111 |
Single-Molecule Photochemical Catalysis on Titanium Dioxide@Gold NanorodsKing, Hallie 25 July 2022 (has links)
No description available.
|
112 |
Investigation of Natural AdhesivesBradley C Mcgill (13949928) 13 October 2022 (has links)
<p>Adhesives are found in almost every aspect of the modern world. They are found in plywood used in buildings, electronics, shoes, plumbing and in almost every facet of your daily life. Nature also has an abundance of these adhesives that are used fora multitude of applications. Some animals, like the blue mussel, use their adhesive for protection against ocean waves and predators while other animals, such as the spider, use it to trap prey. Investigation of theses adhesives has led to the identification of several different proteins that allow for these animals to make their adhesive. Some of them are composed of rare amino acids that while other animals use a combination of inorganic and organic components. Understanding of these unique adhesives can be a boon for designof future adhesives that do not have the disadvantagesof current day commercialized glues.</p>
<p>Increasing interest in the restoration of natural oyster reefs and the cement that holds them together has resulted in the identification of the Shelk2 protein that is found both in the mantle of the oyster’s shell as well as the cement that holds the reefs together. Gaining an understanding of how this protein functions and its part in the oyster reef could be quite beneficial for projects investing in reef restorations as well as underwater adhesion. Gathering protein from the animal for experimentation and characterization can be labor intensive and extremely challenging. Luckily, cloning technology has become a useful tool for the expression of large quantities of proteins that can be difficult or impossible to gather from the native animal. Using <em>E. coli</em>, it is possible to design and express this protein in hopes of gaining a better understanding of its impact on oyster settlement and adhesion.</p>
<p>Sustainability is a major downside to current day adhesives that current technologies have not been able to solve. Most adhesives that are on the market today are primarily derived from petroleum. Current research has begun investigating alternatives to the large epoxy and formaldehyde adhesive market, but the barrier of entry is hard to overcome. To replace these glues the new material must be affordable, non-petroleum derived, and available on a massive scale. These requirements are hard to meet for many materials and due to that the current bio-adhesive are generally very low strength.</p>
<p>The work presented here will detail the characterization, and expression of some of these natural adhesives that have been found in the Eastern oyster. Another aspect of this work includes the synthesis of a new bio-based adhesive system. Utilizing biomimetic chemistry along with sustainably sourced materials a new adhesive has been formulated that has comparable adhesive strength to current day commercial adhesives.</p>
|
113 |
THE GREEN SYNTHESIS AND MATERIAL AND ORGANIC APPLICATIONS OF BORANE-AMINESRandy L Lin (15405626) 15 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Reported herein is a brief summary regarding the previous syntheses of borane-amines, newly developed protocols to synthesize borane-amines, and the material and synthetic applications utilizing borane-amines. Methods to generate borane-amines typically relied on a metathesis-dehydrogenation reaction between ammonium salts and metal borohydrides in organic solvent, typically hazardous tetrahydrofuran (THF). However, due to the poor solubility of inorganic salts in organic solvent, stirring of the reaction mixture becomes difficult and, in turn, scalability is made challenging. We report two new methods to generate borane-amines that both rely on the hydroboration of sodium borohydride and a carbonyl activator, followed by the S<sub>N</sub>2-type reaction with the amine to form the requisite borane-amine. The activator for our procedures are either 1) gaseous carbon dioxide or 2) water/ethyl acetate system. The CO<sub>2</sub> mediated protocol was applied to a variety of 1°-, 2°-, 3°-, and heteroaromatic amines as well as phosphines to form the corresponding borane adducts (73-99%). Water was also found to be a green, compatible activator. Interestingly, we had swapped environmentally and health hazardous THF with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and found the reaction had still proceeded with competitive conversion of amines to the borane-amines (72-97%). The robustness of this reaction was demonstrated with a 1.1 mol scale synthesis of borane pyridine with 87% yield. With increased accessibility of borane-amines established, we sought to investigate their potential applications, including testing their hypergolic properties. Additionally, we utilized borane-ammonia for a sequential reduction/Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzyl carbonyls. Traditionally an alkyl halide, the scope of the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction has widened to include alcohols and carbonyls as potential Friedel-Crafts reactants. Few reports exist for the arylation of aldehydes and ketones, while no precedence exists for the arylation of carboxylic acids and esters. Our group previously reported that TiCl<sub>4</sub> is capable of eliminating oxygen from benzyl alcohols, forming a carbocation intermediate. Theoretically, the carbocation formed from TiCl<sub>4</sub> and benzyl alcohols would be vulnerable from attacks from other nucleophiles, including pi bonds from arenes. This was indeed proven to be the case when benzyl alcohol was reacted in 1 equiv. TiCl<sub>4 </sub>with benzene as the solvent and diphenylmethane was obtained as the sole product. By including borane-ammonia as a hydride source, various aryl carbonyls and aryl carbinols were also reduced to the corresponding alcohol <i>in situ</i>, enabling these substrates to participate in Friedel-Crafts alkylation.</p>
