Glyfosat har under de senaste åren varit föremål för debatt inom EU i och med IARC och EFSA:s skilda åsikter huruvida ämnet är cancerogent eller inte. Trots denna debatt beslutade EU-kommissionen år 2017 att förlänga tillståndet för användning av glyfosat fram till 2022. Det finns en ambition från EU och därmed också från Sverige att bekämpningsmedel ska fasas ut ur samhället, vilket innebär en omställning från ett kemikalieintensivt samhälle, till ett samhälle där användningen av bekämpningsmedel är begränsad eller icke-existerande. Vi har intervjuat fyra aktörer från olika samhälleliga nivåer gällande deras åsikter och erfarenheter för att svara på följande frågeställningar: vilken uppfattning har svenska aktörer av omställningsarbetet, vilka för och hinder som finns samt vilka de drivande faktorer är i en omställning. Vårt material analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys samt det teoretiska ramverket för omställningar, “Multi-level-perspective”. Resultatet visar att samtliga aktörer är överens om att en utfasning bör ske då användningen av bekämpningsmedel skapar problem för både människa och natur. Förutsättningar för detta är bland annat att det finns en tydlig politisk vilja och signal, liksom en aktiv samhällsdebatt. Hinder finns bland annat i form av komplex lagstiftningen och avsaknaden av en aktiv samhällsdebatt. Mobiliserande och engagerande initiativ, en framtida resistensutveckling samt ett välfungerande samarbete mellan aktörer identifieras som potentiella drivkrafter som på sikt leder till en omställning. Aktörerna är eniga om att lantbrukare utsätts för en dubbelsidig sårbarhet, något som bör tas hänsyn till vid implementering av styrmedel eller andra åtgärder som ämnar att fasa ut bekämpningsmedel. / Glyphosate has been the subject of debate in the EU in recent years because of IARC’s and EFSA's differing views on whether the substance is carcinogenic or not. Despite this debate, the European Commission decided in 2017 to extend the use of glyphosate until 2022. There is an ambition from the EU, and thus also from Sweden, that pesticides should be phased out of society. In other words, a transition from a chemical- intensive society, to a society where the use of pesticides is limited or non-existent. We have interviewed four actors from different societal levels regarding their opinions and experiences in order to answer the following questions: What are the swedish actors’ view on the phase out? What are the conditions and contradictions for it to succeed? What are the driving factors in this transition? Our data was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis as well as using a theoretical framework on transitions: the “Multi-level perspective”. The results of our study show that all actors agree that a phase out should be done as the use of pesticides causes problems for both human and nature. A prerequisite for this is, among other things, that there is a clear political will and signal, as well as an active debate in society. Identified contradictions are for example complex legislation and the lack of a public debate. Mobilizing and engaging initiatives, a future resistance development and a well-functioning collaboration between actors are identified as potential drivers for change and in the long term a potential transition of society. There is a consensus among the actors that farmers are exposed to two-sided vulnerability, which should be considered when implementing measures that aim to phase out pesticides.

The use of the herbicide glyphosate and its formulations on protein-rich feedstuff for cattle leads to a considerable intake of glyphosate into the rumen of the animals, where glyphosate may potentially impair the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate pathway of the commensal microbiota, which could cause dysbiosis or proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we evaluated the effects of pure glyphosate and the formulations Durano TF and Roundup® LB plus in different concentrations on the fermentation pattern, community composition and metabolic activity of the rumen microbiota using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC). Application of the compounds in three concentrations (0.1mg/l, 1.0mg/l or 10mg/l, n=4 each) for 9days did not affect fermentation parameters such as pH, redox potential, NH3-N concentration and production of short-chain fatty acids compared to a control group. Microbial protein synthesis and the degradation of different feed fractions did not vary among the treatments. None of the used compounds or concentrations did affect the microbial diversity or abundance of microbial taxa. Metaproteomics revealed that the present metabolic pathways including the shikimate pathway were not affected by addition of glyphosate, Durano TF or Roundup® LB plus. In conclusion, neither pure glyphosate, nor its formulations Durano TF and Roundup® LB plus did affect the bacterial communities of the rumen.

