Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-09-27T12:30:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 357938 bytes, checksum: f975d715fb6efe1c76a16c8780062ffc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T12:30:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 357938 bytes, checksum: f975d715fb6efe1c76a16c8780062ffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foi obtido o tempo de retenção (tr) e o espectro de massas em cromatografia gasosa acoplado a espectrometria de massas de 76 acetatos lineares monoinsaturados (19 dodecenila, 23 tetradecenila, 22 hexadecenila e 12 octadecenila) em três colunas capilares de fases estacionárias diferentes [DB-1 (apolar), Supelcowax-10 (polar) e SP 2340 (altamente polar)]. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados na construção de um banco de dados no software do CG-EM, de modo a verificar a presença dos acetatos monoinsaturados em extratos bruto de glândulas de E. lignosellus e P. sequax. A cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas (“CG-EM”) foi utilizada para a identificação dos acetatos, e cromatografia gasosa-eletroantenografia (“CG-DEA”) para identificar as substâncias ativas, onde foi possível identificar o acetato de (Z)-hexadec-11-enila pela “CG-EM” e acetatos de (Z)-tetradec-9-enila e (Z)-hexadec-11-enila pela “CG-DEA” que se mostraram ativos a antenas de E. lignosellus. / The retention times (tr) and the mass spectrum in gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were obtained for 76 linear monounsaturated acetates (19 dodecenyl, 23 tetradecenyl, 22 hexadecenyl and 12 octadecenyl) with three capillary columns of different stationary phases [DB-1 (non-polar), Supelcowax-10 (polar) and SP 2340 (highly polar)]. The obtained data were used in the construction of a database in the software of the GC-MS, in way to verify the presence of monounsaturated acetates in rude extracts of glands of E. lignosellus and P. sequax. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the identification of the acetates, and gas chromatography- eletroantenography (GC-EAD) to identify the active substances, where was possible to identify the (Z)-hexadec-11-enyl acetate by GC-MS, the (Z)-tetradec- 9-enyl and (Z)-hexadec-11-enyl acetates by CG-DEA, that were shown to be active to antennas of E. lignosellus.

Isoprenoids are important components of conifer resin and represent an important part of constituted defence system against herbivores and pathogens. Drought is one of the most important factors that influences the tree physiology and resitance. Due to decreased turgor of resin canal cells, the water insufficiency affects the pressure of the resin and thereby the ability of trees to physically prevent pathogen or herbivore invasion by effective outpouring of the resin. In addition, drought can also change the resin composition and thus can influence the quality of volatiles emitted by the tree. The Norway spruce, Picea abies, is the predominant species of production forests in moderate climate zone. Bark beetles, Ips typographus, represent the most important pest species of spruce. In general, pioneer bark beetles use host volatiles to orient themselves toward the tree suitable for colonization and in many species host volatiles synergize bark beetle aggregation pheromones. Thus the host volatile composition could affect significantly host colonization. This diploma thesis studied the influence of drought on the production and composition of isoprenoid volatile organic compounds in 80 - 100 years old spruce trees. Using I. typographus antennae as biological detectors, we also studied which resin...