|
114 |
Greener Photoredox-Catalyzed Phosphonations of Aryl HalidesAlexandra Suzanne Kelley (18406143) 03 June 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Aromatic phosphonates and phosphine oxides are highly desirable synthetic targets used in pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrichemicals, catalysis, and materials science. While a variety of aromatic precursors have been used to access these motifs, aryl halides remain one of the most desirable coupling partners owing to their low cost, commercial availability, and regioselective reactivity. Traditional phosphonation often requires the use of harsh reductants in the presence of liquid ammonia, which are caustic and pose incredible environmental concerns. Milder, transition metal-catalyzed approaches have been developed, but can be limited by air sensitivity, cost, low reaction selectivity, and low functional group compatibility. Photoredox catalysis has been significantly advanced in the past decade in the pursuit of greener, more sustainable avenues to facilitate desirable reaction transformations under mild conditions. These methods most commonly use a dual catalytic strategy in which a metal is paired with an organocatalyst. While these approaches enable facile phosphonation of a variety of aromatic precursors, the metals and organocatalysts used are often expensive and toxic. Indeed, there remains unexplored chemical space for transition metal-free photoredox-catalyzed aryl C-P bond formations. Herein, we present a series of transition metal-free, photoredox-catalyzed approaches to the phosphonation of aryl halides. The approaches and mechanistic works will be discussed in the following order: </p><p dir="ltr">First, the discovery that 10<i>H</i>-phenothiazine (PTZ) enables the transition metal-free phosphonation of aryl halides using trialkyl phosphites will be presented. PTZ serves as a photocatalyst capable of reducing the aryl halide to access aryl radicals, which readily couple with phosphite esters. This transformation exhibits broad functional group tolerance in good to excellent yields. Then, photoredox catalysis by PTZ enables the formation of unsymmetrical aromatic phosphine oxides using triphenylphosphine (PPh<sub>3</sub>) and aryl halides. This is the first work in which PPh<sub>3</sub> has been used as the starting material, and the reaction proceeds via the alkaline hydrolysis of quaternary phosphonium salts. The final work exhibits novel photocatalytic activity of <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) to activate aryl halides, form aryl radicals, and enable phosphonation. This method displays broad functional group tolerance under mild conditions and highlights its untapped synthetic utility as a photocatalyst.</p>
|
115 |
Lignocellulosic fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce medium chain fatty alcoholsBland, Katherine Elizabeth 30 March 2018 (has links)
The effects of climate change have made the need to develop sustainable production practices for biofuels and other chemicals imminent. The development of the green economy has also led to many industries voluntarily improving the sustainability of the products they produce. The microbial production of fatty acid-derived chemicals allows for the opportunity to reduce petroleum-based chemicals in the marketplace. However, for microbial produced chemicals to be industrially competitive, significant work is needed to improve the production capacity of industrial strains. There are a number of bottlenecks and challenges related to the production of various fatty acid derivatives that need to be addressed.
One of these key challenges relates to the source of the fermentation feedstock. While sources such as corn or sugar cane are currently common, these feedstocks compete with food supply and require nutrient-rich soils. The use of lignocellulosic feedstocks is preferred to combat this issue, however these feedstocks present their own unique challenges. Pretreatment is required to release fermentable sugars, and this process also results in various fermentation inhibitors released into the solution. A better understanding of how engineered strains utilize these fermentable sugars as well as improving resistance to the inhibitors will help to improve the chemical production capacity of these chemical products. This work will focus on describing key bottlenecks related to fatty acid-derived products, while also evaluating proposed solutions to these bottlenecks. / Master of Science / Currently, many common household products and plastics are developed using petroleum-based components. From plastic bottles to common cosmetics, these contain ingredients that are derived from petroleum. In order to combat our reliance on petroleum for these every day products, it is essential to develop alternate sources for these materials. A potential source involve using plant material and by-products to produce these same compounds that we are able to produce from petroleum.
While there has been significant research to produce useful products such as bioethanol from corn, this is not an ideal crop. Corn requires more water and space than other crops such as grasses. In addition, these grasses can grow in soil that food crops are unable to grow in, so we don’t utilize valuable land to develop common household products. However, these grasses are much more difficult to treat and process in order to form these basic chemical ingredients.
