O Direito do Trabalho tradicional, fundamentado no protecionismo do empregado em sentido clássico, está em crise. Dentre os fatores que desencadearam a crise merecem destaque as transformações do mercado de trabalho e do sistema produtivo provocadas pela globalização. Nesse cenário, o universo dos trabalhadores que demandam proteção jurídica é cada vez mais amplo, não podendo o Direito do Trabalho ignorar a existência do trabalho autônomo, dos contratos atípicos flexíveis e de outras formas de labor diversas da relação de emprego. É certo que a maior parte dos trabalhadores de hoje, de alguma forma, presta serviços de modo dependente. A proteção jurídica do trabalho é um direito fundamental de todo o trabalhador na busca pela dignidade da pessoa humana que trabalha em sentido amplo, sendo que a todos deve ser assegurado um núcleo mínimo de direitos trabalhistas. O mercado moderno necessita contar com formas flexíveis de trabalho, capazes de atender a demanda produtiva de forma dinâmica. Por outro lado, a flexibilidade do trabalho não pode ser acompanhada de precarização das condições de vida do trabalhador, que deve contar sempre com um mínimo de segurança. O direito europeu, no estudo da problemática da compatibilização da necessidade de condições flexíveis de trabalho com a segurança do trabalhador desenvolveu a teoria da flexicurity que busca a harmonização justamente de tais conceitos antagônicos. A presente tese apresentará os contornos de um modelo nacional de flexicurity capaz de modernizar o Direito do Trabalho pátrio de modo a expandir seu objeto para o maior número possível de trabalhadores, oferecendo regulamentação legal para formas flexíveis de trabalho que não a relação de emprego clássica, tendo como contrapartida medidas de segurança e empregabilidade para os trabalhadores, a quem será assegurado sempre um núcleo mínimo de direitos trabalhistas e a assistência nos períodos de transição. / Traditional Labor Law, based on the protection of the classic employee, is in crisis. Among the factors responsible for the crisis it is worth to single out the labor market and production system transformations caused by the globalization. In this scenario, the universe of workers who are in need of legal protection is becoming wider. Labor Law cannot ignore the existence of self-employment, flexible atypical work contracts and other forms of work distinct of the traditional employment relationship. Currently, most workers, even when self-employed, are dependent on capitalists. Legal protection of all work forms is a fundamental right of every worker. Labor Law is essential for human dignity and a minimum set of core work rights must be ensured in all forms of labor contracts and arrangements. The modern labor market demands flexible forms of work to enable a dynamic supply to the production needs. On the other hand, work flexibility cannot worsen the work conditions. Even in flexible markets, workers need a minimum of safety and security. European Law, concerned with the search for a balance between flexibility and security developed the flexicurity theory that tries to overcome such tensions between these antagonistic perspectives, with labor market flexibility on the one hand and social security on the other hand even if these concepts seems contradictory. This thesis presents a national model of flexicurity able to modernize the country`s Labor Law expanding its applicability to all workers and not only formal employees. The model offers a legal regulation to flexible work forms, with security measures for all workers ensuring a minimum set of fundamental work rights and assistance on the periods between jobs.

