O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a aprendizagem do passe do rúgbi com base na prática de diferentes estruturas funcionais. Os participantes foram 31 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 30 anos de idade, sem experiência com o rúgbi. O delineamento envolveu três grupos experimentais: 2 vs. 0, 1 + 1 vs. 1 e 2 vs. 1. A fase de aquisição foi realizada em três dias com a execução de 60 tentativas do passe para o lado direito e 60 tentativas para o lado esquerdo. A fase de transferência foi realizada no último dia com a execução de 20 tentativas. O desempenho foi acessado por meio das seguintes medidas: (i) direção do passe, (ii) precisão do passe, (iii) direção da corrida, (iv) zona do passe e (v) desempenho global. Estas medidas foram calculadas através de um índice de desempenho considerando a taxa de sucesso em blocos de 10 tentativas. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo 1 + 1 vs. 1 foi o único que melhorou o desempenho global na fase de aquisição e o manteve no teste de transferência. Este grupo também foi o único que mostrou melhora em relação à direção e precisão do passe. E, em conjunto com os demais, o fez em relação à direção da corrida. Por outro lado, verificou-se que o grupo 2 vs. 0 piorou os desempenhos relativos à precisão à zona do passe e de passe.Pode-se concluir que a estrutura funcional 1 + 1 vs. 1 possibilitou a aprendizagem do passe do rúgbi / The aim of this study was to investigate the learning of rugby passing based on the practice of different functional structures. Participants were 31 individuals of both sexes, between 18 and 30 years of age, with no experience with rugby. The design involved three experimental groups: 2 vs. 0, 1 + 1 vs. 1 and 2 vs. 1. The acquisition phase was carried out in three days with the performance of 60 trials of passing to the right side and 60 trials to the left side. The transfer phase was held in the last by performing 20 trials. Performance was accessed through the following measures: (i) passing direction, (ii) passing accuracy, (iii) running direction, (iv) passing zone and (v) overall performance. These measures were calculated by a performance index considering the success rate in a 10-block trial. Results showed that the group 1 + 1 vs. 1 was the only one that improved overall performance in the acquisition phase and kept it in the transfer test. This group was also the only one that showed improvement in relation to the direction and accuracy of passing. In addition, along with the others, it did so in relation to the running direction. On the other hand, it was verified that the group 2 vs. 0 worsened performances related to accuracy and zone of passing. It was concluded that the functional structure 1 + 1 vs. 1 made it possible the learning of rugby pass

One of the central questions of ecology aims to understand the mechanisms that maintain patterns of species coexistence. Community assembly, the process of structuring communities, occurs in ecological time, is influenced by biotic interactions at local scales, and is thought to help maintain diversity patterns. Species invasions, however, as a result of globalization and intense marine trade, are common in coastal ecosystems, and have the potential to change the outcome of biotic interactions and community structure. Human-induced disturbance also disrupts community structure and coastal habitats are at greater risk due to encroachment of human populations near coasts. Changes in community structure are usually quantified as the number and distribution of species, however, the processes that shape communities act on the traits that allow and optimize species survival. Recently, ecological questions aiming to understand changes in community structure, invasion dynamics, and responses to disturbance are using measures that reflect species’ ecological functions (i.e., traits) and describe the trait composition of communities (i.e., functional structure and diversity).The objectives of my dissertation are to use functional diversity and structure to 1) determine trait responses from predation across latitude while considering interaction histories between native and introduced species with local predators, 2) use functional diversity patterns and changes in functional structure to infer the relative influence of predation and competition on community assembly through time and across latitude, and 3) assess trait responses to physical disturbance, also, through time and across latitude while considering the trait diversity of the system. To achieve these objectives, I used field