University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

Wine grape pomace (WGP), the byproduct from winemaking, is a good source of polyphenols and dietary fibers, and may be utilized as antioxidant dietary fibers (ADF) for food applications. The objectives of this thesis research were to first determine the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in red WGP under different drying processes for long-term storage, and to further evaluate the feasibility of using WGP as a functional food ingredient in yogurt and salad dressing for enhancing the nutritional value and improving storability of the products. Two types of WGP samples, pomace containing seeds and skins (P) and pomace with skins only (S) from Pinot Noir (PN) and Merlot (M) were studied. Samples were subjected to four different drying conditions: 40 °C conventional and vacuum oven, 25 °C ambient air and freeze dry. Total phenolic content (TPC, by Folin-Ciocalteu assay), anthocyanins (ACY, by pH differential method) and flavanols content (TFC, by vanillin assay) of the samples along with their antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenge method, RSA) and antibacterial activity (minimum inhibition concentration, MIC) were determined during 16 weeks of storage under vacuum condition at 15±2 °C. Meanwhile, dietary fiber profile was evaluated by using gravimetric-enzyme method. Results showed that dietary fiber contents of PN-P, PN-S, M-P and M-S were 57-63% d.m. with the majority of insoluble fraction. Freeze dried WGP retained the highest bioactive compounds with TPC 21.19-67.74 mg GAE/g d.m., ACY of 0.35-0.76 mg Mal-3-glu/g d.m., TFC of 30.16-106.61 mg CE/g d.m. and RSA of 22.01-37.46 mg AAE/g d.m., followed with ambient air dried samples. Overall, TPC, TFC and RSA were higher in PN than in M, and higher in pomace than in skins, while reverse results were observed in ACY. All samples lost significant amount of bioactive compounds during storage, in which ambient air and freeze dried samples had TPC reduction of 32-56% and 35-58%, respectively at the end of 16 weeks of storage. RSA in PN-P and M-P remained more than 50 mg TE/g d.m., meaning WGP still met the criteria of ADF definition after 16 weeks of storage. WGP extracts showed higher antibacterial efficiency against L. innocua than that of E. coli with MIC of 2, 7, 3 and 8% against L. innocua, and 3, 6, 4 and 9% against E. coli for PN-P, PN-S, M-P and M-S samples, respectively. This study demonstrated that Pinot Noir and Merlot pomace are good sources of ADF even after 16 weeks of storage at 15 °C and vacuum condition. Due to the highest antioxidant activity (RSA 37.46 mg AAE/g) and dietary fiber content (61%), PN-P was selected as ADF to be fortified in yogurt and salad dressing. Three types of WGP: whole powder (WP), liquid extract (LE) and freeze dried extract (FDE) with different concentrations were incorporated into yogurt (Y), Italian (I) and Thousand Island (T) salad dressings. TPC, RSA and dietary fiber content, major quality attributes including pH and peroxide value (PV) during the shelf life and consumer acceptance of fortified products were evaluated. The highest ADF were obtained in 3% WP-Y, 1% WP-I and 2% WP-T samples with the dietary fiber contents of 1.98%, 2.12% and 1.83% and RSA of 935.78, 585.60 and 706.67 mg AAE/kg, respectively. WP fortified products had more dietary fiber content than that of LE and FDE fortified ones because of the insoluble fractions. The pH dropped from 4.52 to 4.32 for 3% WP-Y during three weeks of storage at 4 °C, but remained stable in WGP-I and WGP-T samples after four weeks of storage at 4 °C. Adding WGP resulted in 35-65% reduction of PV in all samples compared to the control. In WGP-Y, the viscosity increased, but syneresis and lactic acid percentage were stable during storage. The 1%WP-Y, 0.5%WP-I and 1%WP-T samples were mostly liked by consumers. Study demonstrated that WGP can be used as a functional food ingredient for enhancing nutraceutical content and extending shelf-life of the food products. This study provided important information about the economically feasible drying methods for retaining the bioactive compounds in WGP during processing and storage and also suggested that WGP can be utilized as antioxidant dietary fiber to be fortified in consumer products to promote nutritional benefit and extend product shelf-life. / Graduation date: 2013

