Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rosana Talita Braga.pdf: 1419131 bytes, checksum: 905d2678cb30fa1bbfc3760839d5cc86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Changes of natural landscape caused by antropic activities are currently the main threats for biodiversity. Thus, the identification of priority areas has become a challenge for conservation biology. The scarcity of financial resources for conservation involves studies for emergency actions, considering important biological aspects, and different components of diversity in order to better allocate the available resources. Furthermore, the costs incorporation of potentially priority areas can display a favorable balance for minimize possible conflicts of interest. Hence, our objectives in this study were to identify priority areas for Carnivore species conservation in Brazil, considering social-economic variables as cost measure for conservation. We also investigate how the taxonomical, functional and phylogenetic diversities of the Carnivore are distributed in the Brazilian territory, in order to identify the set of regions that best represent this three diversity measures. In both cases, we investigate the efficiency of currently established conservation units (CUs), examining whether the current distribution in space of these is better than if they were randomly distributed in Brazil. Our results showed that regions of interest for conservation of species are also important in the social-economical development. Thus, other regions that were not at first priority will be considered important in order to minimize conflicts of conservation. We also found that taxonomic diversity was not the better predictor of functional and phylogenetic diversity. It is necessary the combination of a set of areas to represent these three diversity measures. The UC s are not efficient for all species to represent phylogenetic diversity. In the latter case even the UC s were distributed randomly in Brazilian territory, representing the largest indices of phylogenetic diversity. Thus, it is necessary the addition of new protected areas that complement the previous one. We concluded that it is important to include socio-economic analysis in prioritization, and that studies considering different measures of diversity are important since the species richness may not well represent the other measures of diversity. In conservation plans that incorporate such analysis, the results are more satisfactory for the long-term species protection. / As mudanças da paisagem natural provocadas por atividades antrópicas são atualmente importantes ameaças à biodiversidade. Diante disto, a identificação de áreas prioritárias tem se tornado um desafio para a biologia da conservação. A escassez de recursos financeiros para ações conservacionistas implica em estudos direcionados às ações emergenciais de conservação, que considerem aspectos biológicos importantes e diferentes componentes de diversidade, a fim de estabelecer a melhor possibilidade de alocação dos recursos existentes. Além disto, a incorporação de custos das áreas potencialmente prioritárias pode exibir um balanço favorável para minimizar possíveis conflitos de interesse. Assim, nossos objetivos nesta dissertação foi, indicar áreas prioritárias para conservação de espécies de Carnívoros no Brasil, considerando uma série de variáveis sócio-econômicas (e.g. índice de desenvolvimento humano, demografia urbana, cabeças de gado, dentre outras) como medida de custo para conservação. Também averiguamos como estão distribuídas no território brasileiro, a diversidade taxonômica, funcional e filogenética das espécies deste grupo, a fim de identificar o conjunto de regiões que melhor representam estas três medidas de diversidade. Em ambos os casos, averiguamos a eficiência das Unidades de conservação atualmente instituídas (UC s), analisando se a distribuição atual destas no espaço é melhor do que se tivessem distribuídas ao acaso no Brasil. Nossos resultados mostram que algumas regiões de interesse para conservação de espécies também são importantes no contexto sócioeconômico. Assim, outras regiões que a princípio não eram prioritárias passaram a ser consideradas importantes no intuito de minimizar conflitos de conservação. Encontramos também que a diversidade taxonômica não é um bom preditor de diversidade funcional e filogenética. Assim, é necessária uma combinação de conjunto de áreas para representar estas todas as espécies e as demais medidas de diversidade. As UC s não são eficientes para todas as espécies nem para representar diversidade filogenética. Neste último caso, nem mesmo se as UC s estivessem distribuídas ao acaso no território brasileiro, representariam maiores índices de diversidade filogenética. Sendo assim, é necessário o acréscimo de novas áreas protegidas que complementam as existentes. Concluímos que é importante inserir fatores sócio-economicos nas análises de priorização, e que estudos considerando diferentes medidas de diversidade são importantes pois, a riqueza de espécies pode não representar bem as outras medidas de diversidade. A medida em que os planejamentos de conservação incorporarem análises como estas, os resultados serão mais satisfatórios no que diz respeito a proteção das espécies em longo prazo.