Field studies were conducted to test three application methods for applying antagonistic herbicide combinations: 1) tank mix (TMX), 2) mix-in-line (MIL), and 3) separate boom (SPB). Sethoxydim applied with bentazon, glyphosate applied with dicamba or 2,4-D, and clethodim applied with dicamba or 2,4-D had higher efficacy when applied using the SPB method. Antagonism of all the herbicide combinations above was observed when applied using the TMX and MIL methods. In some cases, antagonism was avoided when using the SPB method. Three application methods tested in greenhouse studies were 1) TMX, 2) synthetic auxin applied first (AAF), and 3) synthetic auxin applied second (AAS). The AAS application method resulted in higher weed control than the TMX and AAF methods. Analysis done through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry supported the greenhouse results with higher rates of glyphosate detected with the AAS method.

No description available.

Amphibians develop in aquatic environments where they are very susceptible to the effects of pesticides and other environmental contaminants. Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used and have been shown to affect survival and development of tadpoles under laboratory conditions. The goal my thesis is to determine if agriculturally relevant exposure to Roundup WeatherMax®, a herbicide formulation containing the potassium salt of glyphosate and an undisclosed surfactant, influences the survival and development of wood frogs tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) under both laboratory and field conditions. In the field, experimental wetlands were divided in half using an impermeable curtain so that each wetland contained a treatment and control side. Tadpoles were exposed to two pulses of this herbicide at environmentally realistic concentration (ERC, 0.21 mg acid equivalent (a.e.)/L) and predicted environmental concentrations (PEC, 2.89 mg a.e./L), after which survival, growth, development, and expression of genes involved in metamorphosis were measured. Results indicate that exposure to the PEC is extremely toxic to tadpoles under laboratory conditions but not under field conditions. Results from both experimental conditions show sublethal effects on growth and development, and demonstrate that ERC of glyphosate-based herbicides have the potential to alter hormonal responses during metamorphosis. My secondary objectives were to compare the effects of Roundup WeatherMax® to the well-studied Vision® formulation (containing the isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate and POEA), and to determine which ingredient(s) are responsible for the sublethal effects on development. Survival, growth and gene expression results indicate that Roundup WeatherMax® has greater toxicity than Vision® formulation. Contrary to my prediction, results suggest that, under realistic exposure scenarios, POEA is not the sole ingredient responsible for the observed developmental effects. However, my results demonstrate that chronic exposure to the POEA surfactant at the PEC (1.43 mg/L) is extremely toxic to wood frog tadpoles in laboratory. As part of the Long-term Experimental Wetlands Area (LEWA) project, this research contributes to overall knowledge of the impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on aquatic communities.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA FERREIRA.pdf: 1055676 bytes, checksum: d6ad9b268ad142d66ed7332d519cee2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Increase the productive potential of agricultural crops with cultivation practices and management are some challenges of agricultural research in the face of growing demand for food. Accordingly, experiments were conducted with the aim to evaluate the effects of the growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl combined or not with modes of application of herbicides in corn. There were two distinct works, one evaluating the effects of trinexapac-ethyl at different doses and application times and another evaluating the consequences of desiccation or not the area in pre-seeding