experiments to grow coastal sessile marine invertebrate communities in treatments that test the influence of biotic interactions or disturbance. Experiments ran for three or twelve months at 12 sites in four regions of the Pacific Coast: Alaska, California, Mexico, and Panama. For my first objective, I found predation driven trait responses mainly occurred at lower latitudes where biotic interactions are expected to be stronger. Additionally, the native and introduced species of focal communities showed opposite trait responses to predation at lower latitudes with traits related to palatability and parental investment being primarily influenced. For my second objective, I found strong competition influenced late-stage assembly across the latitudinal gradient, while predation had a greater influence during early assembly in the tropics. Thus, the relative strength of biotic interactions changes with time and latitude and either predation or competition may serve as primary filters of community assembly. For my third objective, I found fast colonization and regeneration abilities help communities recover from intense disturbance, but only at lower latitudes where communities were most impacted by disturbance. In plant communities, functional traits have been studied quite extensively for several years and have set the stage for exploration in other ecosystems. In marine systems, the link between traits and ecological processes that influence community structure are mostly understudied, and my dissertation is contributing to close this knowledge gap about nearshore communities from across 47 degrees of latitude. / Biology

El propósito general de esta tesis es demostrar que el denominado aspecto léxico o aktionsart es una propiedad transcategorial, que implica rasgos que pueden asociarse a las raíces léxicas en el SD independientemente de procesos de derivación. Tal es el caso de los nombres eventivos no deverbales en español (fiesta, accidente), objeto principal de análisis del trabajo. La propuesta se enmarca en el modelo de la Morfología Distribuida (Embick & Halle, en prensa) e incluye los siguientes aspectos: una formulación más flexible de la relación entre estructura argumental y eventiva (contra Grimshaw (1990); una explicación de la obligatoriedad de argumento interno con nominalizaciones eventivas en términos de la presencia de v en su estructura funcional (Alexiadou, 2001); la identificación de efectos sintácticos derivados de la eventividad de nombres no deverbales como guerra, dentro y fuera del SD, explicados en términos de una estructura funcional que incluye rasgos o proyecciones específicas; la identificación de clases aspectuales de nombres no deverbales en la línea de Vendler (1967); una explicación de la polisemia en nombres eventivos no deverbales en términos de las características de la estructura funcional que domina la raíz léxica (Borer, 2005); un análisis de los efectos de la presencia de más de un núcleo funcional eventivo en las formas derivadas (llegada, accidentarse) y los núcleos complejos (hacer huelga, dar (una) clase). / The general purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the so-called lexical aspect or aktionsart is a transcategorial property, involving features that may be associated to lexical roots in the DP in the absence of any derivation process. This is the case of non-deverbal event nouns in Spanish (fiesta, ‘party’; accidente, ‘accident’), our main object of analysis. Our proposal is based on the Distributed Morphology framework (Embick & Halle, to appear) and includes the following topics: a more flexible statement of the relation between argument and event structure (against Grimshaw (1990); an explanation of the obligatoriness of internal argument expression with process nominalizations in terms of the presence of v in its functional structure (Alexiadou, 2001); the identification of syntactic effects derived from the eventive nature of non-deverbal nouns such as guerra (‘war’), inside and outside the DP, accounted for in terms of a functional structure which includes specific features or projections; the identification of aspectual classes of non-deverbal event nouns à la Vendler (1967); an explanation of polysemy in non-deverbal event nouns in terms of the properties of the functional structure dominating the lexical root (Borer, 2005); an analysis of the effects of the presence of more than one eventive functional head in derived forms (llegada, ‘arrival’; accidentarse, ‘to have an accident’) and complex heads (hacer huelga, ‘to go on strike’; dar (una) clase, ‘to teach (a class)’).

