This study was designed to compare the effects of the use of worked examples and self-explanation on motivation for male and female students. More specifically, the present study examines whether there are differences between males and females with regards to their achievement goals and if gender plays a role in how students respond to questions about their motivation in the presence of other male or female students. Comparisons of student responses on Achievement Goal Questionnaire-Revised (AGQ-R) and the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS) were also conducted. Participants were 147 seventh-, eighth- and ninth-grade non-honors Algebra I students (82 girls and 65 boys) from three schools and eight classrooms within the same school district on the east cost of the United States of America. Results replicated the finding that females have more mastery goals than males, however no gender differences were found for either performance. In addition, it appears that students respond differently to some questions about their motivation in the presence of other male or female students. Finally, the AGQ-R and the PALS appear to be consistent representations of students' achievement goals. / School Psychology

<p> Four experiments were conducted to examine the visual regulation of manual aiming under visually displaced conditions. A secondary purpose of these studies was to examine potential gender differences in behaviour following prismatic displacement. The initial experiment was designed to test a monocular switch of vision as a method of presenting the visually displaced information. This experiment also provided an opportunity to explore manual and ocular asymmetries. The monocular switch had no major influence on the terminal accuracy of the movements. Therefore. the methodology was employed to present visually displaced information in the three subsequent experiments. The second experiment was designed to present visually displaced information at different times during the aiming movements. while the third experiment was designed to remove the displaced information during the movements. In a fourth experiment. a real time movement analysis procedure was used to introduce visual displacement at various kinematic markers. In Experiments 2, 3, and 4. the early presentation and removal of the visually displaced information had the most influence on terminal accuracy. However. these effects were not consistent across gender. Male participants executed their movements based on the information presented prior to the movements. In contrast. female participants were more influenced by the information received during the initial portions of the movements. The results support models of manual control that emphasize the importance of vision in the early portions of the movement for the correction of trajectory errors. The effects involving gender suggest that gender should be included as an independent variable in future research. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationships between physical and emotional peer victimization, parental and peer support and depressive symptoms. The moderating role of parental and peer support and gender differences in such moderation were the focus of the study in examining the association between peer victimization forms and depressive symptoms. Two hundred and sixty one youths (ages 10-14) completed self report measures of parental and peer support and depressive symptoms and were interviewed about their victimization experiences. Physical victimization rates were higher for boys whereas girls reported higher emotional victimization experiences and higher peer support than boys did. Correlations indicated that the experience of physical and emotional victimization by peer is linked to depressive symptoms. For boys, but not for girls, a significant moderation effect indicated that physical victimization was significantly related to depressive symptoms among youths with low peer support whereas physical victimization was not related to depressive symptoms among youths with high peer support. There were significant main effects of parental and peer support for both genders suggesting the importance of such support against depressive symptoms. The study's findings contribute to the literature regarding peer victimization's effects on mental health by illustrating the beneficial effect of parent and peer support during adolescence. / Master of Science

The purpose of this study is to measure the ideology of Romanticism in men and women and determine if there are any gender differences in Romanticism. As illustrated in various past studies, in order to draw a most accurate conclusion, it may be helpful to examine Romanticism scores with other constructs. Therefore, other associated variables will be included in this study, one of which is perceived parental romanticism level. A parallel perhaps may be drawn between perceived parental romanticism levels and individual's actual romanticism level. Are individuals who perceive their parents as more romantic more romantic? A measure for intra familial relationships will also be included in this study to assess the relation between young adults and their parents, parental dysfunction, and marital relation of the respondent's parents (Lachar & Gruber, 1995). A measure of erotophilia- an openness and appreciation of sex and sexuality also will be included in this study because it is expected, though not formally hypothesized, that openness to sex and sexually-related activities may correlate with romanticism.

Det finns flertal forskningsstudier gällande emotionell och sexuell otrohet, förlåtelse samt potentiella könsskillnader. Syftet med vinjettstudien var att undersöka detta bland svenska universitetsstudenter. Ett bekvämlighetsurval med 101 män och 100 kvinnor gjordes vid ett universitet i Mellansverige. I enkäten användes en skala om generell förlåtelse och tre vinjetter (sexuell otrohet, emotionell otrohet och kombination av båda otrohetstyper) med tillhörande egenkonstruerade reaktionspåståenden. Könsskillnader gick att observera vid somliga analyser, därmed gav resultaten endast stöd till viss tidigare forskning. Sexuell otrohet visade högre grad av negativa känslor och var mindre förlåtlig än emotionell, bland både män och kvinnor. Kvinnor upplevde mest negativa känslor vid samtliga otrohetstyper. Könsskillnader förelåg i generell förlåtelse, där män tenderade vara mer förlåtande. Däremot fanns ingen könsskillnad i benägenhet att förlåta otrohet. Sammantaget fanns belägg för att vidare utforska otrohet och förlåtelse i relation till personlighetsdrag, självkänsla och familjesituation för en mer komplett förståelse av dessa fenomen.

