Jean-Philippe Dallaire (1916 - 1965) est reconnu comme l’un des peintres canadiens les plus doués de sa génération. Guidé par un savoir-faire exceptionnel et par une imagination féconde, il a produit des œuvres nombreuses et variées durant une carrière qui s’étend sur plus de trente années dont presque la moitié en France. Considéré autodidacte par les historiens et les critiques d’art, il suit néanmoins un parcours d’étude qui le place sans ambages dans la lignée artistique de l’École française. L’étude des commandes qu’il exécute en art mural montre les multiples influences qu’il absorbe et surtout le respect rigoureux des préceptes de ses grands maîtres, Maurice Denis et André Lhote d’abord, et par la suite Jean Lurçat. Mais ces ascendants n’atténuent jamais l’originalité de sa manière. Si ses premières œuvres murales liturgiques montrent une recherche dirigée par le milieu religieux dans lequel il gravite, après la guerre, suite à son retour au Canada, ses œuvres murales, religieuses et profanes, révèlent un respect marqué des caractéristiques de la grande peinture. / Jean-Philippe Dallaire (1916 - 1965) is recognised as one of the most talented Canadian painters of his generation. Guided by an exceptional aptitude and a fertile imagination, he produced numerous and varied paintings during a career that spanned over thirty years, almost half of which in France. Considered as self-taught by art historians and art critics, he nonetheless pursued a course of study that positioned him within the clearly defined tradition of the French School. An attentive study of the mural art works he accomplished shows the multiple influences he absorbed, but mainly the rigorous respect of the precepts he acquired from two great masters, Maurice Denis and André Lhote, and later from Jean Lurçat. But these constituents, although they link him to his French genesis, never lessened the originality of his style. If his first religious murals are strongly tainted by the spiritual environment in which he gravitated, his mural art, religious or profane, following his return from France after the war, demonstrate a scrupulous respect of the features that identify masterpiece.

Elève à l’école des Beaux-arts de Paris, premier prix de Rome à l’âge de 23 ans, Théodore Ballu (1817-1885) prolonge sa formation à l’Ecole française de Rome, et en Grèce, avant même l’ouverture de l’Ecole française d’Athènes. Sa carrière d’architecte, longue d’une trentaine d’années, est exceptionnelle. Auteur d’un quart des églises parisiennes construites sous le Second Empire, de l’Hôtel de Ville de Paris en collaboration avec Deperthes, et de plusieurs édifices ou monuments civils, il est un représentant majeur de l’éclectisme architectural. Ses édifices religieux auront une influence sur ses contemporains et sur la jeune génération d’architectes. Formé par son père et par Auguste Magne, Albert Ballu (1849-1939) a une carrière multiple et internationale : auteur du palais de justice néo-classique de Charleroi et de celui plus éclectique de Bucarest, il adapte ses autres productions aux techniques architecturales du tournant du XXe siècle. Architecte diocésain et architecte en chef des monuments historiques, il s’investit beaucoup en Algérie, jusqu’aux années 1920, où il fouille les grands sites romains, restaure les édifices religieux et construit des édifices variés. Chef de file de la valorisation de l’Algérie romaine et musulmane, il est l’architecte restaurateur de très nombreux édifices diocésains et monuments historiques, spécialement dans les départements des Charentes, en Bretagne et en Corse. Il se spécialise, aussi, dès 1889, dans la construction de pavillons d’expositions universelles. Résultant d’une étude détaillée de la vie et de l’oeuvre de ces architectes, cette thèse évalue leur importance dans la mise en place de modèles architecturaux et dans l’orientation des restaurations architecturales des années 1850 à 1920. / Théodore Ballu (1817-1885) was a pupil at the Ecole des Beaux-arts in Paris who won the Prix de Rome at the age of 23. He continued his studies at the French Academy in Rome and then in Greece, even before the opening of the French Academy in Athens. His thirty year career as an architect was exceptional. He designed a quarter of the Parisian churches constructed during the Second Empire. He was a major representative of architectural eclecticism, collaborating with Deperthes on the Hotel de Ville in Paris and working on several other public buildings and monuments. His religious constructions would influence his contemporaries and the next generation of architects. Albert Ballu (1849-1939) was trained by his father and by Magne. He had a varied international career, including designing the neo-classical Charleroi courthouse as well as the more eclectic one in Bucharest. He adapted his other productions to the architectural techniques at the turn of the twentieth century. As a diocesan architect and chief architect for historic monuments, he was heavily involved in Algeria until the 1920’s. Here he explored the great Roman archaeological sites, restored religious buildings and constructed various others. A leader in the movement to increase the status of Roman and Muslim Algeria, he was the restoring architect of large numbers of diocesan buildings and historic monuments, especially in the Charentes departments, as well as in Brittany and in Corsica. As early as 1889 he also specialised in the construction of pavilions for great exhibitions. The result of a detailed study of the lives and works of these architects, this thesis evaluates their importance in establishing architectural models and the direction of architectural restorations between 1850 and 1920.