Les prairies semi-naturelles constituent des espaces multifonctionnels susceptibles de rendre de nombreux services à la société. Ce sont en particulier des agro-écosystèmes favorables à l’expression d’une grande diversité floristique et faunistique permettant de concilier enjeux écologiques et agronomiques. Ce travail de thèse vise à analyser (i) l'influence des facteurs environnementaux sur l'assemblage des communautés in situ et (ii) les relations entre la structure fonctionnelle des assemblages (i.e. valeurs de traits agrégées et diversité fonctionnelle) et leurs performances (i.e. production de biomasse et digestibilité de cette biomasse). Cette étude s'appuie sur des approches expérimentales et de terrain dans les prairies humides pâturées du Marais Poitevin. Nos résultats montrent des réponses très différentes des traits aériens et racinaires étudiés aux gradients de stress et de perturbation rencontrés dans ces prairies. Ils ont également permis de mettre en évidence l'influence prépondérante des valeurs de traits agrégées sur la fourniture de services écosystémiques (i.e. productivité et digestibilité du fourrage), en accord avec la "Biomass ratio hypothesis" énoncée par Grime. L'influence du niveau de diversité fonctionnelle sur les services rendus par les assemblages varie selon le service considéré. Contrairement aux résultats attendus selon la "Diversity hypothesis" énoncée par Tilman, le niveau de diversité fonctionnelle est lié négativement à la productivité des assemblages. En revanche, un effet positif de la diversité fonctionnelle sur la digestibilité a été mis en évidence. Cette étude a par ailleurs permis de montrer un compromis entre la productivité des assemblages et la digestibilité de la biomasse produite dans ces prairies humides. Ce travail suggère que des outils de diagnostics de la valeur fourragère du couvert peuvent être construits sur la base de la structure fonctionnelle des assemblages, et ce avec un haut niveau de fiabilité. Il met également en avant les bénéfices agronomiques associés à l'hétérogénéité des couverts végétaux rencontrés dans ces prairies. / Semi-natural grasslands form multifunctional areas susceptible to serve the society from many aspects. Indeed, they are agro-ecosystems that promote expression of a large floristic and faunistic diversity, which allows conciliating ecologic and agronomic issues. This PhD work aims at analysing (i) influence of environmental factors on natural communities' assembly rules and (ii) the relationships between the functional structure of assemblages (i.e. community weighted mean trait values and functional diversity) and their performances (i.e. biomass production and its digestibility). This study is based on both experimental and field approaches in the Marais Poitevin wet grasslands. Our results show that the studied aerial and root traits display a wide diversity of answers to stress gradients and disturbances encountered in these grasslands. Our results also highlighted the crucial influence of community weighted mean trait values on provision of ecosystem services (i.e. forage productivity and digestibility), in agreement with the Biomass ratio hypothesis set out by Grime. The influence of the functional diversity level on services provided by the assemblages differs depending on the service considered. Contrary to the results expected according to the Diversity hypothesis of Tilman, the functional diversity level is negatively correlated with the productivity of the assemblages. However, our study points to a positive feedback between functional diversity and digestibility. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the existence of trade-off between the productivity of assemblages and the digestibility of biomass produced in these wet grasslands. This work suggests that highly reliable tools can be established, based on the functional structure of assemblages, to evaluate the feeding value of a vegetal cover. This work finally illustrates the agronomic benefits associated with heterogeneous vegetal covers encountered in these grasslands.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CYNTHIA LEONIS DIAS CINTRA.pdf: 12711507 bytes, checksum: fcc5f245872ec267f49b5bf3fdf727b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-27 / This paper deals with the physical and functional structure of an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Maternal Child Hospital in the Federal University of Maranhão. The conceptual and theoretical aspects on health policies are discussed as well as the historical aspects of the hospital building, one of the most complex structures that exist, where activities are developed having as objective the prevention, the cure and the rehabilitation of human beings in their training Initial life. It is a surrender of legal instruments for the normalization of Establishments Assistance of Health, with emphasis on the