A escassez de trabalhos acerca dos impactos causados por mosaicos agrícolas sobre a biodiversidade dificulta a criação de estratégias de conservação, havendo necessidade de informações acerca da ecologia e comportamento de espécies da fauna. Nesse contexto o presente estudo objetivou: 1) determinar a composição e estrutura de assembleias de mamíferos de médio e grande em uma paisagem agrícola de Mata Atlântica; 2) avaliar o padrão de alimentação da onça-parda (Puma concolor) por meio da análise de isótopos estáveis (SIA) em dois mosaicos agrícolas; 3) analisar por meio da diversidade funcional (FD) assembleias de mamíferos em remanescentes florestais distribuídos nas principais regiões biogeográficas da Mata Atlântica, e identificar limiares ecológicos para a conservação. Para o inventário, foram selecionados oito remanescentes florestais na Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC), São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por busca ativa (visualizações e vestígios), resultando no registro de 34 espécies de mamíferos, sendo 27 de médio e grande porte, quatro de pequeno porte, e três exóticas. Sete espécies se encontram ameaçadas de extinção, com registros inéditos de Myrmecophaga tridactyla e Lycalopex gymnocercus. A riqueza e a composição de espécies registradas apontaram a RMC como importante para a conservação da mastofauna. Foram analisados isotopicamente (carbono e nitrogênio) pelos de onças-pardas, obtidos a partir de amostras fecais coletadas por busca ativa em remanescentes florestais inseridos em paisagens agrícolas no interior do estado de São Paulo. Houve maior consumo de presas C3 (~47% dos indivíduos) na área com maior proporção de vegetação nativa, e maior consumo de presas C4 (~40% dos indivíduos) para a área onde é predominante a matriz agrícola. Foi constatado o consumo de presas com dieta baseada em itens alimentares dos remanescentes e da matriz agrícola, sugerindo alta plasticidade comportamental das onças-pardas e de suas presas ocupando áreas fortemente impactadas pelo homem. A ferramenta isotópica apresentou informações pioneiras sobre ecologia trófica, podendo contribuir na elaboração estratégias de conservação em áreas antropizadas. Para a análise da FD e identificação dos limiares foi utilizado um banco de dados composto por 49 assembleias de mamíferos, criado a partir de dados primários e secundários de inventários, sendo selecionadas 38 características das espécies para o cálculo. A existência de limiares foi verificada utilizando a função \"segmented\", disponível no programa R. A FD apresentou-se diferente para assembleias com o mesma riqueza de espécies, indicando que filtros ambientais podem influenciar nos valores. O incremento gradual na FD devido ao aumento da área dos remanescentes mostrou uma relação positiva, possivelmente ligada a maior complexidade e heterogeneidade de áreas maiores. Foram identificados dois limiares (52 e 1244 ha), criando três situações funcionalmente distintas, tanto críticas quanto mais estáveis, permitindo definir e propor formas de ação específicas. Assembleias presentes entre os limiares apresentaram incremento funcional significativo entre FD e o aumento da área dos remanescentes, e ações visando à restauração e melhorias na configuração da paisagem devem ser incentivadas. Conclui-se, portanto, que tanto a SIA quanto a FD, podem ser consideradas importantes ferramentas para delinear estratégias e ações em prol da conservação da mastofauna. / The scarcity of studies regarding the impacts of agricultural mosaics on biodiversity hinders the creation of conservation strategies and a need for information concerning the ecology and behavior of wildlife species. In this context, the present study aimed to: 1) determine the composition and structure of mammal assemblages of medium and large sized in an agricultural landscape at Atlantic Forest; 2) evaluate the puma (Puma concolor) feeding pattern through analysis of stable isotopes (SIA) in two agricultural mosaics; 3) analyze mammal assemblages by functional diversity (FD) in forest remnants distributed in major biogeographic regions of the Atlantic Forest, and identify ecological thresholds for conservation. For mammal\'s inventory, eight forest remnants were selected in Campinas Metropolitan Region (RMC), São Paulo state. Data were collected through active search (visualizations and tracks), resulting in the record of 34 mammal species, 27 medium and large size, four of small size, and three exotic. Seven species are threatened with extinction, with novel records of Myrmecophaga tridactyla and Lycalopex gymnocercus for this region. The species richness and composition pointed RMC as an important area for mammal\'s conservation. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were analyzed in pumas hair, obtained from fecal samples collected by active search in forest remnants embedded in agricultural landscapes in São Paulo state. There was a higher consumption of C3 prey (~ 47% of individuals) in the area with the highest proportion of forest coverage, and greater consumption of C4 prey (~ 40% of individuals) where the agricultural matrix was predominant. Was observed the consumption of prey with diet based on food items from both forest remnants and agricultural matrix, suggesting high behavioral plasticity of puma\'s and their prey\'s occupying areas heavily impacted by man. Stable isotopes contributed with pioneer information on trophic ecology, aiming the development of new conservation strategies in anthropogenic areas. A database consisting of 49 mammal\'s assemblages, created from primary and secondary data of inventories, was used for FD analysis and threshold\'s identification. 