In order to use grass-based crops, it is possible to engineer organisms such as yeast to process the raw material into valuable chemical precursor. This work aims to genetically engineer yeast in order to produce some of these chemical precursors from a grass-like feedstock. In addition, this work also analyzes how physical characteristics of yeast affect the final product formation. Finally, a model was developed to show how yeast ferments corn-like and grass-like feedstocks differently.
|
116 |
Vapo-diffusion assistée par micro-ondes : conception, optimisation et application / Microwave steam diffusion : conception, optimization and applicationFarhat, Asma 05 November 2010 (has links)
Un nouveau procédé d'extraction des huiles essentielles a été développé, mis au point et optimisé nommé «Vapo-diffusion Assistée par Micro-ondes (MSDf)». Le procédé MSDf à été appliqué à l'extraction des huiles essentielles des peaux d'oranges et de fleurs de lavande. Ce procédé est basé sur la combinaison d'une technique d'extraction classique : l'hydro-diffusion et le chauffage micro-ondes comme technologie d'intensification. Une deuxième nouvelle approche pour l'extraction des huiles essentielles à partir de matrices aromatiques sèches et sans ajout de vapeur ni d'eau nommé «Diffusion à sec générée par micro-ondes (MDG)». Le procédé MDG à été appliqué à l'extraction des huiles essentielles des graines de carvi. Le MSDf et le MDG apparaissent comme des procédures «douces» permettant un gain de temps et d'énergie considérable et la diminution des rejets de CO2 dans l'atmosphère / Microwave steam diffusion (MSDf) was developed as a cleaner and new process design and operation for isolation of essentials oils and was compared to conventional steam diffusion (SDf). This green process has been applied and tested using two aromatic matrixes: fresh orange peels and dry lavender flowers. This process is based on the combination of a traditional technique of extraction: hydro-diffusion and the microwave irradiation energy. Without adding any steam or water, we proposed also a novel and green approach for extraction of secondary metabolites from dried plant materials. This “steam and water free” approach based on a simple principle involves the application of microwave irradiation and earth gravity to extract the essential oil from dried caraway seeds. MSDf and MDG were better than SDf in terms of energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water
|
117 |
Étude des procédés d’extraction et de purification de produits bioactifs à partir de plantes par couplage de techniques séparatives à basses et hautes pressions / Study on the extraction and purification of substances via classical and supercritical separation techniquesPenchev, Petko Ivanov 20 July 2010 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur la mise en œuvre de procédés innovants d'extraction de composés naturels bioactifs de plantes. Nous avons considéré ici l'extraction d'un composé anti-oxydant, l'acide rosmarinique, à partir du végétal mélisse (Melissa officinalis L.), qui contient également d'autres composés d'intérêt (citral et caryophyllène). Différentes techniques d'extraction-purification, soit à haute pression (extraction au CO2 supercritique) ou à pression atmosphérique (extraction Soxhlet, extraction batch, nanofiltration etc.) ont été envisagées. L'objectif de ce travail a été d'étudier expérimentalement l'influence des paramètres opératoires (débit, composition et concentration du solvant, taille des particules, pression et température) sur la cinétique des processus afin de sélectionner les meilleures conditions pour chaque opération. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été ensuite comparés avec plusieurs modèles mathématiques décrivant les phénomènes de transfert de masse et l'écoulement au travers du milieu poreux constitué par la matière végétale broyée. Cette démarche, à partir de la détermination des paramètres physiques du modèle, a fourni les éléments pour une extrapolation potentielle à l'échelle industrielle. Du point de vue du procédé complet d'extraction-purification, l'originalité du travail a été de proposer plusieurs scénarii d'enchainement d'opérations, couplant en synergie des opérations conventionnelles à pression atmosphériques (macération, nano-filtration etc.) et des opérations de traitement au CO2 supercritique avec co-solvant. / This thesis deals with the extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plants (case study with Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.)) by using different separation techniques at high (supercritical extraction) and atmospheric pressure (Soxhlet extraction, batch extraction, nanofiltration etc.). The influence of main operational parameters (solvent composition and flow rate, particle size of the raw material, pressure, temperature) on the process kinetics is studied experimentally with the aim to determine appropriate operational conditions for better extraction. The experimental results are confronted to a number of mathematical models in order to estimate the applicability of different theoretical concepts to the particular process and to select and apply appropriate models for determination of important parameters, characterizing the mass transfer process and necessary for scale-up and design purposes. Coupling between different separation methods is also considered and a number of integrated process schemes are proposed resulting in better yield of the targeted compounds.