As microalgas vêm sendo utilizadas na área ambiental nos processos de biomitigação de CO2, uma vez que o utilizam em seu metabolismo para produzirem biomassa celular, a qual pode ser utilizada para fins nutricional e comercial. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de oligossacarídeos prebióticos oriundos de biomassa microalgal por meio de hidrólise fosfórica em diferentes condições moderadas de pH e termopressurização. Foi utilizada biomassa de um cultivo utilizado no sistema de tratamento de efluente gasoso de uma churrascaria de Curitiba, comparativamente com duas biomassas comerciais, Chlorella vulgaris e Spirulina platensis. Foram realizadas análises microscópicas e físico-químicas para a caracterização das biomassas, tais como umidade, cinzas, teor de carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas. A partir da massa lipídica total foram realizadas transesterificações alcalinas e os resultados analisados por métodos cromatográficos, antes e após clarificação dos ésteres metílicos. A título de comparação inicial com as biomassas in natura, as biomassas passaram por pré-tratamentos: remoção dos lipídeos com organossolventes, purificação da parede celular com detergente SDS (Sódio Dodecil Sulfato) e recuperação do resíduo polimérico extraído pelo detergente. Estas biomassas derivadas bem como as integrais foram hidrolisadas em termopressurizador a 4,5 atm (156 oC), utilizando ácido fosfórico a pH 2,0 ou controles com água (solvólise). Adicionalmente foram realizados ensaios enzimáticos com α-amilase e β-1,3 glucanase nos oligossacarídeos resultantes dos hidrolisados fosfóricos das biomassas in natura. Com as três biomassas de microalgas in natura foi realizado planejamento fatorial 32, frente às variáveis ácido fosfórico (pH 2,5, 2,0, e 1,5) e pressão atmosférica (3 atm – 147 oC, 4,5 – 156 oC e 6,0 atm – 175 oC). Para todos os hidrolisados foram analisados pH após a hidrólise, teor de açúcar redutor e de açúcar total e perfil cromatográfico. Os oligossacarídeos obtidos foram utilizados como fonte de carbono para o cultivo de microrganismos probióticos, Bifidobacterium animalis e Lactobacillus casei, para avaliação do crescimento, pH e produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC). Os resultados indicaram que apesar de ter sido inoculada uma cepa de C. vulgaris no sistema de fotobiorreatores de mitigação de CO 2 da churrascaria, não se instalou um cultivo puro e, portanto, foi denominado de mescla Devons. O componente majoritário para todas as biomassas foi proteína, sobretudo para S. platensis (59,5 %). As transesterificações alcalinas mostraram a eficiência no processo, indicando semelhança no perfil da cromatografia gasosa da mescla Devons e C. vulgaris. O tratamento com SDS mostrou maior eficiência na remoção de proteínas, sobretudo em S. platensis. As hidrólises das biomassas pré-tratadas mostraram maior teor de oligossacarídeos na amostra in natura para mescla Devons, deslipidificada e tratada com SDS para C. vulgaris e semelhança entre a in natura e os dois primeiros tratamentos para S. platensis. Os resultados dos ensaios enzimáticos indicaram predominância de oligossacarídeos oriundos de laminarina (β-1,3 glucana), portanto prebióticos e resistentes à ação amilásica do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) superior. Os resultados do planejamento fatorial mostraram que a biomassa in natura de S. platensis foi a que apresentou os melhores resultados de hidrólise em quantidade de açúcar liberado, seguida da biomassa de mescla Devons e C. vulgaris. As melhores condições de produção e pureza de oligossacarídeos foram próximas ao ponto central do planejamento fatorial. Os cultivos dos probióticos utilizando os hidrolisados fosfóricos permitiu o crescimento das baterias benéficas (Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium), e diferenças no pH, bem como na produção de AGCC, sobretudo ácido lático, monitorado por cromatografia líquida. Portanto, este trabalho mostra que foram produzidos oligossacarídeos prebióticos a partir do tratamento fosfórico da biomassa de microalgas, resultando uma nova aplicação em potencial de tal biomassa formada a partir do CO2 e outros componentes voláteis presentes no efluente gasoso da churrascaria. / Microalgae have been utilized in the environmental area in CO2 biomitigation processes as they use it in their metabolism for the production of cellular biomass, which can then be utilized for nutritional and commercial purposes. Within this scope, the current research elected as the main objective, the obtention of nutraceutical oligosaccharides from microalgae biomasses through a phosphoric acid hydrolysis under different and moderated pH and thermopressurization conditions. One biomass, coming from a gaseous effluent treatment system from a steakhouse was compared to commercial biomasses, Chlorella vulgaris e Spirulina platensis. Microscopic and physicochemical analyses were carried for these biomasses characterization, namely moisture, ashes, carbohydrates, lipids and protein contents. Alkaline methyl transesterifications were realized in the total lipid fractions and then the corresponding products analyzed by chromatographic methods. As compared to the native biomasses, they were subjected to pretreatments: organic solvents removal of lipids, cell wall purification with detergent SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) and recovery of polymeric molecules of the later extracts. These derived biomasses fractions, as well as the whole ones were partially or totally hydrolyzed with thermopressurization at 4.5 atm (156 °C) using diluted phosphoric acid at pH 2 or with water as controls (solvolysis). Enzyme assays were further performed with α- amylase and β-1,3 glucanase in the phosphoric acid hydrolyzed oligosaccharides from native biomasses. A 32 factorial design was carried out with