38 specie\'s traits were selected for FD calculation. The thresholds existence was verified using the \"segmented\" function, available on R program. FD was different between mammal assemblages with the same species richness, indicating that environmental filters may affect its values. The gradual increment in FD, due to the increase in forest remnants area, presented a positive relationship, possibly linked to the increased complexity and heterogeneity of large areas. Two thresholds (52 and 1244 ha) were identified, creating three functionally distinct situations, both critical as more stable, allowing to define and propose for each one specific ways of action. Mammal\'s assemblages found between the thresholds showed significant functional increment considering the relationship between FD and forest remnants area, and actions aiming biological restoration and improvements in the landscape configuration should be encouraged. It was concluded, therefore, that both SIA as the FD can be considered important tools to outline strategies and actions for mammal\'s conservation.

La valeur esthétique des paysages et des espèces est un élément central de la conservation de la biodiversité, puisqu’elle fait intervenir les dimensions affectives et émotionnelles de notre rapport à la nature. Le lien entre biodiversité et perception esthétique demeure cependant peu étudié dans le cadre des services écosystémiques.Suite à un premier travail de synthèse ayant permis de poser les bases conceptuelles et méthodologiques de l’esthétique des paysages, trois études menées sur des systèmes sous-marins à différentes échelles ont permis de mieux comprendre et de quantifier le lien entre les différentes facettes de la biodiversité et la perception esthétique.Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence que la nature du lien entre biodiversité et préférences esthétique est dépendante de l’échelle de perception : à une échelle multi-spécifique, la biodiversité et la composition en espèces ont un effet positif sur les préférences esthétiques, tandis que les préférences à l’échelle spécifiques sont déconnectées du fonctionnement écologique des écosystèmes.Ces résultats confirment l’importance de la valeur esthétique dans notre perception de la biodiversité, qui pourrait avoir des conséquences majeures sur la façon dont nous protégeons notre environnement. L’approche fonctionnaliste de l’expérience esthétique est proposée et décrite afin de promouvoir une perception esthétique basée sur la compréhension et la reconnaissance des processus écologiques. Des pistes d’éducation à la biodiversité basée sur une expérience esthétique engagée sont également proposées afin de reconnecter les besoins écologiques et les préférences esthétiques. / The aesthetic value of landscapes and species is a central element for the conservation of biodiversity, since it involves the emotional and emotional dimensions of our relationship to nature. However, the links between biodiversity and aesthetic perception remains poorly studied and recognized within the ecosystem services framework.Following a first critical review, that described the conceptual and methodological bases of landscape aesthetics, three studies on underwater systems at different scales have been computed in order to better understand the link between the different facets of biodiversity and aesthetic perception.The results revealed that the link between biodiversity and aesthetic preferences is dependent on the scale of perception: at a multi-specific scale, biodiversity and species composition have a positive effect on aesthetic preferences, while preferences at a specific scale are disconnected to the ecological functioning of ecosystems.These results confirm the importance of aesthetic value in our perception of biodiversity, which could have major consequences in the way we protect our environment. The aesthetic experience based on the understanding of ecological functioning is proposed and described in order to promote an aesthetic perception relevant to ecological processes. Education to biodiversity based on engaged aesthetic is also proposed, in order to reconnect ecological needs and aesthetic preferences.