Brazilians judicial labor procedure is ineffective. It often doesnt realize the complainants rights (at least, not entirely), and when it does, it takes so much time and causes so many privations to the complainant, that much of its utility is lost. This is due to the way in which the system is read by its operators, in a conservative and restrictive way, which still takes into account only the text of the law and ignores the values and principles that inform the system. This leads to the non achievement of the fundamental rights of the workers and the denial of access to justice. Thus, this study is an attempt of insurgency against the way in which the labor procedure law is applied and against the logic of our legal system, a perverse logic, which seems to always favor the debtor and discourage the compliance of the labor law. Our goal is to look for new ways to apply the procedural technique, in order to extract better results from the system, which is especially necessary regarding labor procedure law, because of the nature and importance of the rights that it protects - fundamental rights, thus defined by the Constitution. This is, in fact, an important subject in our study: the demonstration of the fundamentality of the labor rights, in the hope that, once recognized like that, they will be respected, as occurs with the rights recognized as fundamental. The fundamentality of the labor rights and of the right to access the justice (which we designate as the fundamental right to effective judicial protection - subject that also received special emphasis, as well as the vision of the process as a public service provided by the State, as well as its meaning and consequences) generate the necessity of a rapid and effective judicial process, one that, in a short time, offers the employee the full restoration of his violated labor rights. Thats what we tried to build, analyzing institutes such as the provisory injunction, the definitive and provisory execution, the abuse in the use of the process and many more, trying to present new ways to read them and use them, in order to increase the effectiveness of the process. What we tried to show, finally, was how a new vision of the procedural law generates a different application of its institutes, one that fulfills its objectives and protects the worker. What we tried, in other words, was to see how the judicial labor process can help the effectiveness of the labor law, whose restoration is the reason of the judicial system and an obligation of the State. / Brazilians judicial labor procedure is ineffective. It often doesnt realize the complainants rights (at least, not entirely), and when it does, it takes so much time and causes so many privations to the complainant, that much of its utility is lost. This is due to the way in which the system is read by its operators, in a conservative and restrictive way, which still takes into account only the text of the law and ignores the values and principles that inform the system. This leads to the non achievement of the fundamental rights of the workers and the denial of access to justice. Thus, this study is an attempt of insurgency against the way in which the labor procedure law is applied and against the logic of our legal system, a perverse logic, which seems to always favor the debtor and discourage the compliance of the labor law. Our goal is to look for new ways to apply the procedural technique, in order to extract better results from the system, which is especially necessary regarding labor procedure law, because of the nature and importance of the rights that it protects - fundamental rights, thus defined by the Constitution. This is, in fact, an important subject in our study: the demonstration of the fundamentality of the labor rights, in the hope that, once recognized like that, they will be respected, as occurs with the rights recognized as fundamental. The fundamentality of the labor rights and of the right to access the justice (which we designate as the fundamental right to effective judicial protection - subject that also received special emphasis, as well as the vision of the process as a public service provided by the State, as well as its meaning and consequences) generate the necessity of a rapid and effective judicial process, one that, in a short time, offers the employee the full restoration of his violated labor rights. Thats what we tried to build, analyzing institutes such as the provisory injunction, the definitive and provisory execution, the abuse in the use of the process and many more, trying to present new ways to read them and use them, in order to increase the effectiveness of the process. What we tried to show, finally, was how a new vision of the procedural law generates a different application of its institutes, one that fulfills its objectives and protects the worker. What we tried, in other words, was to see how the judicial labor process can help the effectiveness of the labor law, whose restoration is the reason of the judicial system and an obligation of the State.

O trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar a tutela inibitória no processo do trabalho, especialmente no sentido da prevenção do assédio moral no ambiente de trabalho. A abordagem parte da perspectiva da proteção dos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores, principalmente em face do poder diretivo do empregador. Analisa a vinculação dos particulares às normas de direitos fundamentais e ressalta a importância da vinculação direta ou imediata do empregador às normas de direitos fundamentais, no âmbito da relação de emprego. Põe em relevo a função do processo do trabalho na perspectiva da tutela dos direitos fundamentais. Analisa as características do assédio moral praticado no ambiente de trabalho, sua classificação e suas consequências. Trata das modificações sociais que impuseram novas necessidades ao direito processual, especialmente ao direito processual do trabalho. Aborda a natureza e as características da tutela inibitória, como tutela judicial preventiva da conduta ilícita. Trata dos meios concretos de operar a tutela inibitória no processo do trabalho, com o objetivo de prevenir o assédio moral. Cuida de aspectos controversos da legitimidade para a ação inibitória, bem como de peculiaridades da causa de pedir e da prova. Analisa os requisitos da sentença e da coisa julgada na ação inibitória. Conclama à assunção da lógica da prevenção no direito processual. Realça a necessidade de uma atuação mais criativa e livre dos juízes trabalhistas. / The work aims to study the inhibitory injunction in the labor process, especially towards the prevention of bullying in the workplace. The approach starts from the perspective of protecting the fundamental rights of workers, particularly against the directive power of the employer. Analyzes linking the particular standards of fundamental rights and emphasizes the importance of direct or immediate employer to binding rules relating to fundamental rights within the employment relationship. It highlights the role of the procedural labor law from the perspective of the protection of fundamental rights. It analyzes the characteristics of bullying practiced in the workplace, their classification and environmental consequences. It analyzes the social changes that have imposed new requirements of procedural law, especially procedural labor law. It approaches the nature and characteristics of inhibitory injunction, like a judicial protection as a preventive of unlawful conduct. It analyzes the specific means to operate the inhibitory injunction in the labor process, with the goal of preventing bullying. It takes care of controversial aspects of legitimacy to the inhibitory action, as well as peculiarities of the cause of action and proofs. It analyzes the requirements of the sentence and the inhibitory action on res judicata. It urges the assumption of prevention logic in procedural law. It stresses the need for a more creative and free activity of labor judges.

A preocupação com a inclusão social da pessoa com deficiência é crescente. Especificamente quanto ao deficiente auditivo, o rol normativo está em desenvolvimento, porém ainda não supre todas as necessidades da sociedade. No contexto do serviço de implante coclear o Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas (CPA) do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais (HRAC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), popularmente conhecido como Centrinho, que já realizou mais de 1.500 cirurgias de implante coclear (IC), constatou-se um grupo de pacientes implantados que não realizam a (re)habilitação auditiva por meio da terapia fonoaudiológica após a cirurgia do IC, ou ainda, não respeitam a periodicidade desse processo, comprometendo o desenvolvimento do deficiente auditivo. A falta ou negligência com o processo de terapia fonoaudiológica da (re)habilitação auditiva enseja na consequente violação de direitos fundamentais do deficiente. Toda equipe interdisciplinar de profissionais responsáveis pela indicação e adaptação do IC assumem papel fundamental no processo de (re)habilitação do deficiente auditivo, devendo acima de tudo zelar pela ética e humanização com o paciente e seus familiares. Como o IC é de elevado custo (tecnologias duras) incluso no procedimento de alta complexidade contemplado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde quem paga é a própria sociedade (através dos recursos públicos), por esse motivo é fundamental que o beneficiário dessa intervenção não apenas reivindique seus direitos, mas também cumpra com seus deveres. Apesar dos recentes avanços normativos do IC, a regulamentação existente é vulnerável frente à complexidade do processo de habilitação e reabilitação auditiva por meio do IC, deixando margem para violações, omissões e abusos. Diante desse cenário todos acabam sendo prejudicados, o Estado, a sociedade e o próprio beneficiário da prótese auditiva. O escopo do presente estudo é analisar criticamente o panorama jurídico em nível nacional das regulamentações voltadas ao implante coclear no processo de (re)habilitação auditiva. Os materiais e métodos utilizados serão os de levantamento bibliográfico, jurídico-doutrinário e revisão jurídica. / Concern about the social inclusion of people with disabilities is growing. Specifically regarding the hearing impaired, the normative roll is in development, but it still does not supply all the needs of society. In the context of the cochlear implant service, the Center for Audiological Research (CAR) of the Hospital of Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRCA) of the University of São Paulo (USP), popularly known as Centrinho, which has already performed more than 1,500 cochlear implant surgeries, a group of implanted patients who did not perform auditory (re)habilitation by means of phonaudiologic therapy after cochlear implant surgery were found, or did not respect the periodicity of this process, compromising the development of the hearing impaired. Failure or negligence with the audiological (re)habilitation process leads to a consequent violation of the fundamental rights of the handicapped. Every interdisciplinary team of professionals responsible for the indication and adaptation of the cochlear implant assume a fundamental role in the process of (re) habilitation of the hearing impaired, and above all must care for the ethics and humanization with the patient and their relatives. Since the cochlear implant is of high cost hard technologies included in the procedure of high complexity contemplated by the Unified Health System who pays is the company itself (through public resources), for this reason it is fundamental that the beneficiary of this intervention not only claim their rights, but also fulfill your duties. Despite the recent normative advances in the cochlear implant, the existing regulations are vulnerable to the complexity of the process of habilitation and auditory rehabilitation through the cochlear implant, leaving room for violations, omissions and abuse. Faced with this scenario, all of them end up being harmed, the State, society and the beneficiary of the hearing aid itself. The scope of the present study is to critically analyze the legal framework at the national level of the regulations aimed at the cochlear implant in the (re)habilitation process. The materials and methods used will be those of bibliographical, legal-doctrinal and legal review.