and application of methods of herbicides post-emergence combined or not the growth regulator, in two corn hybrids. In the season 2010/11 were carried out two experiments, one with the hybrid Status TL and the other with the Maximus TLTG,both in the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 4 x 4 (trinexapac-ethyl applied at stages V2, V4, V6 and V8 corn, at doses of 0.0, 187.5, 375.0 and 562.5 g ha-1). The results showed that the time of application did not affect the morphological characteristics of both hybrids, at the dose of the regulator, to the Status TL no material effect on the measured characteristics, but for the Maximus TLTG, increasing the dose of the product resulted in an increased width and decrease in length of the sheet above the ear, with no effect on components of production and productivity. In the season 2010/11 and 2011/12, there were two experiments in each year, in a randomized block design in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2, with treatments consisting of desiccation or not the day of seeding, the unique application sequential or post-emergence herbicides, in combination with atrazine and mesotrione for hybrid Status TL and glyphosate to Maximus TLTG, besides the application or not a growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl in combination with postemergence herbicides. Desiccation in two seasons on the day of seeding resulted in greater productivity for the Maximus TLTG. The productivity of Status TL increased with desiccation in pre-sowing only in 2010/11 crop. The mode of application of herbicides post-emergence changed some yield components of hybrid Status TL in 2010/11 crop. The application of trinexapac-ethyl did not affect substantially the characteristics of the hybrids in two seasons. / Aumentar o potencial produtivo das culturas agrícolas através de práticas de cultivo e manejo são alguns desafios da pesquisa agronômica diante da crescente demanda por alimentos. Nesse sentido, realizaram-se experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl combinado ou não a modos de aplicação de herbicidas na cultura do milho. Foram realizados dois trabalhos distintos, sendo um avaliando os efeitos do trinexapac-ethyl em diferentes doses e épocas de aplicação e outro avaliando as consequências da dessecação ou não da área em pré-semeadura e de modos de aplicação de herbicidas em pósemergência combinados ou não ao regulador de crescimento, em dois híbridos de milho. Na safra 2010/11 foram realizados dois experimentos, um com o híbrido Status TL e o outro o Maximus TLTG, sendo ambos no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (trinexapac-ethyl aplicado nos estádios V2, V4, V6 e V8 do milho, nas doses de 0,0, 187,5, 375,0 e 562,5 g ha-1). Os resultados mostraram que a época de aplicação não afetou as características morfológicas de ambos os híbridos e, em relação à dose do regulador, para o Status TL não houve efeito relevante sobre as características avaliadas, mas para o Maximus TLTG, o aumento da dose do produto resultou em aumento da largura e diminuição do comprimento da folha acima da espiga, sem efeitos na produtividade e seus componentes. Na safra 2010/11 e na 2011/12, realizaram-se dois experimentos em cada ano, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, cujos tratamentos constaram da dessecação ou não no dia da semeadura, da aplicação única ou sequencial de herbicidas em pós-emergência, mesotriona combinado com atrazina para o híbrido Status TL e glifosato para o Maximus TLTG, além da aplicação ou não do regulador de crescimento trinexapacethyl em combinação aos herbicidas em pós-emergência. Nas duas safras a dessecação no dia da semeadura resultou em maiores produtividades para o Maximus TLTG. A produtividade do Status TL aumentou com a dessecação em présemeadura somente na safra 2010/11. O modo de aplicação dos herbicidas em pósemergência alterou alguns componentes de rend mento do híbrido Status TL na safra 2010/11. A aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl não afetou de forma substancial as características dos híbridos nas duas safras.