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-13T14:28:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão definitiva dissertação.pdf: 2215795 bytes, checksum: 6ae1c11599069fa2b9b187adf1935e10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T14:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Versão definitiva dissertação.pdf: 2215795 bytes, checksum: 6ae1c11599069fa2b9b187adf1935e10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / CNPq / A maioria dos remanescentes de floresta Atlântica no Brasil são pequenas florestas secundárias em regeneração, muitas ocorrendo em áreas urbanas. Espécies arbóreas de remanescentes florestais indicam nível de perturbação, estágio sucessional e mudanças durante a regeneração. O objetivo dessa dissertação é conhecer a composição florística e fitossociológica arbórea de um fragmento urbano de floresta Atlântica em regeneração e verificar sua similaridade com remanescentes urbanos. Testou-se a hipótese de que remanescentes seriam menos similares quanto mais distantes fossem e que fragmentos de tamanhos semelhantes seriam mais similares que os de diferentes tamanhos. No remanescente em regeneração instalou-se 18 parcelas de 10 x 10m para a fitossociologia e realizaram-se expedições quinzenais de setembro de 2013 a dezembro de 2014 para coleta de espécies em estádio reprodutivo. Nos demais fragmentos, o levantamento florístico ocorreu mediante publicações florísticas e fitossociológicas. Médias de diâmetros e alturas das arbóreas do remanescente em regeneração foram de 15±14 cm e 9,54±3,5m, respectivamente e assemelham-se àquelas de florestas em estágio sucessional inicial. A maior similaridade foi encontrada entre a Mata da Guabiraba e o Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos (0,43), que são fragmentos próximos e semelhantes em área. Na composição das comunidades desses remanescentes Tapirira guianensis Aubl e Eschweilera ovata Cambess. sobressaíram-se entre as espécies mais abundantes e frequentes, sendo que a primeira também se destacou com maior valor de importância e densidade. Outro objetivo dessa dissertação foi obter a diversidade funcional desses remanescentes, pois ela indica interações que os sustentam, a partir de atributos florais das arbóreas. Compararam-se atributos florais, síndromes de polinização e diversidade funcional desses remanescentes florestais urbanos. Testou-se a hipótese de que remanescentes diferem quanto a frequência dos atributos florais, síndromes de polinização e diversidade funcional. Nos demais fragmentos utilizaram-se publicações fitossociológicas e os dados de atributos florais obtidos em herbários e na literatura. Nos remanescentes predominaram flores generalistas, melitófilas (41% e 58%) e formaram-se grupos de fragmentos por atributos florais e síndromes de polinização, o que corrobora parcialmente a hipótese. Os remanescentes estudados não diferiram quanto à diversidade funcional de atributos florais (p = 0,99). Estudos como esse trazem contribuições para a compreensão sobre a diversidade e a estrutura das comunidades vegetais em remanescentes urbanos que devido às suas particularidades, sobretudo pela paisagem na qual se inserem podem apresentar uma dinâmica distinta do que ditam as teorias ecológicas. / The Atlantic forest remnants in Brazil mostly are small secondary forests in regeneration, many occurring in urban areas. Tree species of forest remnants indicate level of disturbance, successional stage and changes during regeneration. The goal of this dissertation is to know the floristic composition and phytosociology of tree of an urban fragment of Atlantic forest regeneration and verify its similarity to other urban forest remnants. The hypothesis tested was that remaining would present smaller the further away they were similarity and similar size fragments would be more similar than different sizes, they were installed 18 plots of 10 x 10m for the study phytosociological and held fortnightly expedition between September 2013 and December 2014 to collect of species in stage reproductive. In the remaining fragments, of the floristic survey occurred through floristic studies and published phytosociological. Average diameters and heights of the remaining tree regeneration were 15 ± 14 cm and 9,54 ± 3,5 m, respectively, and resemble those of forests in early successional stage. Similarity highest was found between the Forest Guabiraba and Parque Estaadual Dois Irmão (0,43), which are fragments near and similar in area. In community composition of these remaining Tapirira guianensis Aubl. and Eschweilera ovata Cambess. stood out among the most abundant and frequent species, with the first also excelled with highest importance value and density. Another aim of this thesis was to obtain the functional diversity of these remnants, as it indicates interactions that maintain them from floral traits of the tree. Compared to floral traits, pollination syndromes and functional diversity of these urban forest remnants. We tested the hypothesis that remaining differ in the frequency of floral attributes, pollination syndromes and functional diversity. In the remaining fragments were used in phytosociological publications and floral attributes of data from herbarium and literature. In general predominant remaining flowers, mellittophilous (41% and 58%) and were formed by groups of fragments and floral attributes pollination syndromes, which partially supports the hypothesis. The remaining studies did not differ in the functional diversity of floral traits (p = 0,99). Such studies bring contributions to the understanding of the diversity and structure of plant communities in urban remnants that because of their specific particularly the landscape in which they operate may have a different dynamic than dictate the ecological theories.