A moradia digna constitui um direito social no país, além de configurar um direito inerente à personalidade humana. A não efetivação desse direito propicia a violação a inúmeros outros direitos e valores que visam assegurar a dignidade do ser humano. O Brasil, ao longo dos anos, assumiu vários compromissos internacionais para garantir o direito à moradia digna. O maior avanço, nessa questão, foi a introdução da moradia no rol dos direitos sociais expressos (artigo 6º CF) pela Emenda Constitucional 26 de 14 de fevereiro de 2000. A presente tese analisa o direito à moradia quando judicializado e em colisão com outros direitos fundamentais mais tradicionais como a propriedade, o meio ambiente, e com a legislação urbanística. Busca verificar seu estado de consolidação como direito fundamental social autônomo frente a outros direitos fundamentais também constitucionalmente assegurados. Para alcançar esses objetivos, os estudos foram divididos em duas partes. Na primeira discorre sobre a natureza da norma constitucional, sua forma de interpretação e aplicação, sobre a natureza da norma de direito fundamental social e sobre a criação do arcabouço legislativo infraconstitucional para sua garantia e efetivação, apresentando os instrumentos existentes no ordenamento jurídico para a sua aquisição. Na segunda parte, apresenta a Jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo observando a colisão do direito à moradia com esses outros direitos em 166 Acórdãos, tecendo uma tendência interpretativa desse direito no Tribunal de Justiça Paulista. Constata que o direito à moradia no Brasil, mesmo após 14 anos de existência constitucional expressa, ainda não se consolidou como categoria autônoma de direito. Apesar de todo arcabouço legislativo e esforço interpretativo dos juristas para a sua consolidação como direito subjetivo, não se observa nos julgados, essa assertiva. Existe no Brasil um conjunto de sistemas legais paralelos e desconexos que permite interpretações diversas sem ferir a lógica do ordenamento jurídico. O surgimento do direito à moradia e dos demais direitos ocorreu de forma anacrônica e o surgimento de um não acarretou a exclusão do outro. Há uma tendência de aplicação dos direitos mais antigos nas soluções dos casos concretos, prevalecendo na grande maioria o direito de propriedade e as normas de direito administrativo, em detrimento de uma ponderação da moradia no quadro dos direitos fundamentais. / Dignified housing constitutes a social right in the country, in addition to also being na inherent right to human beings. Not carrying out this right characterizes the violation of countless other rights and values that seek to ensure the dignity of the human being. Throughout the years, Brazil has taken on various international commitments to ensure the right to dignified housing. The most significant advance in this matter was including housing in the list of expressed social rights (article 6 of the Federal Constitution) by Constitutional Amendment 26 of February 14, 2000. This paper seeks to analyse housing after judicialization and compare it to other fundamental more traditional rights such as property, environment, in addition to the urban legislation. It seeks to verify its consolidation as a fundamental autonomous social right compared to other constitutionally assured fundamental rights. In order to reach these objectives, the study was divided into two parts. Firstly this paper discusses the nature of the constitutional standard, how it is interpreted and applied, the nature of the standard on fundamental social rights and the creation of the infra-constitutional legislation framework in order to make it effective and at the same time guarantee it, presenting the existing instruments in the Brazilian legal system for its achievement. Secondly, this paper presents the case law of the Court of Law of the State of São Paulo observing the comparison between the right to housing with other rights and court decision 166, forming an interpretation tendency of this right in the Court of Law of São Paulo. This paper also found that the right to housing in Brazil, even after 14 years of express inclusion in the Constitution, still hasn\'t been consolidated as na autonomous category of rights. In spite of the complete legislation framework and efforts made by jurists to consolidate this matter as a subjective right, this assertive has not yet been observed in judgments. The right to housing and other rights arose in an anachronistic manner and the creation of one did not exclude the other. There is a tendency of applying rights that have been long standing in the solution of concrete cases, this has been observed in most property law cases and standards of administrative law, negatively affecting the pondering of housing and the fundamental rights scope.