writers and filmmakers have sought to situate the New World within an Old World context. "Among the (More Advanced) Barbarians" (a.k.a. Chapter One) examines the continuities and discontinuities of French travel writing in America from the days of the Jesuits to the heyday of the existentialists. Certain motifs and idees fixes—the uniqueness of American racism; the "magic" of New York—are first identified and then examined. "A Meeting of the Mafias" (Chapter Two) is more cosmopolitan in scope, tracing the ways in which French, American, and Italian crime fiction have historically influenced each other, as well as the relationship of the policier to differing notions of the nation-state. "The Ruins of Rome" (Chapter Three) demonstrates how Italian intellectuals have looked to the United States for new World Solutions to Old World problems. This chapter encompasses two major sub-themes: the positive possibilities for Italy of "Fordismo" (the American industrial model) and American literature (which was believed to promote political, as well as cultural, liberty). "Lurching Towards the Millennium" picks up the threads of the first three chapters and places them in the contemporary context of globalization, a process which threatens to replace the hegemony of the nation state with the omnipresence of corporate power. The cultural model of Quebec is introduced at this point as a New World/Old World paradigm that embodies the chimerical contradictions of a globe on the brink of a new millennium. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Estudam-se aqui as escritas de Gustave Flaubert e de Machado de Assis, considerando a ironia a estratégia narrativa comum a ambos os autores. Evidenciado na figura da comparação, o procedimento irônico de suas escritas joga com a verossimilhança e com a expectativa do leitor para sucessivamente frustrá-las. Desfazendo as semelhanças discursivas que ativariam a causalidade da verossimilhança, conforme Aristóteles, a ironia efetivada por meio dessa figura de linguagem revela o jogo do pastiche de suas escritas e desloca, assim, a representação semântica da narrativa. A corrupção da mímesis como fundamento do discurso literário faz de suas escritas uma proposta de outro tipo de verossimilhança, não mais motivada pela coincidência das semelhanças discursivas, o que ressalta, deste modo, seu gesto político. Pois, a política da escrita não está no que o autor quis dizer, mas na reverberação do texto no leitor, reverberação que impõe o silenciamento das unidades de sentido já estabelecidas pela repetição das ideias feitas. Entenda-se também com isso que o estudo aqui empreendido propõe a alternativa crítica de se abordar escritas de estilos e práticas diferentes, sem que se tenham necessariamente em vista citações explícitas ou implícitas, influência e fonte literária. Porque a força da escrita literária não está exclusivamente em sua representabilidade semântica, mas na libertação do simbólico, que evidencia a historicidade dos discursos. / Gustave Flaubert and Machado de Assis´s writings are studied here taking into consideration the irony as a narrative strategy common to both authors. The ironical procedure of their writings plays with verisimilitude, and this is made evident in the figure of speech of comparison and a continuous frustration of the reader´s expectation. By undoing the discursive similitude which activates the verisimilitude´s causality, according to Aristotle, the irony made effective by that figure of speech reveals a pastiche play and dislocates, in that sense, the semantic representation of the narrative. The mimesis´s corruption as substance of literary discourse makes their writings a proposal of another kind of verisimilitude, no longer motivated by the coincidence of the discursive similitude, which highlights its political act. The politics of writing is not in what the author meant, but in the text´s reverberation in the reader, which imposes a silence in the units of meaning already established by the repetition of the received ideas. It is also to be understood that the study here undertaken proposes an alternative criticism in order to tackle writings of different styles and practices, without necessarily having explicit or implicit quotations, influence and literary source. This is because the force of the literary writing is not exclusively in its semantic representation, but in the liberation of the symbolic, making the historicity of discourses evident.