the three samples of whole microalgae biomasses, considering the variables phosphoric acid pH (2.5, 2.0, e 1.5) and atmospheric pressure (3 atm – 147 oC, 4.5 – 156 oC and 6.0 atm – 175 o C). For all hydrolysates were analyzed pH after hydrolysis, total and reducing sugar contents and chromatographic profiles. The resulting oligosaccharide samples were offered as carbon source for the culture of probiotic microorganisms Bifidobacterium animalis e Lactobacillus casei for the evaluation of bacterial growth and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. Overall results indicated that irrespective to the pure native of the C. vulgaris inoculum into the CO2 mitigation system of the steakhouse, a pure massive biomass did not result and hence the designation of Devons’ blend for. The major component of microalgae biomasses was protein, above all for S. platensis (59.5 %). Alkaline transesterification showed the efficiency of the process, indicating similarity among the methyl esters arising either from C. vulgaris or the Devons’ blend as analyzed by gas chromatography. SDS treatment was more efficient for protein removal in the case of S. platensis biomass. The pretreated biomasses once hydrolysed displayed higher oligosaccharide contents for the Devons’ blend native, C. vulgaris delipidified and SDS-treated sample as well some similarity between native and both pretreatments in the case of S. platensis. The enzymatic assay indicated predominance of laminarin oligosaccharides (β-1,3 glucan), therefore prebiotics are resistants to amylasic action in upper gastroinstestinal tract. The factorial design showed that the particular S. platensis native biomass led to the best result of hydrolysis to reducing simple and oligosaccharidic sugars, then decreasingly followed by the Devons’ blend and C. vulgaris and the best conditions for the production and purity of the oligosaccharides were close to the central point of the factorial design. Probiotic cultures from the phosphoric acid hydrolysates allowed the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, beneficial bacteria growth, pH differences and short chain fatty acids production, above all, lactic acid, as monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, this research indicated the feasibility of nutraceutical or prebiotic oligosaccharide production from microalgae biomasses, thus revealing a novel technological destination for these particular biomasses and fractions, once formed at the expense of CO2 and other volatile components from the gaseous effluent from a steakhouse.

PEREIRA, Ana Carolina da Silva. Desenvolvimento de sucos tropicais mistos com elevada capacidade antioxidante e avaliação in vivo. 2014. 121 f. : Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2014 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T14:40:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_acspereira.pdf: 2190995 bytes, checksum: 682be49075557742cf2cb621f52b139f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T14:40:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_acspereira.pdf: 2190995 bytes, checksum: 682be49075557742cf2cb621f52b139f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T14:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_acspereira.pdf: 2190995 bytes, checksum: 682be49075557742cf2cb621f52b139f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The aim of this research was to optimize the formulation of mixed tropical juices, based on research into the Mediterranean Diet” (MD), using a statistical design of fractional type for variable selection (P<0.10), followed by a planning type DCCR (Delineation central composite rotational) 25 with P<0.05, and response surface methodology (RSM), which it was possible to assess. Moreover this investigation proposed to quantify possible additive effects, synergisms and antagonisms between variables, and to evaluate in vitro and in vivo profile of functional the juices. We used six species of tropical fruits (camu-camu, acerola, cashew, yellow mombin, acai and mango). The dependent variables were analyzed: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using ABTS method, total polyphenols (TP), ascorbic acid and sensory acceptance. The independent variables were the concentrations of fruit pulp (%). For evaluate the in vivo assays were used two formulations of optimized mixed tropical fruit: The formulation (mixed tropical acerola juice, pineapple, acai, cashew, yellow mombin and camu-camu) and formulation B (mixed tropical acerola juice, pineapple, acai and yellow mombin), with different pulp proportions (%) and weaned rats that were divided in 7 groups: control (water), six groups of animals treated by gavage in water to reconstitute lyophilized juice formulations at concentrations of 100, 200 or 400mg/kg for 30 days. The followed analyzes were performed: The nutritional indices of feed intake and weight gain; biochemical analyzes of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL (High Density Lipoprotein), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum lipid peroxidation and liver method TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in