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T14:01:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilladeoliveiracalegari.pdf: 842942 bytes, checksum: 0dfc271c0ae9c649cc3db2f7f26dcb29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-02T15:15:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilladeoliveiracalegari.pdf: 842942 bytes, checksum: 0dfc271c0ae9c649cc3db2f7f26dcb29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-02T15:17:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilladeoliveiracalegari.pdf: 842942 bytes, checksum: 0dfc271c0ae9c649cc3db2f7f26dcb29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T15:17:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 priscilladeoliveiracalegari.pdf: 842942 bytes, checksum: 0dfc271c0ae9c649cc3db2f7f26dcb29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / A presente pesquisa debruça-se sobre os mecanismos de democracia no país a fim de responder a indagação acerca do acesso às tecnologias da informação e comunicação como meio de aprimorar a democracia. Adotando como marco teórico a teoria democrática, a investigação pretende compreender qual é o objetivo de um governo democrático e quais os principais problemas enfrentados pelo mesmo. Para alcançar tal finalidade, parte-se da análise das obras de Aristóteles (2001), Locke (2001), Rousseau (2002), Bobbio (2000) e Schumpeter (1961), Bonavides (2008), Böckenförde (2000), Rodotà (2008) e Müller (2003). Dessa forma, a pesquisa deseja esclarecer, através da ótica da teoria democrática, se a tecnologia eletrônica ou digital pode melhorar os dilemas enfrentados pelos mecanismos de democracia direta e representativa. A investigação possuiu natureza bibliográfica e qualitativa, com emprego preponderante da metodologia dedutiva e de fontes indiretas. Partiu-se da hipótese de que, desde que o acesso à internet seja tratado como direito fundamental e seja igualitariamente promovido pelo Estado, a democracia eletrônica seria realmente capaz de aumentar a participação popular nas decisões, bem como a legitimidade dos mecanismos de democracia direta. Tal hipótese foi confirmada ao longo da pesquisa, uma vez que a internet é um meio pouco oneroso para viabilizar a participação de todos os indivíduos nas decisões da comunidade. Mas para que isso seja possível, primeiro é preciso superar a desigualdade no acesso, que não permite aos hipossuficientes a possibilidade de participação nos meios de comunicação cibernéticos. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa conclui que a democracia eletrônica, enquanto meio para alcançar o direito à informação e o direito ao acesso, deve ser considerada um direito fundamental, ensejando a adoção de políticas públicas para sua concretização. Ressalta-se, contudo, que considerar a utilização da internet um direito fundamental é apenas uma das medidas necessárias para gerar uma verdadeira reformulação da organização sócio-política brasileira. / The present research focuses on the mechanisms of democracy in the country in order to answer the question about access to information and communication technologies as a means to improve democracy. Adopting as a theoretical framework the democratic theory, the research intends to understand what is the objective of a democratic government and what are the main problems faced by it. In order to achieve this, the present research analyzes the works of Aristotle (2001), Rousseau (2002), Bobbio (2000) and Schumpeter (1961), Bonavides (2008), Böckenförde (2000), Rodotà and Müller (2003). Through democratic theory, the research wants to clarify whether electronic or digital technology can improve the dilemmas faced by the mechanisms of direct and representative democracy. The research has a bibliographic and qualitative nature, with preponderant use of the deductive methodology and indirect sources. This dissertation started from the hypothesis that, provided that access to the Internet is