A necessidade de um controle de qualidade seguro e confiável em produtos e/ou matérias-primas provenientes das indústrias farmacêuticas e agrícolas torna as análises de seus ativos e constituintes extremamente importantes para os fabricantes, bem como para os usuários desses produtos. Apesar da espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) ser uma das mais importantes ferramentas de análise qualitativa, ainda é pouco usada para fins quantitativos. Considerando esses fatos, métodos para análises de produtos farmacêuticos e agrícolas, empregando técnicas de RMN, foram desenvolvidos no presente trabalho. Um método quantitativo de RMN de 1H em alta resolução para análise de paracetamol em diferentes formulações farmacêuticas foi validado de acordo com a Resolução RE nº 899. Neste método foi usado um padrão interno, tornando desnecessária a construção de uma curva analítica. Outros ativos presentes nas formulações também puderam ser quantificados e alguns excipientes, identificados. De acordo com NBR 14029, foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos empregando RMN em alta resolução de 1H e 31P para análise de glifosato em agrotóxicos. Neste caso, foi empregado um padrão externo, o qual possibilitou análises quantitativas sequenciais dos diferentes núcleos sem a necessidade de um novo preparo de amostra. A RMN em alta resolução de 1H também foi avaliada como um método alternativo para a determinação de ácidos graxos em óleos e azeites, dispensando as reações de transesterificações necessárias para as análises cromatográficas. A RMN no domínio do tempo (RMN-DT) foi usada no desenvolvimento de um método para detecção de adulteração de azeites de oliva com óleo de soja. Esse método baseou-se na diferença de viscosidade do azeite e do óleo e possui a grande vantagem de poder ser aplicado em embalagens lacradas. Por fim, diferentes abordagens analíticas empregando a RMN em alta resolução foram feitas para análises do fitoterápico Cardo-Leiteiro (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Asteraceae), possibilitando a quantificação simultânea de sete constituintes ativos, incluindo dois pares de diastereoisômeros. Assim, demonstrou-se no presente trabalho o potencial das técnicas de RMN quantitativas, para o controle de qualidade de produtos farmacêuticos e agrícolas, com algumas vantagens sobre os outros métodos analíticos normalmente usados nessas análises. / The need for effective and reliable quality control in products and/or raw materials from pharmaceutical and agricultural industries make analyses of their actives compounds and constituents very important to manufacturers and consumers. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is one of the most important tools for qualitative analysis but it is rarely used as quantitative method. Considering these facts, quantitative NMR methods (qNMR) for analysis of pharmaceutical and agricultural products were developed in this thesis. A high resolution 1H qNMR method for paracetamol, in different pharmaceutical formulations, was validated according to RE Resolution Nº 899. An internal standard was used in this method, therefore, the construction of a calibration curve was unnecessary. Other actives constituents present in the formulations could also be quantified and some excipients, identified. According to NBR 14029, high resolution qNMR 1H and 31P methods were developed and validated for glyphosate. In this case, an external standard was used, which enabled sequential quantitative analyses of different nuclei without the need to prepare a new sample. The high-resolution qNMR 1H was also used as an alternative method for fatty acids determination in oils and olive oils, dispensing transesterifications reactions required for GC analysis. Time domain NMR (TD-NMR) was used to develop a method to detect adulteration of olive oil with soybean oil. This method was based on the viscosity difference between olive oil and soybean oil, and has a great advantage, because it can be applied in sealed packages. Finally, different analytical approaches using high resolution NMR 1H were studied to qualitative and quantitative analysis of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Asteraceae), a botanical dietary supplement, enabling the simultaneous quantification of seven active constituents, including two pairs of diastereoisomers. Therefore, it was demonstrated in this thesis the potential of qNMR techniques to quality control of pharmaceutical and agricultural products, with some advantages over other analytical methods, normally used in these analyses.

