在運動產業逐漸興起的現代，如何評比球隊或運動員的表現好壞，似乎成了現在新興的熱門話題。經濟學上用來評估一家廠商的生產績效優劣，常用的是生產效率分析，生產活動偏離生產邊界的程度代表不效率高低。而球隊比賽的過程就像廠商生產的過程，運用各種投入得到產出。在籃球比賽中，比賽的投入可為球隊的各種技術統計，例如：投籃命中率、抄截、火鍋…等等，產出則是比賽的得分數。因此，在本篇文章中，我們利用經濟學中的生產效率分析來分析球隊的表現優劣，即評估各球隊發揮其潛能的程度。 評估生產效率的模型有很多，由於比賽的性質，有時候統計誤差、運氣也佔了很重要的部份，所以在選擇模型時，選的是隨機邊界效率分析模型（Stochastic Frontier Approach, SFA），除了利用隨機邊界分析模型分析球隊的生產效率，也利用預估的效率值來預測比賽結果排名，並與一般常用來預測結果的模型PROBIT MODEL做比較。我們利用大陸男子甲A籃球聯賽2003-2004和2004-2005賽季作為實證樣本，發現隨機邊界分析模型不只可以用來評估效率，在預測比賽結果排名上，隨機邊界分析模型預測能力則與PROBIT MODEL沒有顯著統計性的差異。 關鍵字：生產效率、隨機邊界分析法、運動產業 / Today, sports industry is getting popular, and how to evaluate the performance of sports teams or players seems also to be a newly hot interesting topic. In economics, production efficiency is often applied to evaluate a firm’s production performance. The inefficiency of a production activity is measured as its deviation from the production frontier. The process of a sport game is similar to a firm’s production process, which transforming various inputs into output(s). For basketball games, inputs can be the various technical statistics, such as field goal rate, steals, blacks, assistant attack, etc. Output(s) can be the scores of the teams got. Therefore, in this paper we use the production efficiency to gauge the performance of sports teams. There are many models measuring production efficiency. In this paper we choose the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) to evaluate the sport team’s efficiency on account of the white noises which exist in the sport game obviously. We also use estimated efficiency scores to predict the outcome ranking of teams, and compare it to that of the PROBIT MODEL which is usually used to predict the outcome of a game. The sample we used are the results of the CBA men’s regular season and playoff season, and we found that the SFA is not only to evaluate efficiency but also can predict the outcome of competition, and its prediction ability is not significantly statistically different to that of PROBIT MODEL. Keywords: Production Efficiency, Stochastic Frontier Approach, Sports Industry

現今世界趨勢已朝向全球整合的方向邁進，隨著科技日新，世界各國跨越地域隔閡，不論是在政治、經濟、科技、文化等各方面往來接觸愈來愈頻繁，中國大陸近年來與世界經貿關係連結更為緊密，同時亦對外開放直接投資，使跨國企業逐漸擴大進軍中國大陸之版圖，享受中國大陸豐沛之廉價勞動力。 然而，開放外人直接投資(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI)勢必為中國大陸相關之產業或總體經濟帶來某種程度之影響，儘管外人直接投資可帶來充沛之資本及先進之技術，但亦有可能加劇國內市場競爭，不利於本土廠商。 本文運用1998-2006 年「中國工業企業統計數據庫」中之電子業廠商，建構追蹤資料模型(Panel Data)，並運用隨機邊界法（stochastic frontier approach）估計中國大陸本資、台港澳資及外資企業生產效率，藉以衡量FDI之外溢效果。根據實證結果我們發現：中國大陸電子業之外人直接投資存在正向外溢效果及正向之技術移轉，顯示FDI之進入將有助於提升中國大陸電子業本土廠商之生產力。此外，我們同時發現FDI集中投資的結果將可能造成外溢效果的減低，除此之外，經濟區位亦是影響外人直接投資所帶來之外溢效果及技術移轉效果之重要因子之一。 / Global integration is the world trend nowadays. With the breakthrough of technology, the geographical barriers no longer exist. It would be much closer with other countries in many fields, such as politics, economics, technology and culture. In recent years, China has a closer economics and trades linkage with the world. As the results of openness to foreign direct investments, more and more multinational enterprises enter to China, expanding their scale and being benefited from the low-cost labor of China. China is benefited from the plentiful capital and advanced technologies of foreign direct investments; however, the openness to FDI might cause the competition which can aggravate in domestic market and hurt the domestic firms. The research uses the data of electronic firms from Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database. We apply panel data model and stochastic frontier approach to estimate the production efficiency of Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kong, Macanese and Other foreign enterprises. According to the empirical results, we discover that there are positive spill-over effects and technology transformation from foreign direct investments in Chinese electronic industry. These results indicate the entry of FDI will promote the productivity of Chinese electronic firms. Beside the positive results, we also discover the negative deduction stem in concentrated investments; furthermore, the spill-over effects and the technology transformation effects are affected by the economic location.