erythrocytes and liver. Concerning to the statistical planning and MSR, camu-camu, acerola and acai were the main factors that influenced the antioxidant potential of the juice, and yellow mombin showed a positive effect on sensory acceptability of tropical juice. There was an antagonistic effect between acerola and camu-camu in regarding to TAC. The optimal formulation was composed of 20% acerola, 10% camu-camu, 10% yellow mombin, 10% cashew and 10% acai, which corresponding a result of 155,46 mg.100g-1 ascorbic acid, 103,01 mg GAE. 100 g-1 TP, 10,27 µM Trolox g-1 for TAC and sensory acceptance of approximately 6.1. The groups treated with the formulations of mixed juices showed no statistical significant difference in relation to nutritional indices and biochemical parameters, including the activity of the enzymes ALT and AST, indicating that the formulations did not cause liver damage these animals. The results showed that the SOD activity and CAT in the liver (FA200) and GSH-Px in erythrocytes (FB400) and in serum and liver TBARS (FB100, FA400, FB200, FB400) were efficiently reduced in the groups treated with the fruit juices, when compared with the control group, while HDL-c increased (FB400). In conclusion, daily consumption of 200mL of optimized formulation is responsible for approximately 50% of the recommended amount of antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet pattern, therefore, a rich source for these bioactive compounds. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that consumption of tropical juices mixed evaluated was effective in endogenous antioxidant defense, and effectively suggest that the tropical fruit juices may have significant relevance to the health beneficial effects. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver formulações de sucos tropicais mistos, baseando-se em dados da Dieta Mediterrânea (DM), utilizando ferramentas de otimização de processos, para avaliar e quantificar possíveis efeitos aditivo, sinergístico e antagônico entre as variáveis, e avaliar o perfil funcional in vitro e in vivo dos sucos. Foi utilizado um planejamento estatístico do tipo fracionado para seleção das variáveis (P<0,10), seguido de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) 25 com P<0,05. As variáveis independentes foram às concentrações das polpas de frutas (%) das seis espécies de frutas tropicais (camu-camu, acerola, caju, cajá, açaí e manga) e como variáveis dependentes a capacidade antioxidante total (TAC) através do método ABTS, polifenóis totais (TP), ácido ascórbico e aceitação sensorial. Para os ensaios in vivo foram utilizadas duas formulações de suco tropical misto: formulação A (suco tropical misto de acerola, abacaxi, açaí, caju, cajá e camu-camu) e formulação B (suco tropical misto de acerola, abacaxi, açaí e cajá), com suas diferentes porcentagens de polpa (%). Ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, recém-desmamados foram distribuídos em 7 grupos, sendo controle (água), e seis grupos de animais tratados por gavagem com a reconstituição em água das formulações dos sucos liofilizadas nas concentrações: 100, 200 ou 400mg/kg de peso corpóreo, durante 30 dias. Foram avaliados os índices nutricionais de consumo de ração e ganho de peso; análises bioquímicas: glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, HDL (High Density Lipoprotein), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST); peroxidação lipídica do soro e fígado, pelo método TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico) e atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px), nos eritrócitos, e fígado. A partir da análise dos planejamentos estatísticos, o camu-camu, a acerola e o açaí foram os principais fatores que influenciaram o potencial antioxidante das formulações, e o cajá mostrou um efeito positivo sobre a aceitação sensorial dos sucos tropicais. Observou-se um efeito antagônico entre acerola e camu-camu para a resposta TAC. A formulação otimizada foi composta por 20% acerola, 10% de camu-camu, 10% de cajá, 10% caju e 10% de açaí, que correspondeu a um resultado de 155,46 mg.100 g-1 de ácido ascórbico, 103,01 mg de GAE.100 g-1 para TP, 10,27 µM Trolox g-1 para TAC e aproximadamente 6,1 de aceitação sensorial. Os grupos tratados com as formulações de sucos mistos não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos índices nutricionais e parâmetros bioquímicos, incluindo a atividade das enzimas ALT e AST, indicando que as formulações não ocasionaram danos hepáticos aos animais. Os resultados demonstraram que a atividade das enzimas SOD e CAT no fígado (FA200), e GSH-Px nos eritrócitos (FB400), e TBARS no soro e fígado (FB100, FA400, FB200, FB400) foi significantemente reduzida nos grupos tratados com os sucos de frutas, quando comparados com o grupo controle, enquanto que o HDL-c aumentou (FB400). Os resultados in vitro e in vivo sugerem que o consumo dos sucos tropicais mistos desenvolvidos neste trabalho foi eficaz na defesa antioxidante endógena, sugerindo efetivamente que os sucos de frutas tropicais podem ter significativa relevância para efeitos benéficos a saúde.