treated as a fundamental right and promoted with equality by the State, electronic democracy would really be able to increase popular participation in decisions, as well as the legitimacy of direct democracy mechanisms. This hypothesis was confirmed throughout the research, since the internet is an inexpensive way to enable the participation of all individuals in community decisions. However, in order for this to be possible, access inequality must first be overcome, which does not allow the hypocrites the possibility of participation in the cyber media. Thus, the present research concludes that electronic democracy, as a means to achieve the right to information and the right to access, should be considered a fundamental right, leading to the adoption of public policies for its implementation. It should be noted, however, that considering the use of the Internet as a fundamental right is only one of the measures necessary to generate a real reformulation of the Brazilian socio-political organization.

Le constat selon lequel le droit au juge au profit des personnes physiques et morales est un élément de l’État de droit, et donc de l’Union de droit, constitue le point de départ de l’étude du droit au juge dans l’Union européenne. Sur le plan de l’effectivité de la protection juridictionnelle des droits que les particuliers tirent de l’ordre juridique de l’Union, on ne peut que constater que celle-ci est profondément conditionnée par les voies de droit ouvertes aux individus dans les ordres juridiques nationaux.L’examen du droit au juge devant les juridictions nationales démontre que l’ordre juridique de l’Union a réussi à leur imposer les prémisses d’un véritable droit processuel de l’Union. Concernant la capacité des juridictions de l’Union à assurer le droit au juge des particuliers, il est permis de soutenir que les limitations originaires de ce dernier ont, en partie, été comblées par l’entrée en vigueur du Traité de Lisbonne, qui a réduit le déficit juridictionnel dans le cadre de l’Union par la mise en place d’une juridictionnalisation accrue, une meilleure accessibilité à certaines voies de recours et l’inscription de garanties complémentaires, notamment en ce qui concerne le respect du droit à un procès équitable. Le postulat selon lequel l’Union européenne dispose d’un système complet et effectif de protection des droits des particuliers, s’il n’est pas exempt de critiques, tend néanmoins à se confirmer.Telle est l’ambition de cette recherche qui s’ordonne selon une structure bipartite : la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions nationales ; la protection juridictionnelle devant les juridictions de l’Union européenne. / The finding that the right to an effective judicial protection for the benefit of natural and legal persons is an element of the rule of law, and thus the Union of law, is the starting point of the study to the effective judicial protection in the European Union. In terms of effectiveness of the judicial protection of rights, which individuals derive from the legal order of the Union, it has been established that this latter is deeply conditioned by the remedies offered to individuals in the national legal systems. The review of judicial protection before the national courts demonstrates that the legal order of the European Union has managed to impose national courts the beginnings of a real procedural law of the Union. Concerning the ability of the European Union courts to ensure the right to an effective judicial protection of individuals, it is permitted to argue that the original limitations to the judicial protection have, in part, been addressed by the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, which reduced the judicial deficit through the Union by the extension of the jurisdiction of the courts, the improvement of the accessibility to certain remedies before the courts of the Union and the inclusion of additional safeguards, especially concerning the right to a fair trial. The assumption that the European Union has a complete and effective system of judicial protection of individual rights, which is not always free from criticisms, nevertheless, tends to confirm. This is the ambition of this research, which is organized in a bipartite structure: the judicial protection before the national courts ; the judicial protection before the courts of the European Union.