Este estudo faz uma análise dos discursos da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) sobre políticas de saúde para a América Latina e Caribe, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1986 a 1994. A análise é realizada tendo como contraposição os discursos do Banco Mundial, no mesmo período. Procura-se demonstrar que os dois discursos se construíram, se realizaram e se atualizaram em relação de heterogeneidade constitutiva. Para a realização desta tarefa apoia-se na corrente denominada de 'escola francesa de análise do discurso' (AD). Após a manutenção de uma longa polêmica discursiva, foi possível chegar à conclusão que a OPAS atualizou seu discurso a partir dos temas apresentados pelo Banco Mundial: financiamento, eficácia e eficiência. Houve um desequilíbrio associativo semântico entre universalidade, integralidade e gratuidade da atenção à saúde defendida pela OPAS. A defesa do principio da não-exclusividade, pelo Banco, foi decisiva para aquele desequilíbrio. / This study analyses the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) discourses about Health Policies to Latin America and Caribbean Islands, from 1986 to 1994. The analysis was based on the World Bank discourses, as a counterpoint, during the same period. The objective is to demonstrate that both discourses were built, turn into reality and became up to date in heterogeneity constitutive relationship. The 'French school of speech analysis' (SA) is the technique used to support the analysis. After a long and controversial discoursive dispute, it was possible to conclude that the PAHO updated its discourse using as starting point the themes presented by the World Bank: financing, efficacy and efficiency. There was a semantic associative lack of balance between universality, integrality and gratuitousness for the health care defended by the PAHO. The defense of the principle of non-exclusivity, by the World Bank, was decisive for that lack of balance.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-18T11:53:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Iara Cristina de Fátima Mola.pdf: 6871130 bytes, checksum: ab7eecd4b90a10428feb31fd4f4c8e61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T11:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iara Cristina de Fátima Mola.pdf: 6871130 bytes, checksum: ab7eecd4b90a10428feb31fd4f4c8e61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Present in several means of communication, the technical copywriter develops a professional activity which is not widely known. Categorized within the family of the Writing Professionals, according to the criteria established by CBO 2002 – Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações/Brazilian Categorization of Occupations, this is a professional who would be remotely related with the other occupations in the same group, whose actions mostly have to do with literary activities; and also far from the advertising copywriter and the journalist. Still, people tend to be confused when telling the technical copywriter apart from those two. In such a context, this study aims to fathom the configuration of the professional activity of the technical copywriter and, in particular, a certain type of copywriter whose constitutive characteristic is anonymity. By contemplating the category “technical copywriter”, which comprises professionals that enunciate the voices of other speakers, and aiming to give them some more visibility, we resorted to the articulation between the theoretical assumptions of Ergology and Enunciative Discourse Analysis, according, respectively, to the notions of professional activity as stated by Yves Schwartz (2007; 2011) and of authorship, as proposed by Sírio Possenti (2009a; 2009b). The mobilized methodological procedure is focused, particularly, in the self-confrontation method (VIEIRA; FAÏTA, 2003), which aims to confront the protagonists at work — in the present case, a technical copy writer — with their activities and discourses. The method was adapted to this study thanks to a keystroke capture software that was installed on a computer so as to fathom the stages of a professional activity which is essentially intellectual. By analyzing materials comprised of a questionnaire, texts that were elaborated during a