<p>This dissertation takes the format of a "three paper model" (i.e. Sandwich Thesis), and all three articles have been submitted for publication.</p> <p>Article 1 (Chapter 4) - appears in <em>Food, Culture & Society (2014).</em></p> <p>Article 2 (Chapter 5) - appears in <em>Social Science & Medicine (2014).</em></p> <p>Article 3 (Chapter 6) - Revise & Resubmit from <em>Sociology of Health & Illness</em></p> / <p>Food and the various aspects surrounding what we eat, what we <em>should</em> eat, and concerns about how to remain healthy and ward off disease and illness is escalating while our choices are endless. In this competitive food market a new type has emerged: the functional food. Functional foods are those that have an added health benefit beyond the basic nutritional content and display physiological benefits in reducing chronic diseases. A popular category of functional foods are those that purport to lower one's cholesterol. In particular, high cholesterol is marketed as a "disease" rather than a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease. Little is known about the sociological diagnosis of high cholesterol and the marketing of functional foods, in particular with women. This dissertation address this gap by asking: (1) How is high cholesterol (HC) identified and marketed as a disease rather than a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in functional food advertising - specifically addressing the Becel® pro.activ® margarine campaign? (2) How do women understand the issue and <em>causes </em>of high cholesterol; and (3) What do women understand the <em>solution </em>to high cholesterol to be and how do they view Becel's^® high cholesterol solution? --The findings center on 4 key issues: <ol> <li>The construction and marketing of high cholesterol <em>as a disease</em> (i.e. via the sociology of diagnosis), rather than a risk factor for heart disease;</li> <li>The causes of high cholesterol and attribution of blame are placed on women's poor lifestyle choices and seen as an individual responsibility;</li> <li>There are class differences regarding women's knowledge and awareness of the social determinants of health (SDOH); and</li> <li>The solution to high cholesterol is individualized via the 'proactive myopia' repertoire.</li> </ol></p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Prema postavljenim ciljevima u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji sakupljeno je i&nbsp;<br />determinisano&nbsp;ukupno&nbsp;sedam&nbsp;vrsta&nbsp;autohtonih&nbsp;gljiva&nbsp;sa&nbsp;područja&nbsp;Fru&scaron;ke&nbsp;gore, Tare i&nbsp; Vr&scaron;ačkog brega, pet lignikolnih&nbsp;‐&nbsp;<em>Bjerkandera adusta</em>,&nbsp;<em>Pleurocybella&nbsp; porrigens</em>,&nbsp;St<em>ereum&nbsp;hirsutum,&nbsp;Stereum&nbsp;subtomentosum</em>&nbsp;i&nbsp;Trametes&nbsp;versicolor,&nbsp;i&nbsp;<br />dve&nbsp; terikolne&nbsp;‐&nbsp;<em>Amanita&nbsp; strobiliformis</em>&nbsp;i Hydnum repandum. Utvrđena je&nbsp; njihova&nbsp;biolo&scaron;ka&nbsp;aktivnost&nbsp;(antiradikalska,&nbsp;antioksidativna,&nbsp;antimikrobna,&nbsp;anti‐acetilholinesterazna&nbsp;i&nbsp;citotokisčna)&nbsp;spram&nbsp;hemijskog&nbsp;sastava&nbsp;njihovih&nbsp;vodenih&nbsp;<br />(H₂O),&nbsp;etanolnih&nbsp;(EtOH),&nbsp;metanolnih&nbsp;(MeOH)&nbsp;i&nbsp;polisaharidnih&nbsp;(PSH)&nbsp;ekstrakata.&nbsp;<br />Analiza&nbsp;hemijskog&nbsp;sastava&nbsp;odabranih&nbsp;vrsta&nbsp;uključila&nbsp;je&nbsp;određivanje&nbsp;hemijske&nbsp;<br />karakterizacije&nbsp;PSH&nbsp;ekstrakata&nbsp;‐&nbsp;FTIR&nbsp;analizom,&nbsp;određivanje&nbsp;fenolnog&nbsp;profila&nbsp;‐&nbsp;<br />HPMC/MS‐MS,&nbsp;sadržaja&nbsp;organskih&nbsp;kiselina&nbsp;‐&nbsp;HPLC,&nbsp;sadržaja&nbsp;masnih&nbsp;kiselina&nbsp;‐&nbsp;<br />GC‐FID&nbsp;i&nbsp;sadržaja&nbsp;biogenih&nbsp;elemenata&nbsp;‐&nbsp;AAS.&nbsp;Spektrofotometrijskim&nbsp;metodama<br />određen je ukupan sadržaj proteina i ukupan sadržaj fenola i flavonoida.&nbsp;<br />Prema&nbsp;antiradikalskoj&nbsp;aktivnosti&nbsp;OH^{&bull; ,&nbsp;}O2^&bull;‐,&nbsp;OH^&bull;,&nbsp;Asc^&bull;,&nbsp;DPPH^&bull;&nbsp; i&nbsp;ABTS^&bull;+&nbsp;izdvojili&nbsp;<br />su&nbsp; se&nbsp; ekstrakti lignikolnih vrsta:&nbsp; MeOH ekstrakt vrste&nbsp;<em>P. porrigens</em>, H₂O&nbsp; ekstrakt&nbsp;<em>P.&nbsp;porrigens</em>,&nbsp;MeOH&nbsp;ekstrakt&nbsp;<em>T.&nbsp;versicolor</em>,&nbsp;H₂O&nbsp;ekstrakt&nbsp;<em>S.&nbsp;hirsutum, </em>MeOH&nbsp;ekstrakt&nbsp;<em>S.