Intellectual property, particularly patents, plays a major role in innovation and discovery in biotechnology. Likewise, since the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1981, patents have become an increasingly important factor in U.S. university-driven basic research, especially in the life sciences where patented technologies have transformed agriculture. Specifically, this paper looks at the potential impacts of these trends on university driven research, the university researcher, the pharmaceutical industry, and the farm sector with an emphasis on recent and pending court cases and legislation. This paper examines policy and adoptions issues in biotechnology and biomedicine in depth and touches on important developments in the tech sectors as a back drop for pending legislation and recent court rulings. How policy is adopted, implemented and interpreted have profound impacts on food production, medical ethics, ecology, U.S. and international farm and innovation sectors and the competiveness of the U.S. in the global economy

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, PMG, H3L) is a widely used organophosphorous herbicide. It interacts with metal ions and mineral surfaces, which may affect its mobility, degradation and bioavailability in the environment. However, these interactions are far from fully understood. This thesis is a summary of five papers discussing the complexation of PMG with metal ions in aqueous solution and the adsorption of PMG and/or Cd(II) on different mineral surfaces. The complexation of PMG with the metals Cd(II) or Al(III) in aqueous solution was investigated with macroscopic and molecular scale techniques. Potentiometric titration data were combined with EXAFS, ATR-FTIR and NMR spectroscopic data to generate solution equilibrium models. In the PMG-Cd(II) system, only mononuclear complexes were formed, while both mono and binuclear complexes were observed in the PMG-Al(III) system. EXAFS, ATR-FTIR, and XPS measurements showed that PMG adsorbs to the surfaces of goethite (α-FeOOH), aged γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) and manganite (γ-MnOOH) through one oxygen of its phosphonate group to singly-coordinated surface sites. Surface complexation models consistent with these spectroscopic results were fit to adsorption data using the 1pK reaction formalism. Electrostatic effects were accounted using either the Extended Constant Capacitance Model (ECCM) or the Basic Stern Model (BSM), and the charge of the surface complexes was distributed over the different planes. The formation of the surface complexes was described according to the following reactions: ≡MeOH(0.5-) + H3L <=> ≡MeHL(1.5-) + H2O + H+ ≡MeOH(0.5-) + H3L <=> ≡MeL(2.5-) + H2O + 2H+ The coadsorption of PMG and Cd(II) on the surfaces of goethite and manganite results in the formation of ternary mineral-PMG-Cd(II) surface complexes, as suggested from EXAFS results. Previous EXAFS measurements have also established the coordination geometries for the binary goethite-Cd(II) and manganite-Cd(II) surface complexes. In addition to the surface reactions in the binary mineral-Cd(II) and mineral-PMG systems, a single ternary complex with the stoichiometry ≡MeLCd(OH)(1.5-) was sufficient to explain coadsorption data: ≡MeOH(0.5-) + H3L + Cd2+ <=> ≡MeLCd(OH)(1.5-) + 3H+ It was concluded that the affinity of PMG for the three mineral systems decreases within the series: goethite > aged γ-Al2O3 > manganite. The formation of the ternary surface complex is more significant on goethite surfaces than on manganite surfaces.

The effects of cypermethrin, copper and glyphosate on the endocrine system and subsequent response to female pheromones were investigated in mature male brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr.  Responses measured were the amount of strippable milt, blood plasma levels of both an androgen (11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)) and a progestin (17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20b-P)), and behavioural changes. This was done in a two phased investigation where parr were exposed to one of the following via ambient water: 1) 0.1 or 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin, 2) 10 or 100 μg L-1 copper (Cu2+), or 3) 150 μg L-1 glyphosate for a 96 hour period.  Phase one was a priming experiment exposing parr to a treatment followed by priming with PGF2α or ovarian fluid (OVF). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were, also exposed to glyphosate during phase I. The second phase was centered on behavioural observations.  Exposed parr were placed in a 35,000 L stream aquarium together with two ovulated females and four anadromous males. After the experiments a blood sample was taken, milt volumes measured and testes weighed.  The plasma was analyzed for 11-KT and 17,20b-P concentrations using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results from phase I-priming: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 17,20b-P and 11-KT; Copper exposure lowered milt volumes; glyphosate exposure lowered 11-KT in salmon and raised 17,20b-P in trout.  Results from phase II-behaviour: 1.0 μg L-1 cypermethrin exposure lowered 11-KT, milt and spawning behaviour; copper exposure lowered spawning behaviour and raised 11-KT; Glyphosate exposure lowered 11KT; continuous cypermethrin exposure raised 17,20b-P, 11-KT and gave a tendency towards increased aggression. It is concluded that low concentration exposure to the compounds examined can induce negative effects on male salmonid endocrine systems, either through a disruption in the olfactory system or through a direct effect. / Extern doktorand från Södertörns högskola