II existe de nombreuses études mettant en relation le vieillissement et le stress oxydant, mais peu d'entre elles ont caractérisé l'évolution des marqueurs des défenses antioxydantes, notamment au niveau cutané, au cours du vieillissement dit extrinsèque ou environnemental.Nous avons cherché à mimer in vitro le vieillissement extrinsèque cutané, à partir d'un modèle de cellules épidermiques en culture, la lignée de kératinocytes humains HaCaT, soumises à un stress chimique, l'exposition au glyphosate, un principe actif entrant dans la composition de nombreuses formulations pesticides. Ainsi, nous avons exploré notre modèle par une approche multi-échelle originale et innovante: tout d'abord, à l'échelle moléculaire, par une étude protéomique quantitative différentielle des taux d'expression protéique intracytosolique suite à l'induction du stress ; puis, à l'échelle cellulaire en cytomètrie en flux, par la caractérisation fonctionnelle du stress oxydant et de la mort cellulaire qui en découle ; enfin, à l'échelle micro- et nanométrique, en microscopie confocale et à force atomique, par le suivi de l'évolution des propriétés morphologiques et viscoélastiques des kératinocytes stressés.Ce travail de thèse a démontré que le glyphosate altérait signifïcativement l'état et la fonction barrière de l'épiderme humain, ciblant notamment les kératinocytes, dont l'équipement moléculaire et les fonctions vitales d'adhérence et de dynamique membranaire se retrouvent fondamentalement dégradées. L'ensemble de ces résultats constitue un « tableau » qui évoque parfaitement les événements, les signaux et les comportements cellulaires s'installant au cours du vieillissement cutané. / Numerous studies relate ageing to oxidative stress. Few of them described thé évolution of markers of antioxidant défenses, in particular at thé cutaneous level, during extrinsic or environmental ageing. We tried to mimic in vitro cutaneous extrinsic ageing, with a model of epidermic cells in culture, thé human kératinocytes cell line HaCaT, subjected to a chemical stress, Glyphosate, an active ingrédient présent in thé composition of numerous pesticide formulations. Indeed, we examined thé effects of induced ageing in thé loss of kératinocytes integrity in culture, by an original and innovative multi-scale approach: Firstly, at thé molecular scale, we assessed thé stress induced modifications of intracytosolic protein expression by a differential quantitative proteomic study; then, at thé .cellular scale, with flow cytometry, by thé functional characterization of thé oxidative stress and resulting cell death; fmally, at thé micro- and nanoscale, with confocal and atomic force microscopy by thé following thé évolution of morphological and viscoelastic properties of stressed kératinocytes. This PhD work demonstrated that glyphosate impaired thé state and thé barrier function of thé human skin, in particular by fundamentally impairing kératinocytes through thé molecular equipment, thé vital adhésion fonctions and membrane dynamics. Ail thèse results give us a global image of events, signais and cell behavior occurring in skin aging.

No description available.

Ce travail porte sur l'étude des conséquences des interactions sol-herbicide sur la biodégradation de deux herbicides : la mésotrione, récemment mise sur le marché et le glyphosate (RoundUp R). En effet, phénomènes d'adsorption et de biodégradation vont influer sur le devenir des herbicides dans les sols. L'utilisation d'outils analytiques complémentaires (LC/UV, LC/MS , RMN) nous a permis de proposer le premier schéma métabolique complet de dégradation de la mésotrione par une souche pure Bacillus sp. 3B6. Des études d'adsorption des deux herbicides sur divers constituants du sol (argiles cationiques et anioniques, fractions argileuses, sol) ont montré le rôle majeur du pH du milieu sur ce phénomène. La biodégradation de la mésotrione en présence d'une matrice solide n'entraîne pas de modifications des voies métaboliques mais peut, par contre, moduler les cinétiques d'apparition et de disparition des métabolites, ceux-ci pouvant interagir avec la matrice