&nbsp;subtomentosum</em>&nbsp;i&nbsp;H₂O&nbsp;ekstrakt&nbsp;<em>B.&nbsp;adusta</em>,&nbsp;navedenim&nbsp;redom.&nbsp;<br />Najjaču antioksidativnu aktivnost dobijenu FRAP i polarografskom HPMC&nbsp;<br />metodom ispoljili su PSH i H₂O ekstrakti terikolne vrste&nbsp;<em>A. strobiliformis</em>.&nbsp;<br />Antimikrobna aktivnost analiziranih ekstrakata određena je ispitivanjem&nbsp;<br />antibakterijskog,&nbsp;antifungalnog&nbsp;i&nbsp;antiviralnog&nbsp;potencijala,&nbsp;pri&nbsp;čemu&nbsp;se&nbsp;izdvojila&nbsp;<br />vrsta&nbsp;<em> H.&nbsp; repandum</em>&nbsp;ispoljavajući najbolji efekat na Gram‐pozitivne i Gram‐<br />negativne bakterije i na sve analizirane fitopatogene izolate&nbsp;<em>(Fusarium&nbsp;</em>i&nbsp;<br />Alternaria)&nbsp;i<em>&nbsp;T.&nbsp;versicolor</em>&nbsp;na&nbsp;analizirani&nbsp;bakteriofag.&nbsp;Anti‐acetilholinesterazna&nbsp;<br />aktivnost određena je testovima in solid i in liquid, a najbolji procenat&nbsp;<br />inhibicije AChE ispoljili su EtOH ekstrakti vrsta&nbsp;<em>S. hirsutum</em>,&nbsp;<em>B. adusta</em>,&nbsp;<em>S</em>.&nbsp;<br /><em>subtomentosum</em>&nbsp;i&nbsp;<em>T.&nbsp;versicolor</em>.&nbsp;Citotoksična&nbsp;aktivnost&nbsp;ekstrakata&nbsp;određena&nbsp;je&nbsp;<br />MTT testom, a prema najboljoj ispoljenoj aktivnosti izdvojili su se MeOH&nbsp;<br />ekstrakt<em>&nbsp;P.&nbsp;porrigens&nbsp;</em>i&nbsp;ekstrakti<em>&nbsp;B.&nbsp;adusta</em>,&nbsp;H₂O&nbsp;i&nbsp;EtOH.&nbsp;Citotoksična&nbsp;aktivnost&nbsp;<br />ovih&nbsp;lignikolnih&nbsp;vrsta&nbsp;naročito&nbsp;je&nbsp;izražena&nbsp;nakon&nbsp;72&nbsp;h.&nbsp;Na&nbsp;osnovu&nbsp;dobijenih&nbsp;<br />rezultata, gde su se istakle različite vrste i njihovi različiti ekstrakti u&nbsp;<br />primenjenim&nbsp;testovima,&nbsp;jasno&nbsp;je&nbsp;da&nbsp;biolo&scaron;ka&nbsp;aktivnost&nbsp;i&nbsp;hemijski&nbsp;sastav&nbsp;zavise&nbsp;<br />od&nbsp;porekla,&nbsp;vrste&nbsp;i&nbsp;tipa&nbsp;ekstrakta&nbsp;analiziranih&nbsp;gljiva.&nbsp;Na&nbsp;osnovu&nbsp;tipa&nbsp;rastvarača&nbsp;<br />odnosno ekstrakata vrsta, koje su pokazale najbolju aktivnost spram pomenutih&nbsp; testova i na osnovu dobijenih korelacija kao i na osnovu detektovanih jedinjenja,&nbsp; pretpostavljamo da su za ispoljene aktivnosti u najvećoj meri odgovorna fenolna&nbsp; jedinjenja&nbsp;i&nbsp;polisaharidi.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;<br />Ispoljeni&nbsp;biopotencijal&nbsp;analiziranih&nbsp;vrsta&nbsp;gljiva&nbsp;upućuje&nbsp;na&nbsp;njihovu&nbsp;potencijalnu&nbsp;<br />upotrebu kao funkcionalne hrane i nutraceutika, kao i u biokontroli&nbsp;<br />fitopatogena.</p> / <p>According&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; set&nbsp; aims&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; presented&nbsp; PhD&nbsp; thesis,&nbsp; seven&nbsp; autochthonous fungal species from the region of Fruska Gora, Tara&nbsp; and Vr&scaron;ac Mountains were collected and determined: five lignicolous ‐ <em>Bjerkandera&nbsp; adusta,&nbsp; Pleurocybella&nbsp; porrigens,&nbsp; Stereum&nbsp; hirsutum,&nbsp; Stereum subtomentosum and Trametes versicolor</em>, and two terricolous ‐ <em>Amanita strobiliformis </em>and <em>Hydnum repandum</em>. Biological activity of these&nbsp; species&nbsp; (antiradical,&nbsp; antioxidant,&nbsp; antimicrobial,&nbsp; anti‐ acetylcholinesterase and cytotoxic) was determined in relation to the chemical composition of the extracts, aqueous (H₂O), ethanolic (EtOH), methanolic (MeOH) and polysaccharide (PSH). Analysis of the chemical content of analyzed species included chemical characterization of PSH extracts&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; by&nbsp; FTIR&nbsp; analysis,&nbsp; determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; phenolic&nbsp; profile ‐ by HPMC/MS‐MS, content of organic acids ‐ by HPLC, fatty acid content ‐ by&nbsp; GC‐FID&nbsp; and&nbsp; content&nbsp; of&nbsp; biogenic&nbsp; elements ‐ by&nbsp; AAS. Spectrophotometric methods were applied for determination of the content of total proteins, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to the antiradical activity obtained towards OH^&bull;, О2^&bull;‐, OH^&bull;, Asc^&bull;, DPPH^&bull;&nbsp;and ABTS^&bull;+ extracts of lignicolous species were singled out: <em>P. porrigens&nbsp;</em> (MeOH&nbsp; extract),&nbsp;<em> P.