professional situation, reports generated by the software and the speech of the protagonist herself about her professional activity, it was possible to comprehend the specificities of a very particular activity, which goes beyond the prescribed regulations and reveals not only the debate of values and the uses of the self that permeate her activity, but also a particular style and evidence of authorship directly associated with those same values / Presente nos mais diversos meios de comunicação, o redator de textos técnicos desenvolve uma atividade de trabalho sobre a qual pouco se sabe. Categorizado na Família dos Profissionais da Escrita segundo os critérios adotados pela CBO 2002, trata-se de um profissional que guardaria pouco parentesco com as demais ocupações desse agrupamento, cujas ações estão preponderantemente relacionadas ao fazer literário, e que também se distanciaria do redator de publicidade e do jornalista, embora a frequência com que tende a ser confundido com ambos. Em tal contexto, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo depreender a configuração da atividade de trabalho do redator de textos técnicos e, mais particularmente, de determinado tipo de redator cuja característica constitutiva é o anonimato. Contemplando a rubrica “redator de textos técnicos” que abriga profissionais que enunciam as vozes de outros locutores e visando a conferir-lhes um pouco mais de visibilidade, recorremos à articulação entre os pressupostos teóricos da Ergologia e da Análise do Discurso de vertente enunciativa a partir, respectivamente, da noção de atividade de trabalho, tal como formulada por Yves Schwartz (2007; 2011), e de autoria, como proposta por Sírio Possenti (2009a; 2009b). O procedimento metodológico mobilizado está centrado, principalmente, no método da autoconfrontação (VIEIRA; FAÏTA, 2003), que busca confrontar os protagonistas do trabalho ‒ no caso, uma redatora de textos técnicos ‒ a suas atividades e discursos. Tal método foi adaptado para este estudo mediante a instalação de um software para a captura de teclas digitadas no computador, tendo em vista a preocupação em depreender as etapas de uma atividade de trabalho essencialmente intelectual. Por meio da análise de um material que reuniu questionário, textos elaborados em situação de trabalho, relatórios gerados pelo software e a fala da própria protagonista sobre a sua atividade de trabalho, foi possível depreender as especificidades de uma atuação bastante singular, que vai além das normas prescritas e que revela não apenas os debates de valores e usos de si que perpassam sua atividade, como também um estilo próprio e indícios de autoria diretamente associados a esses mesmos valores

<p>This essay compares the public debate in Sweden 1992 caused by the reforms introduced by the then government giving parents a free choice of schools for their children with the current debate in France about proposals for a similar law there. The study concentrates on the positions taken by the teachers trade unions, in Sweden Lärarförbundet and Lärarnas Riksförbund (LR) and in France SGEN-CFDT. To do so it is necessary also to study the arguments given for and against the proposals by the political parties.</p><p>Some of the differences between the debates can be attributed to different circumstances. The Swedish reform was related to the opening up of possibilities to run private schools, which previously had been rare in Sweden. The French debate has no such connections. The private schools, mostly Catholic, have a very stable share of the students and no side is openly arguing for a change of any sort. Other differences depend on the French adversity to liberalism, almost always conflated with neo-liberalism which makes market-oriented arguments much less common in French public debate.</p><p>Among the trade unions the big difference is between the two Swedish organisations, LR was overall positive to the proposals while Lärarförbundet opposed them. In France SGEN-CFDT takes a position strikingly similar to Lärarförbundets in Sweden 1992 seeing free choice as undermining the idea of a school system for all. In Sweden that idea is seen as a part of the welfare state, closely connected to the Social Democratic party. In France it is seen as a republican idea, connected to an idea of citizenship.</p><p>The trade unions of the teachers in both France and Sweden are also in similar positions as their role has become merely reactive. There seems to be little room left for them to formulate policy and push the educational systems in their prefered directions.</p>