A expansão da agricultura tem levado a utilização intensiva de agrotóxicos para o controle de pragas agrícolas que apresentam sérios riscos de contaminação tanto de ambientes aquáticos como terrestres. A contaminação da biota do solo pode causar efeitos sobre diversos processos ecossistêmicos tendo em vista a importância que estes organismos desempenham na estrutura do solo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos do inseticida/acaricida Kraft 36EC sobre a composição da fauna edáfica total e sobre a composição da comunidade de colêmbolos utilizando os atributos funcionais, em uma escala temporal, durante dois períodos amostrais. De forma geral, ambas as estações apresentaram diferenças na composição da fauna edáfica ao longo do tempo, nos dois tratamentos. Os colêmbolos foram os organismos mais sensíveis ao inseticida. As variáveis ambientais (temperatura e umidade) influenciaram nos efeitos do inseticida/acaricida sobre os organismos, principalmente em situações extremas. Os índices de diversidade [média por atributo (mT) e diversidade funcional (FD)] com as morfoespécies de colêmbolos, demostraram que o inseticida acaricida reduziu a diversidade funcional. Tais resultados estavam relacionados com a dominância de espécies epiedáficas (superficiais), em relação as hemiedáficas (mais afetadas pelo inseticida), principalmente no vigésimo primeiro dia. A atividade alimentar (teste bait lamina) foi reduzida ao longo do período de exposição. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que mesmo em doses recomendadas o inseticida/acaricida afetou a composição da fauna edáfica. Além disso, esse trabalho demonstrou a importância de pesquisas que avaliam não apenas dados taxonômicos como também a estrutura funcional das comunidades edáficas. Nesse sentido, podemos predizer possíveis alterações dos agrotóxicos sobre os processos ecossistêmicos. / The expansion of agriculture has led to the intensive use of pesticides for the control of agricultural pests that present serious risks of contamination in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Contamination of soil biota by these pollutants can have effects on various ecosystem processes in view of the importance that these organisms play in the soil structure. The objective of this research was to evaluate the possible effects of the acaricide insecticide Kraft 36EC on the composition of the total soil fauna and on the composition of the community of collembolans using the functional traits, over time, during the dry and rainy season. In general, there are differences in the composition of the edaphic fauna over time, in both treatments. The collembolans were the most sensitive to insecticidal organisms. Environmental variables can influence the effects on organisms, especially in extreme situations.The diversity index [average per attribute (mT) and functional diversity (FD)] with morphospecies collembolan, showed that the insecticide reduced functional diversity. These results were related to the dominance of epiedaphic species (surface), in relation to hemiedaphic (more affected by insecticide), especially in the twenty-first day. Feeding activity (test blade bait) was reduced over the exposure period. The results showed that even at recommended doses the insecticide affected the composition of the edaphic fauna. In addition, this work has demonstrated the importance of research that evaluates not only taxonomic data but also the functional structure of edaphic communities. In this way, it is possible to predict possible changes in agrochemicals on ecosystem processes.

Subject of this thesis is an urban development study of the former brownfield in Vítkovice - Moravská Ostrava. The initiative came from the new spatial plan of the Ostrava city, where this area was designated for further study. The goal was to design a quality connection to surrounding city parts and to create an independent, functionally diverse city district, which will embrace the past but also provide new inspiration near the city centre. The goal was also to enable further continuity in case of further industry downturn in the area.