Yes / Many older adults face challenges that prevent them from accomplishing common daily activities such as moving around, home maintenance, and leisure activities. There is still a need to examine and understand how environmental factors impact daily participation across gender. This study sought to make a qualitative comparison of gender differences regarding environmental barriers to participation in daily occupations from the perspectives of older adults who live alone in Puerto Rico. Twenty-six Hispanic older adults, 70 years or older participated in this study. We used a descriptive qualitative research design in which researchers administered an in-depth interview to each participant. The results elucidated that women were more likely than men to experience restricted participation due to lack of accessibility of the built environment and transportation systems. The findings could help with the development of tailored, occupation-based, preventive interventions that address gender specific environmental barriers and promote greater participation among both women and men. Further research is required to explore whether these environmental barriers to occupational participation remain consistent across living situations, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. / Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), Clinical Research Education and Career Development (CRECD) [R25MD007607] in collaboration with Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium (PRCTRC) [8U54 MD 007587-03].

abstract: This study examined the relationship that gender in interaction with interpersonal problem type has with outcome in psychotherapy. A sample of 200 individuals, who sought psychotherapy at a counselor training facility, completed the Outcome Questionnaire-45(OQ-45) and the reduced version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32). This study was aimed at examining whether gender (male and female), was related to treatment outcome, and whether this relationship was moderated by two interpersonal distress dimensions: dominance and affiliation. A hierarchical regression analyses was performed and indicated that gender did not predict psychotherapy treatment outcome, and neither dominance nor affiliation were moderators of the relationship between gender and outcome in psychotherapy. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.C. Counseling 2013

Sammanfattning Titel: Vad skiljer sig i uppfattningen gällande gift promotions mellan män och kvinnor?- En studie kring likheter och skillnader mellan könen Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Florence Aarskog och Ylva Österberg Handledare: Lars-Johan Åge Datum: 2022-juni Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka vad det finns för likheter och skillnader gällande uppfattningen av gift promotions mellan män och kvinnor. Studien förväntas svara på vad för orsaker som kan ligga till grund för dessa uppfattningar och hur dessa kan skilja sig åt.  Metod: Arbetet är ett resultat av en kvalitativ studie genomförd på män och kvinnor i åldrarna 20–30 år. Det empiriska materialet ligger som grund för arbetet och har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer där respondenterna har fått sätta sig in i verklighetsinspirerade scenarion genom så kallade vinjettexperiment. Det empiriska materialet har därefter bearbetats för att kunna urskilja likheter och skillnader mellan männen och kvinnorna gällande uppfattning av gift promotions. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat visar på att kvinnor i allmänhet reagerar positivare än män på gift promotions. Detta har visats genom att kvinnor gärna uppfyller sina behov på längre sikt, genom gåvor som kan användas i framtiden, medan männen har visat på att enbart vilja uppfylla sina behov på kort sikt. Båda könen har visat på att det måste finnas ett värde för dem själva gällande gåvan de ska få med, vilket kvinnor ser i större utsträckning än män. Det har även visat sig att båda könen vill se en relevans mellan produkten i fråga och den medföljande gåvan. Examensarbetets bidrag: Arbetet har bidragit till det företagsekonomiska forskningsfältet genom att bidra med information om hur män och kvinnor ser på gift promotions. Detta kan ligga till grund för marknadsförare vid utformandet av erbjudanden och kampanjer. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I denna studie så har fokus legat på likheter och skillnader gällande gift promotions mellan män och kvinnor i åldrarna 20–30 år. För vidare forskning finns intresse av att undersöka denna fråga bland andra åldersgrupper, samt att titta på hur uppfattningen ser ut gällande gift promotions bland tjänster, då denna studie enbart berört produkter. Utöver detta finns det även intresse för att titta på skillnader i uppfattningen av gift promotions vid köp på internet kontra i fysisk butik. Nyckelord: Gift promotions, sales promotions, gift promotion-perception, marketing-gender differences, marketing-perception. / Abstract Title: What differences are there regarding the perception of gift promotions between men and women? – A study about similarities and differences between the genders Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Florence Aarskog och Ylva Österberg Supervisor: Lars-Johan Åge Date: 2022-june Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine what similarities and differences might exist between men and women regarding their perceptions of gift promotions. The study is expected to give answers to what is laying behind these perceptions and how these can differ.  Method: This work is the result of a qualitative study implemented on men and women between the ages of 20-30 years old. The empirical material makes up the base of the work and is collected through semi structured interviews where the respondents have been requested to picture themselves in different scenarios inspired by everyday life. This is with other words also called a vignette experiment. The empirical material has then been processed to identify the similarities and differences of the two genders perceptions of gift promotions. Results and conclusions: The results of this study show that women in general have a more positive attitude towards gift promotions compared to men. This can be seen from the fact that it is more important for women to fulfill long term needs which some gifts can enable. It is also shown that men on the other side are more interested in fulfilling their short-term needs. Both genders find it important that the promoted gift must have value for themselves which women find to a greater extent than men. Another finding of this study is the importance of a good fit between gift and product which is something both genders agree on. Contribution of the thesis: This work has contributed to the business administration research field by collecting information about how men and women perceive gift promotions. This information can be used by marketers designing their promotion dealsand campaigns. Suggestions for future research: The focus of this study has been on the similarities and differences between men and women within the age gap 20-30 years old. For future research there is an interest to discover what other age groups would have to say, what the perceptions of gift promotions would look like when it comes to services instead of products and finally to compare perceptions of gift promotions online to the ones in physical stores. Key words: Gift promotions, sales promotions, gift promotion-perception, marketing-gender differences, marketing-perception