本研究以2000至2012年台灣地區26間人壽保險公司的不平衡縱橫資料，運用網絡隨機邊界分析法將壽險業的生產過程分為行銷與投資兩階段進行效率評估，並利用估計結果計算規模彈性與成本彈性探討台灣壽險業的生產特性，附帶分析跨期技術變動率，最後比較不同分組的壽險公司間經營效率是否存在差異。 實證結果發現壽險公司在行銷活動過程投入較少的內勤員工與較多的固定資產，在投資階段則相反，投入較多的內勤員工與較少的固定資產，與壽險公司實際運作情況相符；此外，投資階段的效率優於第一階段的行銷效率。整體台灣壽險業受到2008年金融風暴影響導致經營效率下降，國內壽險公司在經營效率上優於外商壽險分公司，金控壽險公司生產技術效率優於非金控壽險公司，1993年後成立的新壽險公司生產技術效率平均優於傳統舊壽險公司。 / This paper uses the copula-based network SFA model developed by Huang et al. (2013) to estimate the technical efficiency of Taiwan’s life insurance companies over the period 2000-2012. Under this framework, life insurance companies produce premium income as intermediate product which is one of input factors to produce investment income. The empirical analysis concluded: (a) life insurers use little internal staff in first stage, (b) domestic life insurers have both high technical efficiency and cost efficiency in comparison with foreign life insurers, (c) financial holding life insurers have greater technical efficiency than those of not from financial holding insurers, and (d) new life insurers have higher technical efficiency than old life insurers.

本文採用一階段隨機邊界分析方法，建立一多投入多產出之投入距離函數模型，衡量民國81~91年間台灣66家國際觀光旅館經營之相對技術效率，同時探討造成不效率之因素。並利用投入導向Malmquist生產力指數進一步分析國際觀光旅館產業生產力改變的原因與幅度。 整體而言，台灣國際觀光旅館產業之經營效率大致呈現緩慢進步之趨勢。造成整體產業生產力提升之原因，主要為業者對於投入產出配置使用之效率改善，而非生產技術進步。除了整體經濟景氣因素當然影響觀光產業之興衰外，個別國際觀光旅館業者之效率表現仍受到許多因素影響。諸如規模、國際化程度等內部原因，及旅館是否位處風景區、所在地縣市政府對觀光發展投注之資源預算和該地市場競爭程度等外在因素。 從政府政策方面來分析，若以整體國際觀光旅館產業經營效率來衡量我國觀光產業興衰，民國87年隔週休二日政策及民國90年實施之全面週休二日政策，的確有效帶動國人休閒旅遊之風潮，促進國內觀光發展。而各縣市政府觀光相關支出與國際觀光旅館生產力變動之關係，呈現正向相關，則表示政府支出增加有助於觀光產業蓬勃發展，並增加國際觀光旅館之經營效率。由於觀光產業生產具外部性，政府積極利用觀光產業以帶動經濟景氣繁榮成長的政策應當可行。 / In this paper a multi-output, multi-input and input oriented distance function is built by one-stage stochastic frontier approach (Battese and Coelli, 1995) to estimate the relative efficiency of the 66 international tourist hotels in Taiwan in 1992~2002 and to explore the determinants of technical efficiency. In addition, the Malmquist productivity index model is used to analyze the range and the causes of the productivity changed. The results reveal that managerial efficiency of international tourist hotel industry improves gradually. The productivity growth can be attributed to efficiency gains, but not the effects of technical progress. There are significant differences in efficiency due to difference not only in the macroeconomic situation, but also in many other individual factors, such as scale, joining an international chain, located in scenic area, local government other economic service expenditure and competitiveness. Analyzing the government policy, the implementations of two-day-off twice a month policy in 1998 and two-day-off per week policy in 2001 have fostered domestic traveling and expanded tourist hotel industry. The local government other economic service expenditure has positive effect on efficiency of international tourist hotels. That is to say, increasing in local government tourist expenditure will promote tourism market and improve efficiency of a hotel. Because of the production externality in tourism industry the idea that government tries to promote tourism to benefit economic development would be workable.