A rearing methodology for dogwood borer was developed, using standardized procedures at each developmental stage. These methods enabled the establishment of a laboratory colony and efficient production of synchronized cohorts of each of its lifestages throughout the year for specific experimental needs. The behavioral repertoire shown by mated female dogwood borer in an apple orchard was characterized and quantified and the diel periodicity with which those behaviors occurred was determined. Mated females were easily recognized, based on their characteristic casting flight directed toward areas below the graft union of apple trees, and were observed more frequently during the late afternoon and evening. Casting flight, probing with the ovipositor, and oviposition were the most frequent behaviors observed, but the duration of those behaviors was relatively short compared with the much lengthier periods of resting behavior that typically occurred within the canopy. Data from a previous, three-year study in two newly planted apple orchards were subjected to geostatistical analyses to examine the temporal and spatial patterns of infestation by larval dogwood borer and to gain further information about the spatial scales at which oviposition occurs. There were moderate to high degrees of aggregation of dogwood borer infestations on neighboring apple trees, with ranges of spatial dependence from 7.50–19.87 m. No directionality was observed in the spatial autocorrelation of infestation and it appears that females utilized oviposition sites equally along and across orchard rows. The aggregated nature of infestations requires that random, independent samples must be taken from a number of sample pairs at distances greater than the range of spatial dependence to ensure that sample data are not autocorrelated. Alternatively, an efficient sampling program for mapping dogwood borer infestation can be achieved by limiting sample points to distances within the range of spatial dependence. These sample points can be used in interpolating algorithms, such as kriging, to predict infestation at unsampled locations in space for use in site-specific pest management programs. The external morphology of male and female dogwood borer antennae and their sensilla were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy to characterize, measure and compare the types, number, and distribution of sensilla. Although the general shape and size of male and female antennae were similar, those from females possessed a greater number of generally smaller antennal flagellomeres. The flagellum of both male and female antennae contained seven sensillum types including auricillica, basiconica, chaetica, coeloconica, squamiformia, styloconica, and three subtypes of sensilla trichoidea. With the exception of sensilla basiconica, which were present in roughly equal numbers on male and female antennae, all other sensillum types were significantly more abundant on female antennae. The antennae of female dogwood borer appear well equipped to perceive olfactory stimuli, based on the types and number of sensilla present. Coupled gas chromatography and electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) analyses of headspace collections from damaged and undamaged tissues from apple and dogwood trees were conducted to examine and compare the antennal responsiveness of female dogwood borer to host plant volatiles. A total of 16 and 9 compounds from apple and dogwood tissues, respectively, consistently elicited an antennal response in females. There were no differences in the response of antennae from virgin and mated females, and the amplitude of the female response to host odors was greater than that of males. Six compounds were identified from the headspace collections from apple trees, four of which (octanal, nonanal, decanal, and methyl salicylate) were identified from all apple tissues sampled. A novel compound,α-bergamotene, was identified from injured apple bark, from apple burr knots infested with dogwood borer larvae and from larval dogwood borer frass, and appears to be produced by apple trees in response to injury. Another novel compound, methyl-2,4-decadienoate, was identified from infested burr knot tissue and appears to be produced in response to an insect-plant interaction. Two compounds, hexanoic and nonanoic acid, were identified from headspace collections from dogwood trees. Numerous approaches were used to examine the behavioral response of mated female dogwood borer to host plant headspace collections and to individual compounds from those collections that elicited a strong and repeatable antennal response. Under both natural and semi-natural conditions in the field and in laboratory bioassays, neither attraction/orientation or consistent oviposition were documented and it is apparent that correlating the electrophysiological and behavioral responses of mated female dogwood borer to olfactory stimuli from their host plants will require further research on bioassay development. / Ph. D.

The Ceratitis capitata is a very important agricultural pest, whose reproduction behaviour is controled by chemical signals. Males initiate mating by creating leks, where they release sexual pheromones to attract females. The main goal of this diploma thesis was to determine the influence of host plants on the composition of male sex-pheromones C. capitata and to compare emanations of wild males with those originating from laboratory population. We studied the chemical composition of volatiles, released by calling males C. capitata from laboratory and two wild populations, using two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC×GC-TOFMS), gas chromatography with electroantennographic and flame ionization detection (GC-EAD-FID). All data were statistically analyzed by multivariate data analyses. Significant differences were observed in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the chemical emanations among males from the three populations. The GC-EAD-FID analyses revealed fourteen antenally active compounds with a possible behavioral function. Isomenthone, geraniol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetone and ethyl octanoate were newly identified antenally active compounds of C. capitata male sex pheromone. Statistical analyses indicated that males and females of...

No description available.