A l’aube du XXe siècle, les juristes internationalistes français, promoteurs d’une discipline tendant à s’affirmer dans le paysage doctrinal national et international, entendent systématiser le fait colonial. Phénomène emblématique, la colonisation monopolise les relations interétatiques de l’époque et offre autant d’avantages économiques, politiques et humanitaires aux peuples civilisés et colonisés, qu’elle accroît les risques de conflits entre ces derniers. Saisissant l’opportunité de défendre les valeurs et actions de la France sur la scène internationale tout en confortant leur rôle de maîtres à penser de la colonisation, les membres de la jeune École française de droit international public théorisent alors un projet entremêlant intimement les concepts de « droit international », « colonisation » et « civilisation » : la colonisation a vocation à étendre la civilisation sur l’ensemble des territoires garantissant alors le développement du droit international dont la mission est de préserver le bien-être de l’humanité / At the dawn of the XXth century, the French Internationalist jurists, promoters of a discipline aiming at establishing itself in the international and national doctrinal landscape, intend to systematize the colonial phenomenon. Colonization is a symbolic phenomenon which monopolizes interstate relationships of the era. It offers as many economic, politic and humanitarian advantages to civilized and colonized peoples, as it increases the risks of conflicts between them. The members of the new French school of public international law have seized the opportunity to defend the values and actions of France on the international scene while reinforcing their roles of intellectual leaders of colonization. They then have set out a project which deeply mingles “international laws”, “colonization” and “civilization” concepts : colonization has authority to extend civilization on all the territories that guarantee the development of international law, whose mission is to preserve mankind well-being

Este estudo faz uma análise dos discursos da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) sobre políticas de saúde para a América Latina e Caribe, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1986 a 1994. A análise é realizada tendo como contraposição os discursos do Banco Mundial, no mesmo período. Procura-se demonstrar que os dois discursos se construíram, se realizaram e se atualizaram em relação de heterogeneidade constitutiva. Para a realização desta tarefa apoia-se na corrente denominada de 'escola francesa de análise do discurso' (AD). Após a manutenção de uma longa polêmica discursiva, foi possível chegar à conclusão que a OPAS atualizou seu discurso a partir dos temas apresentados pelo Banco Mundial: financiamento, eficácia e eficiência. Houve um desequilíbrio associativo semântico entre universalidade, integralidade e gratuidade da atenção à saúde defendida pela OPAS. A defesa do principio da não-exclusividade, pelo Banco, foi decisiva para aquele desequilíbrio. / This study analyses the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) discourses about Health Policies to Latin America and Caribbean Islands, from 1986 to 1994. The analysis was based on the World Bank discourses, as a counterpoint, during the same period. The objective is to demonstrate that both discourses were built, turn into reality and became up to date in heterogeneity constitutive relationship. The 'French school of speech analysis' (SA) is the technique used to support the analysis. After a long and controversial discoursive dispute, it was possible to conclude that the PAHO updated its discourse using as starting point the themes presented by the World Bank: financing, efficacy and efficiency. There was a semantic associative lack of balance between universality, integrality and gratuitousness for the health care defended by the PAHO. The defense of the principle of non-exclusivity, by the World Bank, was decisive for that lack of balance.