本文採民國94、96、98、100、102年的台灣 「人力運用調查」 資料庫, 以關聯結構法找出組合誤差間的關聯結構密度函數與聯合機率密度函數, 建構隨機邊界關聯結構模型, 解決勞動市場上樣本選擇性問題。 之後分別針對男性及女性估計薪資方程式, 探討每位勞工的薪資效率程度。 本文男、 女性的勞工各按年齡、 工作經驗、 職業、 行業、 教育程度、 公司規模、 工作身分、 婚姻狀態、 工作地分為9大類, 在各類中分群比較薪資效率。 實證結果顯示, 公司規模、 工作身分、 工作地等 3 類, 不論有無考慮樣本選擇, 同一性別中的薪資效率變動趨勢大致一致, 但其餘 6 類, 有考慮樣本選擇的薪資效率變動明顯不同於未考慮樣本選擇。 在考慮了樣本選擇之後的實證結果大多打破以往文獻的預期, 可能是因為過往文獻探討薪資效率時, 大多未考慮樣本選擇, 即將無工作者樣本完全排除, 導致迴歸分析結果僅適用於有工作者。 除了探討薪資效率外, 本文也嘗試在隨機邊界法的架構下, 提出一個衡量性別歧視的新觀點, 將兩性薪資無效率的差異視為一種性別歧視。 若以新觀點衡量台灣的勞動市場, 會發現這5個年度中, 薪資差異幾乎可以完全歸諸於性別歧視。 這顯示即使兩性的薪資差異雖然逐年縮小, 但性別的刻板印象仍存於當今的台灣勞動市場, 造成明顯的性別歧視。 / This paper adopts the "Manpower Utilization Survey" data, a database conducted by Directorate General of Budget, Accounting & Statistics, Executive Yuan, ROC (DGBAS), to study the issues of gender wage differentials and underpayment. The econometric model considers sample selection under the framework of the stochastic frontier model with copula methods. It requires to correct for sample selection and derive the copula density function and joint probability density function by copula method. We separately estimate the male and female wage equations, respectively, to evaluate the wage efficiency and decompose the average wage differential between male and female into several components. The paper distinguishes workers into 9 categories, including age, experience, occupation, industry, education, firm size, working identity, marital status and working area, and compares the wage efficiency between those categories. The empirical results shows that, the trend of wage efficiency in the categories of firm size, working identity, and working area are almost the same in each gender whether correcting for the sample selection bias or not. However, in the remaining 6 categories, the wage efficiency changes substantially after correcting the sample selection bias. With the correction of the sample election bias, most of the findings differ from those from the past literatures. This may be attributed to the fact that the past works mainly focus on employed workers and lead to possible sample selection bias. The paper also tries to offer a new method to measure the gender discrimination, which considers the difference in wage inefficiency between the male-female inefficiency as an element of discrimination. The paper finds that the wage differential between male and female can explain almost the entire discrimination. This findings confirms that the gender discrimination still exists in the Taiwan’s labor market eventhough the wage differential between male and female decreases over time.