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Clive J. A. Fullagar / New scales were developed to measure conflict between work and school and family and school. These scales displayed adequate psychometric properties. A scale was developed to measure the propensity to experience inter-role conflict. The Propensity for Inter-role Conflict Scale (PIRCS) has excellent psychometric properties as established through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and scale and item analysis. PIRCS scores mediated the relationship between 14 of the 15 inter-role conflict to inter-role conflict pairs and displayed incremental validity, beyond known correlates of inter-role conflict, in the prediction of the six forms of inter-role conflict included in the study. The consequences of inter-role conflict were shown to affect the frequency of conflict between roles. However, this was only true when the data were aggregated. This indicates people take deliberate actions to limit certain forms of inter-role conflict. The boundaries between roles are differentially permeable. The work role boundary was most resistant to inter-role conflict. The family role boundary was least resistant to conflict from other roles. Personal characteristics affected the amount of inter-role conflict a person experienced. Women experienced significantly more conflict between family and school and school and family than men. Women were more adversely affected by the presence of children in the home than were men. Work conditions were also related to the experience of inter-role conflict. Working more hours was associated with higher levels of work-to-family and work-to-school conflict. Participants who worked weekends reported higher levels of work-to-family and work-to-school conflict. Employees who perceived greater flexibility at work reported less work-to-family and work-to-school conflict than those with less flexibility. The more semester hours participants were taking, the more conflict they reported between family and school, school and family and work and school. Spending more time on homework and study was associated with higher levels of conflict from school to family. The spillover of conflict between spouses was also demonstrated. The more hours a participant‟s spouse worked the more conflict the participant experienced from family to school and school to family.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka lagidrottares uppfattning av tränarens uppgiftsinvolvering och dess effekt på upplevd lagsammanhållning och idrottsprestation utifrån kön och tävlingsnivå. Kopplingar gjordes till Need Achievement Theory, Achievement Goal Theory och Multidimensional Model of Leadership. Deltagare bestod av totalt N=220 manliga och kvinnliga lagidrottare från allsvenskan till U17. Frågeformulären bestod av CSAI-2, PeerMCYSQ och LSS. Resultaten visar att elitpresterande män har mer konkurrens inom lag och uppfattar tränaren som mer demokratisk än elitpresterande kvinnor. Elitpresterande kvinnor har mer förbättring inom lag. Amatörpresterande män har mindre konkurrens och uppfattar tränaren som mindre uppgiftsinvolverad. Slutsatsen är att lagidrottares olika uppfattning av tränares beteende kan bero på idrottares ansträngning, relationer och autonomi. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare studier och teori. Förslag på implikationer och framtida studie ges. / The purpose of this study was to investigate team sport athletes perception of the coachs’ task involvement and its’ effect on perceived team cohesion and athletic performance by gender and competition level. Connections were made to Need Achievement Theory, Achievement Goal Theory, and Multidimensional Model of Leadership. Participants consisted of a total of N=220 male and female team sport athletes from allsvenskan to U17. The questionnaires consisted of CSAI-2, PeerMCYSQ and LSS. The results shows that elite performing men have more competition within the team and perceive the coach as more democratic than elite performing women. Elite performing women have more improvement within the team. Amateur performing men have less competition and perceive the coach as less task involved. The conclusion is that team sport athletes varied perception of coaches behavior can depend on athletes effort, relations and autonomy. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies and theory. Suggestions on implications and future study is given.