La thèse porte sur l'étude des droits fondamentaux de l'auteur dans l'environnement numérique. Si l'auteur d'une oeuvre de l'esprit dispose d'une protection juridique accrue grâce à l'octroi de prérogatives morales et patrimoniales, il est indispensable de lui reconnaître avant tout une large liberté de création. L'objectif de cette recherche est donc d'étudier comment les droits fondamentaux saisissent l'auteur dan sle cadre de notre société d'information, d'échange et de communication. Ce propos porte un regard particulier sur l'application des règles du droit d'auteur dans le contaxte de la création, l'utilisation, la diffusion et la valorisation des oeuvres pédagogiques numériques produites par les établissements d'enseignement supérieur. / The thesis deals with "The fundamental rignts of the author in the digial age". If the author has a accrued legal protection, it's essential to offer to him a wide freedom of creation. The objective of the research is to study how fundamental rights capture the author in the context of our society, which is increasingly based on information, exchange and communication. This topic concerns in particular the application of the copyright's rules as part of creation, dissemination, valorization of digital teaching resources produded by the universities.

This thesis deals with the fundamental right to the protection of personal data as enshrined in Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ('the Charter'). An analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on Article 8 of the Charter reveals an intriguing paradox: although this provision has been repeatedly invoked in order to enhance protection of personal data and has featured prominently in several far-reaching judgments (Digital Rights Ireland, Google Spain or Schrems), there is considerable uncertainty as to the substantive scope of the right to the protection of personal data. The relationship between the right to privacy and the right to data protection has proved difficult to untangle, and the autonomous nature of Article 8 of the Charter has not always been respected. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the purpose and content of this fundamental right with reference to the CJEU's case law and recent academic debate. This thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the European legal framework for data protection and demonstrates the limited value of the 'Explanations relating to the Charter' in interpreting Article 8. Chapter 2 analyses the CJEU's approach to interpreting and applying Article 8, while Chapter 3 is...

Doctor Legum - LLD / Taxation is fundamental for development in South Africa (SA), a developing country with an emerging economy in which taxation is essential to capacitate the government so that it can fulfil its mandate under the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Constitution). This mandate includes bringing about socio-economic transformation, part of transformative constitutionalism, through progressively realising socio-economic rights. This dissertation examines the way in which tax administration may take place efficiently and effectively with due respect for taxpayers' rights. A clear link is shown between taxation, human rights and the South African government's responsibilities to attain its transformation targets. To facilitate this process, the Constitution creates a legal framework for the imposition of tax and for the equitable distribution of tax revenue among the three spheres of government. For historical, political and other reasons, South Africans generally, as happens elsewhere in the world, lack a strong culture of voluntary tax compliance. Wilful non-payment of tax is antithetical to the values of democracy, ubuntu and the rule of law. Tax non-compliance minimises revenue collected from taxation. This, in turn, hinders the attainment of transformation in all its facets. A pressing need exists for laws that, on the one hand, promote tax morality and, on the other, strengthen the South African Revenue Service (SARS) so that it can effectively administer SA's national tax system (or grid). To this end, the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA) is pivotal. It regulates tax administration, a part of public administration. Under the Constitution, SARS is obliged to execute its functions in a manner respectful of taxpayers' rights and that upholds the Constitution’s values and democratic principles. Consequently, the TAA must strike a fair balance between, on the one hand, protecting taxpayers' rights and, on the other, arming SARS with adequate powers with which it can effectively combat the mischief of tax non-compliance. This dissertation shows that, when viewed through the prism of s 36 of the Bill of Rights (BOR), the powers conferred on SARS by ss 45(1), (2), 63(1) and (4) of the TAA to conduct warrantless inspections and searches, as the case may be, limit taxpayers' rights to, inter alia, privacy. It concludes that, whilst ss 63(1) and (4) ought to pass muster, ss 45(1) and (2) are susceptible to a declaration of invalidity under s 172(1) of the Constitution.