Altitudinal gradients constitute a powerful test system for understanding distribution of species around the globe. Tropical mountains are quite rich in species even after controlling for environmental productivity, and are ideally suited for studying patterns of species distributions because they have had sufficient time for species to produce a response to environmental changes that affect their life histories. In this thesis, I investigate basic ecological mechanisms potentially behind avian distribution patterns along an altitudinal gradient in West-Central Africa. I used data collected with four methodological approaches (point counts, mist netting, random walks and artificial nest experiments) along an altitudinal gradient on Mt. Cameroon from October 2011 to September 2013. This work is focused on two interrelated themes: selection pressures on life histories (Chapters 1, 2, 3 & 4), and avian assemblage structures (Chapters 5 & 6). In the General Introduction, I present an overview of the study area with conservation implications of the study and my study objectives. In Chapters 1, 2 & 3, I investigate how selection pressures, i.e., nest predation and parasitism by haematozoa, affect bird assemblages. I used artificial nest experiments to assess nest predation rates in Chapters 1 & 2, and my...

Les changements globaux, du fait de l’empreinte humaine, sont associés à de nombreux déclins de populations et de disparitions d'espèces, et ce, notamment au sein des systèmes insulaires. L'importante biodiversité abritée par de tels écosystèmes est particulièrement vulnérable aux pressions anthropiques en raison de diverses caractéristiques (p. ex. syndrome d’insularité, faible redondance fonctionnelle, isolement géographique des îles). En dépit de cette vulnérabilité accrue, peu d’études se sont jusqu'à lors intéressées à ces systèmes comme modèle d’étude pour évaluer les patrons de menaces sur les différentes facettes de la diversité (taxonomique, fonctionnelle, et phylogénétique). Pourtant, un tel travail permettrait d’améliorer notre compréhension des menaces qui pèsent au sein des îles. Dans ce sens, l’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire les patrons de diversité endémique insulaire dans le contexte actuel des changements globaux et dans un contexte futur de changements climatiques, en explorant les différentes facettes de la diversité. Une finalité de ce travail est de mettre en évidence des priorités éventuelles de conservation pour ces écosystèmes particulièrement vulnérables. Nous avons abordé l'ensemble de ce travail de thèse à une grande échelle à l’aide de deux bases données recensant les îles mondiales et les espèces qui y sont endémiques. Dans une première partie, nous avons caractérisé les menaces pesant sur les écosystèmes insulaires à l'échelle globale, et prospecté également leurs distributions au sein de différents groupes taxonomiques et régions insulaires. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons analysé l'incidence des menaces sur la biodiversité endémique insulaire et en particulier sur la composante fonctionnelle. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons identifié les régions insulaires à forte représentativité de la biodiversité endémique menacée au travers de différentes facettes et prospecté leurs niveaux de protection via les aires protégées et les menaces les affectant. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons étudié la vulnérabilité future des îles et de la biodiversité endémique face au changement climatique à l’échéance 2050. À la lumière de nos résultats (identification de menaces majeures dont l'importance varie suivant les groupes taxonomiques, les régions insulaires et également les dimensions de biodiversité considérées), nous avons discuté de l’implication des changements globaux pour la biodiversité endémique insulaire dans un contexte de conservation. Cette thèse révèle l’importance d’intégrer de multiples menaces (et leurs associations) et dimensions de diversité pour les approches de changements globaux et de conservation. / Global changes, because of human activities, are associated with numerous population declines and species extinctions, which are especially pronounced in island systems. The important biodiversity of such ecosystems is particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures because of several characteristics (e.g. island syndrome, low functional redundancy, island geographical isolation). Despite this increased vulnerability, few studies have so far looked at these systems as a study model for assessing patterns of threats to the different facets of diversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). However, such work would improve our understanding of islands threats. In this sense, the aim of this PhD thesis is to describe patterns of insular endemic diversity in the current context of global changes and in a future climate change context, by exploring different facets of diversity. The purpose of this work is to highlight potential conservation priorities for these particularly vulnerable ecosystems. We have addressed all of this thesis work on a large scale using two databases of worldwide islands and endemic species. In a first part, we characterized threats to island ecosystems at a global scale and also explored their distributions within different taxonomic groups and island regions. In a second part, we analyzed the impact of threats on the functional component of island endemic biodiversity. In a third part, we have identified priority areas for insular endemic biodiversity representativeness and conservation across different dimensions of biodiversity and explored their levels of protection through protected areas and threats affecting them. In a last part, we studied the future vulnerability of islands and endemic biodiversity to climate change by 2050 based on endemic mammals. In the light of our results (identification of major threats whose importance varies according to the taxonomic groups, the island regions and also the dimensions of biodiversity considered), we discussed the implications of global changes for island endemic biodiversity in a conservation context. This PhD thesis reveals the importance of integrating multiple threats and diversity dimensions for global changes and conservation approaches.