&nbsp; porrigens</em>&nbsp; (H₂O&nbsp; extract),&nbsp;<em>T. versicolor</em>&nbsp;(MeOH&nbsp;&nbsp; extract),<em> S. hirsutum </em>(H₂O extract), <em>S. subtomentosum</em> (MeOH extract) and&nbsp;<em>B. austa</em> (H₂O&nbsp; extract),&nbsp; respectively. The&nbsp; highest antioxidant activity obtained by FRAP and the polarographic HPMC method was exhibited&nbsp; for PSH&nbsp; and&nbsp; H₂O extracts of the terricolous species&nbsp;<em>A. strobiliformis</em>. The intimicrobial activity of analyzed extracts was determined by examination of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potentials, whereby&nbsp; the species&nbsp; <em>H.&nbsp; repandum&nbsp;</em>was separated by exhibiting the best effect on Gram‐positive&nbsp; and Gram‐negative bacteria, and all the analyzed hytopathogenic isolates (<em>Fusarium, Alternaria</em>)&nbsp; and <em>T. versicolor</em>&nbsp;against analyzed bacteriophage. Anti‐cetylcholinesterase activity was determined by tests in solid and in liquid, while the best&nbsp; percent of AChE inhibition was showed by EtOH extracts of the species <em>S. hirsutum, B. adusta, S. subtomentosum </em>and <em>T. versicolor</em>.bThe cytotoxic activity of extracts was determined by MTT assay, and according to the best activity, the MeOH extract of <em>P. porrigens</em>, and H₂O and EtOH extracts of <em>B. adusta</em>&nbsp;were distinguished particularly after 72 h. Based on the results obtained, favoring different species and their different extracts in the applied tests, it is clear that the biological activity and chemical composition depend on the origin, species and type of extract of the analyzed fungi. Based on the type of solvent or extract of the species that showed the best activity in relation to the above tests and on the basis of the obtained correlations as well as on&nbsp; the basis of the detected compounds, we assume&nbsp; that&nbsp; the&nbsp; phenol compounds&nbsp; and&nbsp; polysaccharides&nbsp; are responsible for the activities performed.<br />Demonstrated bio‐potential of analyzed fungal species indicates their&nbsp; potential use as functional foods and nutraceutics, as well as in the biocontrol of phytopathogens.</p>

Le tractus digestif et le foie interagissent continuellement, non seulement à travers les connexions anatomiques, mais également par des liens physiologiques/fonctionnels. Le déséquilibre de l’axe intestin-foie apparait de plus en plus comme un facteur primordial dans les désordres cardiométaboliques, à savoir l’obésité, le syndrome métabolique, le diabète de type 2 et la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NAFLD), pour lesquels la prévalence demeure alarmante, les mécanismes moléculaires encore méconnus, et les traitements peu efficaces. L’hypothèse centrale du présent projet de recherche est que la combinaison d’anomalies génétiques et nutritionnelles affecte la sensibilité de l’insuline intestinale, ce qui conduit à une surproduction des chylomicrons, à une dyslipidémie, une insulinorésistance systémique et des répercussions sur le foie. Dans cet agencement, le foie développe une NAFLD progressive, impliquant plusieurs sentiers métaboliques intrinsèques et des mécanismes comprenant le stress oxydatif, l’inflammation et l’insulinorésistance. En revanche, des nutriments, comme les acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3, peuvent présenter des effets bénéfiques en ciblant plusieurs circuits pathogéniques. L’objectif central de cette thèse consiste à : (i) Démontrer que des gènes codant pour les protéines intestinales clés associées au transport des lipides, comme c’est le cas du Sar1b GTPase, peuvent interagir avec l’environnement nutritionnel pour produire l’obésité et des dérangements cardiométaboliques, incluant la NAFLD ; (ii) Explorer les mécanismes hépatiques sous-jacents à la NAFLD; et (iii) Identifier les effets et les cibles thérapeutiques des AGPI n-3 sur la NAFLD. Ces objectifs seront soutenus par une prospection de la littérature scientifique disponible dans les champs du syndrome métabolique et de la NAFLD afin d’en disséquer les forces et les faiblesses au bénéfice de la communauté scientifique. À ces fins, nous avons utilisé des modèles animaux et cellulaires manipulés génétiquement, des animaux exposés de façon chronique à des diètes riches en lipides, des spécimens de tissus hépatiques obtenus durant la chirurgie bariatrique d’obèses morbides, et une cohorte d’adolescents obèses souffrant de NAFLD et qui seront traités