Louis Tronson (1622-1700), élu en 1676 troisième supérieur de la Compagnie des prêtres de Saint-Sulpice, est connu principalement, dans l’histoire de la spiritualité, comme éditeur du Traité des saints ordres attribué à Jean-Jacques Olier (1676), auteur des Examens particuliers (1690), et hôte des entretiens d’Issy sur le quiétisme (1694-1695). L’objet de ce travail est de mieux mettre en perspective la place de cet homme dans l’histoire de la théologie catholique. Tronson joue en effet un rôle déterminant dans l’explicitation théologique de la vocation sacerdotale. Réfléchissant, à la lumière de son expérience de formateur de futurs prêtres, sur les « marques de vocation », il élabore de véritables grilles de discernement, au demeurant assez souples. Parmi ces critères, une place particulière revient à l’« inclination » ou « attrait ». Résonance subjective et intime de l’appel divin, l’attrait n’est cependant pas subjectiviste : il suppose au contraire un objet qui attire, c’est-à-dire le sacerdoce, envisagé comme « état » et « fonctions », deux mots très utilisés par Tronson qui, bien loin de s’opposer, se complètent. Ainsi cet auteur peut-il proposer une vision du sacerdoce qui soit à la fois sacramentelle et sociale, spécifiquement christologique et enracinée dans la société de son temps. / In the history of Catholic spirituality, Louis Tronson (1622-1700), who was elected third Superior of the Society of the Priests of Saint-Sulpice in 1676, is known mainly as editor of the Treatise on Holy Orders attributed to Jean-Jacques Olier (1676), as author of the Particular Examens (1690) and as host of the Conferences at Issy about quietism (1694-1695). The purpose of this work is to propose a better insight into the role of Louis Tronson in the history of Catholic theology. Indeed, this role was decisive in defining the theology of priestly vocation. By considering the "marks of vocation" in the light of his own experience in training future priests, Tronson drew up reliable yet flexible charts for discernment. Among these criteria "inclination" or "attraction" is of special importance. Although a subjective and intimate echo of divine calling, attraction is not a subjectivistic notion : on the contrary it supposes that there is an object which attracts, in this case the priesthood itself. Tronson frequently uses the words "estate" and "functions" to characterize it : far from being opposed, both terms complete each other and allow Tronson to offer a view of the Catholic priesthood which is both sacramental and social, specifically christological and rooted in the society of his time.

With the enlightenment thought in the 18th century, progress of man’s development grew to something better. Throughout this era all the way to the 19th century, the thought that the human kind can develop and evolve was every man’s pursue. It was believed that with the help of education, deaf and blind people could be given a chance for a normal set of life. That given the right tools they could be removed from the outline of society and brought into the social world. Throughout this time-period there where two different active ways of education that inspired educationalists in Europe and America. The German school, which focused on the development and use of speech and the French school which taught and focused on the visual language, i.e. sign language. This report puts interest in the development of the Swedish teacher Elisabeth Nordin’s chosen education system and its results. It was essential to study the background of education and care for the deaf and blind, in order to understand its progress. Furthermore, it gives a comparison of Sweden’s development in this area. Presenting a result of which the system of education for deaf and blind has gone from crippling them, to enchanting them a life of independency.

This essay compares the public debate in Sweden 1992 caused by the reforms introduced by the then government giving parents a free choice of schools for their children with the current debate in France about proposals for a similar law there. The study concentrates on the positions taken by the teachers trade unions, in Sweden Lärarförbundet and Lärarnas Riksförbund (LR) and in France SGEN-CFDT. To do so it is necessary also to study the arguments given for and against the proposals by the political parties. Some of the differences between the debates can be attributed to different circumstances. The Swedish reform was related to the opening up of possibilities to run private schools, which previously had been rare in Sweden. The French debate has no such connections. The private schools, mostly Catholic, have a very stable share of the students and no side is openly arguing for a change of any sort. Other differences depend on the French adversity to liberalism, almost always conflated with neo-liberalism which makes market-oriented arguments much less common in French public debate. Among the trade unions the big difference is between the two Swedish organisations, LR was overall positive to the proposals while Lärarförbundet opposed them. In France SGEN-CFDT takes a position strikingly similar to Lärarförbundets in Sweden 1992 seeing free choice as undermining the idea of a school system for all. In Sweden that idea is seen as a part of the welfare state, closely connected to the Social Democratic party. In France it is seen as a republican idea, connected to an idea of citizenship. The trade unions of the teachers in both France and Sweden are also in similar positions as their role has become merely reactive. There seems to be little room left for them to formulate policy and push the educational systems in their prefered directions.