Philippe Lejeune, ao examinar a produção autobiográfica em língua francesa, identificou um traço constante nas obras de sua leitura, ao qual ele deu o nome de pacto autobiográfico. Em uma de suas formulações, o pacto autobiográfico seria a manifestação do engajamento pessoal do autobiógrafo, por meio de uma construção textual (prefácio, nota introdutória, preâmbulo) ou paratextual (título e subtítulo, informações de contracapa e orelhas do livro), que permite ao leitor admitir o texto como expressão da personalidade daquele que escreve, em seu valor de verdade. A construção teórica se mostra insuficiente: de um texto a outro, Lejeune revê e rediscute o pacto, aplicando nuances, levantando as ambiguidades em que o gênero está envolvido. Nessas tentativas de se aproximar mais do gênero, ele se expressa de maneira autobiográfica. Com isso, seu texto torna-se ele mesmo um objeto de estudo. Busco, em minha pesquisa, evidenciar o caráter relacional do pacto autobiográfico, na conjugação de atos de escrita e leitura. Parto de uma leitura de seus estudos sobre o gênero autobiográfico, colocando-os em diálogo com sua própria trajetória de pesquisador. Indo além, interessa-nos observar as leituras que Lejeune empreende em torno das Confissões de Rousseau, em paralelo aos primeiros textos teóricos. Em seguida, considerar os pactos lançados nos estudos em torno de diários, realizados num momento posterior às teorizações do pacto autobiográfico. Importa colocar em evidência as maneiras pelas quais o pacto se manifesta no próprio texto crítico de Lejeune. Nesse sentido, busco articular a dimensão autobiográfica e a dimensão crítica de seus textos. / Philippe Lejeune, examining the autobiographical production in French, identified a constant feature in the readings he did, to which he named autobiographical pact. In one of his formulations, the autobiographical pact would be the manifestation of the personal engagement of the autobiographer through a textual construction (prologue, introductory note, preamble) or para-textual (title and subtitle, information on the inside cover and book flaps), allowing the reader to admit the text as an expression of the personality of the writer, in its true value. The theoretical construction has proved insufficient: from one text to another Lejeune reviews and re-discusses the pact, applying nuances, raising the ambiguities in which the genre is involved. In those attempts to get closer to the genre, he expresses himself in an autobiographical manner. With that, his text becomes an object of study in itself. With my research, I intend to make evident the relational character of the autobiographical pact, in the conjugation of acts of reading and writing. I start with my readings of his studies about the autobiographical genre, putting them in dialogue with his own trajectory as a researcher. Besides that, we are also interested in observing the readings Lejeune undertake around the Confessions by Rousseau, in parallel to the first theoretical texts. After that, consider the pacts cast in the studies of the diaries, made after the theorizations of the autobiographical pact. It is important to make evident the ways in which the pact is expressed in Lejeune\'s critical text itself. In that sense, I expect to articulate both the autobiographical and the critical dimensions in his texts.

Les Continuations du Conte du Graal de Chrétien de Troyes sont un ensemble de textes qui a longtemps dérouté les critiques de la littérature médiévale. La conception de la cohésion et de la cohérence narrative qui émerge de ces textes est en effet très différente de celle que l’on reconnaît aux textes du maître champenois. Cependant, ces textes sont intéressants, car la complexité de leurs relations textuelles permet de mieux comprendre les enjeux de la création littéraire médiévale, en particulier en ce qui a trait à la généricité médiévale et l’importance de l’énonciation dans la construction du sens des textes. Ni tout à fait un texte cyclique ni un genre littéraire à part entière, la continuation, en particulier dans les Continuations du Conte du Graal, est marquée par des traces de son statut comme pratique expérimentale. Les Continuations du Conte du Graal occupent donc un moment de transition dans l’évolution des formes romanesques au Moyen Âge central. Chaque continuateur module, à l’aide de la première personne, la forme propre qu’il veut donner à son récit et oriente la réception de son lecteur. La pratique de la continuation devient pour ces auteurs un outil d’expérimentation des modalités de la forme romanesque, ce qui explique la forte hétérogénéité, parfois déconcertante, du corpus. Ce mémoire propose une exploration de la situation générique des Continuations du Conte du Graal, suivie d’une analyse statistique détaillée de l’utilisation de la première personne dans l’énonciation de ces textes et d’un essai d’interprétation générale des textes mettant en valeur les conclusions tirées de ces deux étapes préliminaires. / The Continuations of Chrétien de Troyes' Conte du Graal are a group of texts that has for long obfuscated critics of medieval French literature. The type of narrative coherence emerging from these texts is quite different from the type we associate with the texts of the master from Champagne. However, these texts are interesting because the complexity of their textual relationships can allow us to better understand issues pertaining to literary creation in the medieval era. Not exactly a cyclical type of text nor a literary genre in itself, continuation, in particular for the Continuations of the Conte du Graal, contains traces of its status as an experimental practice. The Continuations of the Conte du Graal thus occupy a moment of transition in the evolution of romance forms in the high medieval period. Each continuator shapes, with the help of the first person, the specific form he intends to give to his tale and steers the reception of his reader in a specific direction. The practice of continuation allows these authors to find a tool for experimenting with the multiple modalities of romance as a genre, which explains the strong heterogeneity, at times disconcerting, found within this group of texts. This master's thesis starts with an exploration of the genre situation of the Continuations of the Conte du Graal. It is followed by a detailed statistical analysis of the use of the first person in the narration of these texts. The final chapter proposes a general interpretative essay of the texts that makes use of the conclusions drawn from the two preliminary steps of this study.