Os herbicidas são aplicados em lavouras com o objetivo de eliminar plantas daninhas presentes, mas os efeitos sobre as culturas muitas vezes não são perceptíveis ou não são amplamente considerados. As plantas sob condições de estresse, podem reagir ao elicitor manifestando reações oxidativas durante as quais espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) são geradas. O herbicida glifosato atua como um inibidor competitivo da 5-enolpiruvil xiquimato-3- fosfato sintase da via do xiquimato e o seu efeito herbicida imediato é a inibição da síntese de aminoácidos aromáticos e metabólitos secundários derivados dos fenilpropanoides. A geração de espécies ativas de oxigênio e mecanismos de resposta a estresse oxidativo não são freqüentes no estudo do herbicida glifosato, portanto o presente trabalho objetivou estudar e avaliar parâmetros bioquímicos que poderiam ser afetados pelo herbicida glifosato em variedades suscetíveis e resistentes (transgênicos) dando ênfase na resposta de enzimas antioxidantes e no balanço de aminoácidos. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos onde em um deles foi avaliado o efeito da concentração de glifosato em plantas crescidas em hidroponia e no outro foi avaliada a resposta de plântulas de soja de quatro variedades de soja duas resistentes e duas susceptíveis. O perfil de aminoácidos mostrou estar alterado entre variedades susceptíveis e resistentes. O aumento de asparagina, glutamato, histidina e isoleucina de folha assim como o conteúdo total de aminoácidos de folha foram menores e/ou não significativo nas variedades resistentes. A tendência de aumento de atividade de algumas enzimas antioxidantes analisadas como a catalase na raiz, peroxidases na folha ou a glutationa redutase de folha indicou que existem mecanismos ativados para defesa frente a espécies ativas de oxigênio. No entanto, os níveis de peroxidação lipídica não variaram em nenhuma das variedades utilizadas neste estudo. Embora hajam sido apresentadas evidencias que o glifosato gera estresse oxidativo é de se considerar que o modo de ação deste herbicida não é exercido através de mecanismos geradores de radicais livres, porém estes mecanismos parecem estar mascarados pela grande proliferação de aminoácidos livres que podem atuar como antioxidantes. / Herbicides are applied in cultures with the objective to eliminate weeds, but the effects over the plants sometimes are not perceptible or are not widely considered. Plants under stress conditions can react to the elicitor with oxidative manifestations where reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generating. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor of enolpiruvyl shiquimate-3- phosphate synthase in the shikimate metabolic pathway and its immediately effect is the inhibition of aromatic aminoacids synthesis and secondaries metabolites derived for phenylpropanoids components. ROS generation and response mechanisms to the oxidative stress is not frequently studied in glyphosate applications, although the present work objectives are study and evaluate biochemistry parameters that could be affect by glyphosate herbicide in susceptible and resistant (transgenic) "varieties" giving emphasis in the antioxidant enzymes response and amino acids balance. Two experiments were set up to evaluate the effect of glyphosate in plants of two soybean lines growing under hydroponic conditions and the second experiment evaluated the time effect after application of glyphosate in four soybean lines, susceptible and two resistant (transgenic). Enhancement of asparagine, glutamate, hystidine and isoleucine in leaves, and the total contents of soluble amino acids were lower in resistant lines. This tendency to the increase of antioxidant enzymes like catalase in roots, peroxidases and gluthatione reductase in leaves indicates defense mechanisms activated against ROS. Nevertheless, lipid peroxidation levels were not changed in all lines. The present work shows evidences for oxidative stress generating by glyphosate but it is necessary to consider that the glyphosate action mode does not occur through the EROs generating mechanisms. These mechanisms could be masked by enhancement of amino acid.

No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e validados dois métodos com o objetivo de determinar os herbicidas paraquat e glifosato, bem como o AMPA, principal metabólito do glifosato, em amostras de maconha apreendidas pela polícia de Campinas, São Paulo. A detecção e quantificação de herbicidas na maconha são necessárias e importantes para alertar o real risco que a droga pode oferecer aos usuários. Existem várias razões que explicam a presença de herbicidas na maconha em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. A eletroforese capilar foi utilizada para determinação dos herbicidas. Um método de detecção direta foi usado para determinar o paraquat e outro, com detecção indireta, para determinar o glifosato e AMPA. Os métodos desenvolvidos mostraram boa linearidade, precisão, exatidão e recuperação. Os dados da validação atestam que os métodos podem ser utilizados em laboratórios Forense no Brasil. Cento e trinta amostras foram analisadas, sendo que em doze amostras foram detectadas a presença de paraquat em várias concentrações e ainda três amostras forneceram resultados positivos apenas para o glifosato sendo uma delas, detectado a presença concomitante do AMPA. Os valores dos contaminantes encontrados podem representar um risco ao usuário, fazendo-se necessário novos estudos para delineamento sobre os reais efeitos que esses contaminantes podem apresentar aos usuários de Cannabis. / In the present work, two methods were developed and validate, aiming to determinate the herbicides paraquat and glyphosate and his major metabolite AMPA in seizured marijuana samples by the police in Campinas, São Paulo. The determination of herbicides in confiscated samples is necessary and important to alert the real risk of marijuana can offer to the users. There are many reasons that explain the presence of herbicides in marijuana in several countries, including Brazil. Capillary electrophoresis was used to determinate the studied herbicides. A method with direct detection was used to determinate paraquat and indirect detection to determinate glyphosate and AMPA. The developed methods showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Therefore, it can be applied in Forensics labs in Brazil. One hundred and thirty samples were analyzed, and twelve of them result positive for paraquat in several concentrations and three samples showed positive to glyphosate and one of them, detected the presence of AMPA. The values of the contaminants found, can offer a risk to the users, making it necessary new studies to know the real effects that such contaminants can offer to the Cannabis users.