avec les AGPI n-3. L’ensemble de nos expériences ont soutenu nos hypothèses et ont mis en évidence les concepts et mécanismes suivants : (i) L’abondance d’un gène crucial (notamment Sar1b GTPase) au niveau de l’intestin, en synergie avec une alimentation obésogène, perturbe l’homéostasie locale et mène à des dérangements cardiométaboliques, défiant même l’axe intestin-foie ; (ii) Les causes développementales de la NAFLD comprennent les dérangements du métabolisme des acides gras, du statut redox et inflammatoire, de la sensibilité à l’insuline, des sentiers métaboliques (lipogenèse, β-oxydation, gluconéogenèse) et de l’expression des facteurs de transcription; et (iii) Les AGPI n-3 représentent un robuste arsenal thérapeutique des dérangements cardiométaboliques, notamment la NAFLD, en agissant sur plusieurs cibles pathogéniques. Globalement, nos résultats montrent le rôle indéniable de l’intestin comme organe insulino-sensible interagissant de près avec les aliments et capable de déclencher des troubles métaboliques. Plusieurs mécanismes gouvernant les désordres métaboliques ont été dévoilés par nos travaux. En outre, nos études cliniques ont pointé la force thérapeutique des AGPI n-3 qui interviennent dans de nombreux processus de régulation métaboliques et notamment dans le stress oxydatif et l’inflammation. / The digestive tract and liver interact continuously, not only through anatomical connections, but also through physiological / functional links. The imbalance of the intestine-liver axis is increasingly emerging as a key factor in cardiometabolic disorders (CMD), namely obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), for which prevalence remains alarmingly high, molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, and treatments are largely inefficient. The central hypothesis of this research project is that the combination of genetic and nutritional abnormalities affect intestinal insulin sensitivity, leading to overproduction of chylomicrons, dyslipidemia, systemic insulin resistance and dysregulated intestine-liver axis. In this situation, the liver develops progressive NAFLD, implicating several intrinsic metabolic pathways and mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance. In contrast, functional foods, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), may have beneficial effects by targeting several pathogenic pathways. The central objective of this thesis is to: (i) Demonstrate that genes coding for key intestinal proteins associated with lipid transport, as is the case with Sar1b GTPase, can interact with the nutritional environment to produce obesity and CMD, including hepatic steatosis; (ii) explore the mechanisms underlying NAFLD; and (iii) identify the effects and therapeutic targets of n-3 PUFA. These objectives will be supported by a critical review on metabolic syndrome and NAFLD in order to dissect their strengths and weaknesses for the benefit of the scientific community. For these purposes, we used genetically engineered animal and cell models, chronic exposure of animals to high-fat diets, liver tissue specimens obtained during bariatric surgery of morbidly obese patients, and treatment of obese NAFLD adolescents with n-3 PUFA. All of our experiments supported our hypotheses and highlighted the following concepts and mechanisms: (i) The abundance of a crucial gene (notably Sar1b GTPase) in the intestine, in synergy with an obesogenic diet, disrupts local homeostasis and leads to CMD, challenging even the intestine-liver axis; (ii) Developmental causes of NAFLD include disturbances of fatty acid metabolism, redox and inflammatory status, insulin sensitivity, metabolic pathways (lipogenesis, β-oxidation, gluconeogenesis), and expression of transcription factors; and (iii) n-3 PUFA represent a robust therapeutic arsenal of CMD, including NAFLD, by acting on several pathogenic targets. Overall, our results show the undeniable role of the intestine, as an insulin-sensitive organ, interacting closely with obesogenic food, and capable of triggering CMD, including perturbations of the intestine-liver axis. Several mechanisms governing metabolic disorders have been unveiled by our work. In addition, our clinical studies have pointed to the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFA involved in many regulatory processes, including oxidative stress and inflammation.