resolution of Collegiate Directors n º 50/Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), which is an important tool for the organization of these environments, regarding the function-flow. Addresses on the hospital's point of view of architecture by presenting the hospital types, the evolution of this area and the influence of new technologies, the environmental comfort and employment of medical gases in that context. After that, it is discoursed on the university hospitals in Brazil up to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) itself, and its peculiarities. In conclusion, with the recognition of the importance of this unit, are some final considerations that point to a study on the environmental quality of the University Hospital of the University of Maranhao. / O presente trabalho trata sobre a estrutura físico-funcional da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Hospital Materno Infantil da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. São abordados os aspectos conceituais e teóricos sobre as políticas de saúde, além dos aspectos históricos do edifício hospitalar, uma das mais complexas estruturas que existem, onde são desenvolvidas atividades que têm como objetivo a prevenção, a cura e a reabilitação do ser humano no seu estágio inicial da vida. Faz-se um resgate dos instrumentos legais para a normalização dos Estabelecimentos Assistenciais de Saúde, com destaque para a Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada n º 50/Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), que se mostra um importante instrumento para a organização desses ambientes, no tocante à função-fluxo. Aborda-se sobre o ambiente hospitalar do ponto de vista da arquitetura, apresentando-se as tipologias hospitalares, a evolução desse espaço e a influência das novas tecnologias, do conforto ambiental e do emprego dos gases medicinais nesse contexto. Em seguida, discorrese sobre os hospitais universitários do Brasil até chegar-se a UTI neonatal, propriamente dita, e suas particularidades. Na conclusão, com o reconhecimento da importância dessa unidade, são apresentadas algumas considerações finais que apontam para um estudo quanto à qualidade ambiental do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąryšio problema, pasireiškianti esamų bei suplanuotų funkcijų, įtraukiant galimybes susisiekti, išsidėstymo ir urbanistinės kompozicijos darna (t. y. derinimusi, neprieštaringumu) arba neatitikimu. Tiriamoji problema atskleidžiama ir nagrinėjama pasitelkiant matematinio ir grafinio modeliavimo priemones. Darbo tikslas yra sudaryti miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąveikos tyrimo modelį, paremtą esamų lokalių didmiesčio centrų pavyzdžių analize, ir išnagrinėti jo taikymo galimybes, nustatant veiksmingos, efektyvios urbanistinės struktūros formavimo principus. Pristatomas Vilniaus miesto lokalių centrų urbanistinės struktūros tyrimas: išsamiai išnagrinėti trys lokalūs centrai, esantys Vilniaus miesto šiaurės vakarų dalyje. Nustatoma urbanistinės erdvės savybių svarba ir įtaka lokalių centrų formavimosi procesui bei sujungiami funkciniai ir kompoziciniai urbanistinės struktūros analizės aspektai. Nagrinėjamos modelio naudojimo galimybės bei pateikiamos rekomendacijos, nustatant lokalių centrų urbanistinės struktūros formavimo principus, kurie taikomi rengiant urbanistinius projektus: priimant strateginius sprendimus dėl užstatymo struktūros ir viešųjų erdvių tinklo plėtojimo bei nuo urbanistinio konteksto priklausančius detalius sprendimus. / The dissertation discusses the problem of coherence between functional and compositional structures of the city based on evidence that the existing and planned functions, including the possibilities of moving within the street network, and urban composition have corresponding or non-corresponding relation. The investigated problem has been revealed and analysed regarding the integration of mathematical and graphical modelling tools. The dissertation is aimed at developing a model for investigating interdependence between functional and compositional structures of the city and is based on the analysis of the existing local centres. The thesis explores the possibilities of its application for defining formation principles of an effective urban structure. A study on three local centres situated in the north-west part of Vilnius has been carried out. The task of the thesis is to investigate the importance and role of key spatial features on the formation of local centres and combine the functional and compositional aspects of the analysis of urban structure. The dissertation gives recommendations for defining the principles of urban structure formation of local centres applied in urban projects: developing strategic solutions to the formation of the built-up structure and street network, investigating each component in detail and making context sensitive decisions.