No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e validados dois métodos com o objetivo de determinar os herbicidas paraquat e glifosato, bem como o AMPA, principal metabólito do glifosato, em amostras de maconha apreendidas pela polícia de Campinas, São Paulo. A detecção e quantificação de herbicidas na maconha são necessárias e importantes para alertar o real risco que a droga pode oferecer aos usuários. Existem várias razões que explicam a presença de herbicidas na maconha em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. A eletroforese capilar foi utilizada para determinação dos herbicidas. Um método de detecção direta foi usado para determinar o paraquat e outro, com detecção indireta, para determinar o glifosato e AMPA. Os métodos desenvolvidos mostraram boa linearidade, precisão, exatidão e recuperação. Os dados da validação atestam que os métodos podem ser utilizados em laboratórios Forense no Brasil. Cento e trinta amostras foram analisadas, sendo que em doze amostras foram detectadas a presença de paraquat em várias concentrações e ainda três amostras forneceram resultados positivos apenas para o glifosato sendo uma delas, detectado a presença concomitante do AMPA. Os valores dos contaminantes encontrados podem representar um risco ao usuário, fazendo-se necessário novos estudos para delineamento sobre os reais efeitos que esses contaminantes podem apresentar aos usuários de Cannabis. / In the present work, two methods were developed and validate, aiming to determinate the herbicides paraquat and glyphosate and his major metabolite AMPA in seizured marijuana samples by the police in Campinas, São Paulo. The determination of herbicides in confiscated samples is necessary and important to alert the real risk of marijuana can offer to the users. There are many reasons that explain the presence of herbicides in marijuana in several countries, including Brazil. Capillary electrophoresis was used to determinate the studied herbicides. A method with direct detection was used to determinate paraquat and indirect detection to determinate glyphosate and AMPA. The developed methods showed good linearity, precision, accuracy, and recovery. Therefore, it can be applied in Forensics labs in Brazil. One hundred and thirty samples were analyzed, and twelve of them result positive for paraquat in several concentrations and three samples showed positive to glyphosate and one of them, detected the presence of AMPA. The values of the contaminants found, can offer a risk to the users, making it necessary new studies to know the real effects that such contaminants can offer to the Cannabis users.

<p>In this thesis, I present a simple, sensitive and low cost electrochemical nanobiosensor for quantitative determination of the herbicides glufosinate, glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Firstly, the nanostructured poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) (PDMA) materials were synthesized on gold electrode by the electrochemical &ldquo / soft template&rdquo / method using poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as the dopant and structure-directing molecule. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies inferred successful doping of the nanostructured PDMA film by PSS and that the template PSS directed the synthesis of both nanotubes and nanoparticles of PDMA with diameters less than 100 nm.</p>

Currently, 74% of cotton acres in the United States are planted with glyphosatetolerant varieties. The average glyphosate-tolerant cotton crop is treated with glyphosate 2.1 times each year in addition to other herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. The primary objectives of this research were to: 1) describe the influence of glyphosate and pesticides commonly applied at or near the time of cotton planting on soil microbial activity and biomass; 2) study the effect of glyphosate on fluometuron degradation; 3) evaluate the response of Rhizoctonia solani to glyphosate and fluometuron; 4) study changes in glyphosate metabolism that occur as a result of repeated glyphosate applications; and 5) define shifts in the soil microbial community. Additionally, methods for accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of fluometuron from soils were developed. In one experiment, the addition of glyphosate reduced C-mineralization in soils treated with fluometuron, aldicarb, or mefenoxam + PCNB formulations. However, in a second experiment, C-mineralization increased when glyphosate was applied with fluometuron relative to fluometuron applied alone. Accelerated solvent extraction was used in experiments which demonstrated that application of glyphosate with fluometuron increased the rate of fluometuron degradation in soil relative to fluometuron alone. When glyphosate was added to minimal medium, degradation of fluometuron by R. solani was reduced and less fungal biomass was produced. The total amount of 14C-glyphosate mineralized was reduced when glyphosate was applied 5 times relative to 1, 2, 3, or 4 times. Incorporation of 14Cglyphosate residues into soil microbial biomass was greater following five glyphosate applications than one application 3 and 7 days after application (DAA). Soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were altered by five glyphosate applications relative to one application. Additionally, FAMEs common to gram-negative bacteria were present in higher concentrations following five applications relative to 1, 2, 3, or 4 applications both 7 and 14 DAA. These studies indicated that: 1) glyphosate altered the soil microbial response to other pesticides; 2) fluometuron-degrading microorganisms in soil responded differently to glyphosate; 3) changes in the dissipation or distribution of glyphosate following repeated glyphosate applications were associated with changes in the structural diversity of the soil microbial community.