The works of Hervé Guibert, French author, photographer and journal, are well-known for the intimate and complex writing of his experience with seropositivity in the midst of the AIDS pandemic in the 1980s and 1990s. Following the publication of À l’ami qui ne m’a pas sauvé la vie (1990), he rapidly gained fame and became of the France’s best-known figures of AIDS literature. His line of work is coherent and homogenous in its themes: Guibert elaborates a complex thought on image and death that spans through his first publication, La Mort propagande (1977), at twenty one years old, all the way through the end of his life, evidently transformed by his illness. All throughout his work, Hervé Guibert creates an imaginary of the ill and dying self that overlaps the literary and visual parts of his works. Under the perspective of intermediality, this the-sis will analyze how this fictionalized version of the self unfolds in L’image fantôme (1981), Cy-tomégalovirus (1992), Le Protocole compassionnel (1993) and Le mausolée des Amants (2001). Hervé Guibert’s work can be seen as a true exploration of the possible mediation(s) of death. Through literary fiction, images and a transhistoric filiation with the Judeo-Christian tradition, his works attempt to create sense from the condemnation. / L’œuvre d’Hervé Guibert, écrivain, photographe et journaliste français, est surtout reconnue par la critique et le public pour le récit intime et complexe de l’expérience de la séropositivité lors de l’éclosion de la pandémie du sida dans les années 1980-1990. Érigée comme figure de proue de la littérature du sida en France suite à la publication d’À l’ami qui ne m’a pas sauvé la vie (1990), son œuvre, dont la production s’étend sur près de deux décennies, est cohérente et homogène dans les thèmes qu’elle aborde : une réflexion sur l’image et la mort s’élabore dès la première publication, La mort propagande (1977), alors que Guibert n’avait que vingt et un ans et se poursuivra jusqu’à la toute fin, transformée par la maladie. Tout au long de son œuvre, Hervé Guibert se construit un imaginaire du soi malade et mou-rant qui se déploie sur le plan littéraire et visuel. Dans une perspective intermédiale, il sera question, dans ce mémoire, d’analyser les formes de construction de cet acte de faire-image de soi dans L’image fantôme (1981), Cytomégalovirus (1992), Le Protocole compassionnel (1993) et Le mau-solée des amants (2001). L’œuvre d’Hervé Guibert peut ainsi être considérée comme une véritable exploration des possibilités de médiation(s) de la mort. L’élaboration d’un imaginaire du soi malade et mourant s’observe sur le plan du récit, de l’image et d’une filiation transhistorique avec la tradi-tion judéo-chrétienne. Son œuvre tente, malgré tout, de faire sens de la condamnation.

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The present study aims to bring into focus the antinomian doctrine of redemption through sin as it appears in Jules Michelet’s La Sorcière. According to Michelet, the witch-cult was both vestigial paganism and an attempt at overthrowing the Christian political order. The witch redeemed mankind by sinning against the Christian order, thus anticipating the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, as well as the French Revolution. The notion of redemption through sin, borrowed from Gershom Scholem, will enable us to compare Michelet’s and Scholem’s approaches to history and counter-history. It will also allow us to read La Sorcière against a broader religious background than is usually employed. Among the sources of Michelet, the often overlooked kabbalistic, possibly Sabbatian, subtext will be assessed in relation to his peculiar female messianism. Likewise, the episode, in La Sorcière, of the encounter between the witch and the Jew will be thoroughly studied. This may lead us to better comprehend Michelet’s theology, with the biblical God being akin, in his opinion, to that of the witches.