En contexte forestier méditerranéen au sein de la région provençale calcaire (sud de la France), les relations sol/structure fonctionnelle catabolique des communautés microbiennes/communautés végétales ont été abordées selon différentes échelles bioclimatiques : un gradient latitudinal et altitudinal, et une échelle écosystémique restreinte à différentes séries de chênes pubescents. Ces travaux ont permis d’estimer les contributions respectives (et de leurs interactions) de la structure et de la composition de la végétation et des variables abiotiques dans la détermination des propriétés fonctionnelles des communautés microbiennes des sols. Dans le contexte des changements climatiques globaux, cette même stratégie a été mise en œuvre pour estimer les incidences, sur les potentiels cataboliques et les profils fonctionnels, d’un double stress hydrique et thermique ex situ, mimétique d’une vague de chaleur. Pour les diverses échelles spatiales, nos résultats ont mis en évidence la prépondérance de la part d’interaction entre la végétation et les variables abiotiques épigées et hypogées dans la structuration fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes. Suite au stress, une diminution globale de leurs potentiels cataboliques a pu être observée. Néanmoins, nos résultats ont révélé une robustesse différentielle des relations entre la végétation et la structure fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes selon le stade d’évolution de la végétation et de la nature des espèces constitutives de ces formations au niveau de leur dynamique d’occupation spatiale. Ceci pourrait atténuer ou exacerber les effets du réchauffement climatique sur les écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens. / In Mediterranean forest ecosystems in the limestome-based Provence area (south of France), soil-microbial community functional catabolic structure-vegetation relationships were assessed based on different bioclimatic scales, across a latitudinal gradient, an elevation gradient, and at a restricted ecosystemic scale focusing on Pubescent oak forest stands. The respective parts (and their interactions) of the vegetation composition and structure and the abiotic variables in their functional profiles were investigated. Furthermore, in the context of climate change, this same strategy was used to investigate the effects of an ex situ water and thermic stress, mimetic to a heatwave event on microbial community catabolic potentials and functional profiles. For all the considered scales, our results highlighted the major part of the interactions between vegetation and abiotic aboveground-belowground variables in the determination of soil microbial community functional structure. Drought induced a decrease in their potential catabolic activities. Nevertheless, our results revealed a varying robustness of the interactions between vegetation and soil microbial functional structure based on the dynamic step of the evolution of the forest stands and on the type of their constitutive species. This may mitigate or exacerbate climate change effects on Mediterranean forest ecosystems.

Malgré de nombreux travaux menés, les mécanismes d’assemblage des espèces adventices en communautés restent à identifier. Or cette compréhension est cruciale pour concevoir des stratégies de gestion permettant de préserver la biodiversité des plantes adventices tout en maintenant la production agricole. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif de comprendre les mécanismes à la base de la structure fonctionnelle des plantes adventices dans les agroécosystèmes. Trois axes de recherche ont été menés. Le premier axe a permis de proposer un cadre d’analyse général des mécanismes d’assemblage à l’origine de la diversité fonctionnelle dans le cadre de l’approche dites modèle nul. Le second axe, basé sur des analyses empiriques, a mis en évidence (1) le rôle prépondérant des processus stochastiques dans l’assemblage des espèces adventices entre types de culture dans les parcelles agricoles et (2) le maintien d’une flore fonctionnellement plus diversifiée due à la coexistence de stratégies de tolérance et d’évitement de l’ombrage en interface, compartiment adjacent au champ. Enfin, dans le troisième axe, nous avons montré expérimentalement que la compétition entre la plante cultivée et la communauté adventice promeut une unique stratégie d’évitement de l’ombrage se traduisant, à l’échelle individuelle, par un mimétisme fonctionnel des traits de la plante cultivée par les plantes adventices les plus performantes. Ainsi, processus stochastiques et déterministes influencent l’assemblage des communautés adventices, et ce à différentes échelles spatiotemporelles. / Despite numerous studies, weed community assembly mechanisms still remain unidentified. However, a better understanding of these mechanisms is crucial to design management strategies promoting weed biodiversity while maintaining agricultural production. The aim of this PhD was to understand the mechanisms underlying the functional structure of weeds in agroecosystems.Three research axes were conducted. The first axis enabled to propose a general analytical framework of community assembly in the context of a statistical approach called null model. The second axis, based on empirical analyses, revealed (1) the predominant role of stochastic processes in weed community assembly between crop types and (2) the coexistence of two, shade-tolerance and shade-avoidance, ecological strategies, thus explaining the higher functional diversity observed in crop edge, a field element adjacent to the field. Finally, on the third axis, based on experimentation, we have shown that the competition between the crop and the weed community promotes a unique shade-avoidance strategy resulting on a functional mimicry of the crop by the most successful weed plants. Thus, both stochastic and deterministic processes influence weed community assembly, besides at different spatial and temporal scales.