<p>In this thesis, I present a simple, sensitive and low cost electrochemical nanobiosensor for quantitative determination of the herbicides glufosinate, glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Firstly, the nanostructured poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) (PDMA) materials were synthesized on gold electrode by the electrochemical &ldquo / soft template&rdquo / method using poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as the dopant and structure-directing molecule. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies inferred successful doping of the nanostructured PDMA film by PSS and that the template PSS directed the synthesis of both nanotubes and nanoparticles of PDMA with diameters less than 100 nm.</p>

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The quality and clarity of water consist of an attractive problematic, since they relate to the maintenance of the biosphere, as water is one of the essential factors for the existence of life on earth. However, human actions cause several types of environmental depletion, as contamination by herbicides, which is an anthropogenic result which can cause poisoning of living beings with severe complications such as neurological problems, cancer, birth defects and endocrine disorders. Brazil, the largest exporter of coffee, sugar cane, orange juice and soy, has become the largest consumer of world\'s pesticides, with 1/3 of Brazilian food contaminated by these substances. The possibility of mitigate environmental impacts of herbicides is very important and can be accomplished through appropriate treatment in contaminated water. Thus, the present work relates to the study of the interaction between the most commercialized herbicide over the world, glyphosate, and very abundant biopolymer in nature, chitin and chitosan derivative thereof, which have use in the adsorption of various environmental contaminants. Using molecular dynamics simulations for the analysis of chemical interactions between the two species at atomic level was of great value, in such a way that experimental physical-chemical parameters acted in an attempt to \"approximate\" the theoretical computations of actual / experimental procedures. The molecular dynamics simulations allowed the description of the microscopic behavior of &#945;- and &#946;- filaments chitin and chitosan in aqueous solution as well as the identification of the more stable polymorphic forms, identification of the functional groups responsible for these biopolymers herbicide adsorption process glyphosate, as well as the interaction of most representative one, the calculation of the intensity of herbicide-polysaccharide interaction forces, the importance of the hydrogen interactions of the herbicide adsorption process. Thus, this study served as a pioneer in the use of chitosan for environmental decontamination of the herbicide glyphosate. / A qualidade e a limpidez da água consistem em uma problemática interessante, uma vez que se relacionam à manutenção da biosfera, já que a água está entre os fatores essenciais para a existência de vida no planeta. Contudo, as ações humanas causam vários tipos de desgastes ambientais, como a contaminação por herbicidas, uma consequência antrópica que pode causar a intoxicação dos seres vivos com severas complicações. O Brasil, por ser o maior exportador mundial agrícola, se tornou o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo, com 1/3 dos alimentos brasileiros contaminados por herbicidas. A possibilidade de amenizar os impactos ambientais causados pelos herbicidas pode ser realizada através de um tratamento adequado das águas contaminadas. O presente trabalho refere-se ao estudo da interação entre o herbicida mais comercializado do mundo, glifosato, e os biopolímeros extremamente abundantes na natureza, quitina e seu derivado quitosana, estes apresentam considerável utilização na adsorção de vários contaminantes ambientais. A utilização de simulações por Dinâmica Molecular na análise de interações químicas entre as duas espécies em nível atômico foi de grande valia, para isso os parâmetros físico-químicos experimentais atuaram na tentativa de aproximar os cálculos computacionais teóricos dos procedimentos reais/experimentais. As simulações por Dinâmica Molecular permitiram a descrição do comportamento microscópico dos filamentos de &#945;- e &#946;- quitina e quitosana em solução aquosa, assim como a identificação das formas polimórficas mais estáveis, a identificação dos grupos funcionais destes biopolímeros responsáveis pelo processo de adsorção do herbicida glifosato, bem como a interação de maior representatividade, o cálculo da intensidade das forças de interação herbicida-polissacarídeo, a importância das interações de hidrogênio no processo de adsorção do herbicida. Desta forma, o presente trabalho serviu como pioneiro na utilização de quitosana para descontaminação ambiental do herbicida glifosato. / Mestre em Química