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I världens snabbt ökande digitalisering är behovet av digitala samhällstjänster stort. Problemet är att dessa e-tjänster inte är tillgängliga för alla individer, vilket de ska vara enligt DOS-lagen. Tidigare forskning har kommit fram till att användargenererad information utgör framtiden för myndigheters e-tjänster. En samhällsgrupp som behöver undersökas vidare är individer med funktionsvariation, som står inför en ökad risk att hamna i ett digitalt utanförskap.  Denna studie har haft som syfte att undersöka användbarheten hos en svensk myndighets e-tjänster utifrån synvinkeln av användare med funktionsvariation. Om en förbättringspotential skall uppnås i upplevandet hos gruppen, så anser jag att verktygen för evidensbaserade studier inom detta område behöver vässas och specificeras gentemot målgruppens krav. Genom användbarhetstest har studiepersonerna undersökt Försäkringskassans webbsida och e-tjänster. Efter testet har studiepersonerna genomgått semistrukturerade intervjuer för att nå deras djupare uppfattningar och upplevelser kring Försäkringskassans webbsida och e-tjänsterna samt deras användning av digitala samhällstjänster.  Resultatet visar att studiepersonerna är delvis tillfredsställda med Försäkringskassans webbsida och e-tjänster. Orsaken är att deras tjänster och information är mer lättillgängliga för studiepersonerna digitalt och för att de generellt känner tillit till Försäkringskassan, däremot visar resultatet att två av fem studiepersoner inte självständigt kan använda Försäkringskassans webbsida och e-tjänster, vilket medför att de är digitalt exkluderade från dessa. Studiepersonerna uttrycker att det finns begreppssvårigheter, avsaknad av uppläsningsfunktioner, uttröttande läsning och svårigheter att hitta rätt information.  Studiens slutsats är att Försäkringskassan behöver fortsätta att vidareutveckla sin tillgänglighet efter DOS-lagens krav, eftersom inte alla studiepersoner upplevde deras webbsida och e-tjänster som användbara och eftersom de inte heller uppfyllde alla steg i inkluderingsarbetet mot digitalt utanförskap. / In the world's rapidly increasing digitalisation, the need for digital community services is great. The problem is that these e-services are not available to all individuals, which they should be according to the Swedish law of accessible digital public service. Previous research states that user-generated information is the future of government e-services. A social group that needs to be investigated further are the functionally diverse, who face an increased risk of ending up in digital exclusion.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a Swedish authority's e-services from the point of view of users with functional diversity. For a potential improvement to be achieved in the user experience, I believe that the tools for evidence-based studies in this area need to be sharpened and specified in relation to the target group's requirements. Through usability tests, the study subjects have examined the Swedish Social Insurance Agency's website and e-services. Following the test, the study subjects underwent semi-structured interviews to find out their deeper perceptions and experiences about the Swedish Social Insurance Agency's website and e-services, as well as their use of digital community services.  The results show that the students are partially satisfied with the Swedish Social Insurance Agency's website and e-services. This is because their services and information are more easily accessible to the study persons digitally and because they generally feel confident in the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. However, the results also show that two out of five study subjects cannot independently use the Swedish Social Insurance Agency's website and e-services, which means that they are digitally excluded from these. The study subjects express that there are conceptual difficulties, lack of reading aloud functions, tiring reading, and difficulties in finding the right information.  It is concluded that The Swedish Social Insurance Agency needs to continue further developing their accessibility in accordance with the requirements of the law of accessible digital public service, as not all study participants perceived their website and e-services as useful, nor did they fulfil all steps in the inclusion work against digital exclusion.