|
118 |
Polyoxométallates et chimie verte : molécules et matériaux nanostructurés pour la conversion de l’énergie et l’environnement / Polyoxometalates and green chemistry : nanostructured composite molecules and materials based on polyoxometalates for energy conversion and environmentNgo Biboum Bimbong, Rosa 27 June 2011 (has links)
Ce mémoire porte sur la synthèse de matériaux composites nanostructurés à base de polyoxométallates pour la conversion de l’énergie et des applications à des problèmes environnementaux. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, de nombreux composés nouveaux de cette famille d’oxydes moléculaires ont été synthétisés puis ont été associés à différentes matrices éco-compatibles dans le respect des principaux critères de la Chimie Verte. Les principales techniques d’étude sont l’électrochimie, la photochimie et la spectroscopie UV-visible. Dans le domaine de l’énergie, les catalyseurs obtenus se sont révélés très efficaces dans des réactions très importantes mais difficiles à réaliser, comme la production de l’hydrogène, la réduction de l’oxygène et l’oxydation de l’eau. De même, parmi les applications aux problèmes de dépollution, ces nanomatériaux ont montré une forte activité électrocatalytique et photocatalytique pour la réduction des oxydes d’azote, des bromates et la photodégradation d’un colorant textile toxique, l’Acide Orange 7. Les performances de ces nouveaux catalyseurs sont comparables à celles des meilleurs systèmes connus. / This thesis focuses on the synthesis of nanostructured composite materials based on polyoxometalates for energy conversion and applications to environmental problems. To achieve these goals, many new compounds of this family of molecular oxides were synthesized and were associated with different nature friendly matrices, in agreement with the main criteria of Green Chemistry. In the field of energy, the new catalysts have proved very effective in important but difficult to achieve reactions, such as producing hydrogen, oxygen reduction or water oxidation. Similarly, among applications to pollution problems, these nanomaterials have shown a strong electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activity for the reduction of nitrogen oxides, bromate and for the photodegradation of a toxic textile dye, Acid Orange 7. The performances of these new catalysts are comparable to those of the best known systems.
|
119 |
Novos tensoativos oxigenados para fluidos supercríticos / Novel oxygenated surfactants for supercritical fluidsSilva, Fernando Luiz Cássio 19 December 2011 (has links)
Dióxido de carbono supercrítico (scCO2) é um solvente pouco eficiente para substâncias polares em geral. Uma maneira interessante de superar esta limitação e explorar todo o seu potencial como solvente verde, possível substituto para os solventes orgânicos voláteis comuns, é a introdução de tensoativos específicos para scCO2 no sistema. No presente trabalho, foram sintetizadas três novas séries de tensoativos oxigenados para scCO2. As moléculas possuem cabeças CO2-fóbicas mono e poli-hidroxiladas, em sua maioria à base de açúcares, e três tipos de cadeias CO2-fílicas, duas delas perfluoradas (-C7F15 e -C9F19) e uma peracetilada (derivada do ácido D-glucônico). Foram investigadas as suas solubilidades e comportamentos de fase em CO2 e em sistemas ternários (água-CO2-tensoativo), bem como a atividade na interface CO2-água. Todos eles dispersaram água em scCO2 com [água] / [tensoativo] (W) igual a 10, exibindo pressões de névoa comparáveis àquelas do sistema \"a seco\". Adicionalmente, os tensoativos reduziram a tensão interfacial CO2-água. O efeito das cabeças CO2-fóbicas e cadeias CO2-fílicas nessa redução pôde ser analisado separadamente. Os resultados dos experimentos de tensão interfacial dinâmica sugerem que tanto a difusão das moléculas da fase contínua para a subinterface, quanto a sua inserção e migração na interface contribuem para o decaimento das tensões interfaciais. / Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is a poor solvent for polar substances in general. An interesting way to overcome this limitation and fulfill its potential as a green solvent, a possible substitute for common volatile organic solvents, is the introduction of scCO2-suitable surfactants in the system. In the present work, three series of novel oxygenated surfactants for scCO2 were synthesized. The amphiphiles contain mono and poly-hydroxylated CO2-phobic heads, most of them sugar-based, as well as three types of CO2-philic tails, two of them perfluorinated (-C7F15 and -C9F19) and one peracetylated (D-gluconic acid derivative). Their solubilities and phase behaviors in CO2 and in ternary systems (water-CO2-surfactant), as well as their activities at the CO2-water interface, were investigated. All of them dispersed water in scCO2- with water-to-surfactant ratio (W) of 10, exhibiting cloud pressures comparable to those of \"dry\" systems. Also, the surfactants reduced the CO2-water interfacial tension. The effect of both the CO2-phobic heads and the CO2-philic tails could be analyzed separately. Dynamic interfacial tension results suggest that both diffusion from bulk CO2 to subinterface and insertion and migration of molecules within the interface contribute to the time-dependent decay of the interfacial tensions.
|
120 |
Desenvolvimento de nanomateriais superparamagnéticos funcionais para uma química sustentável / Developing functional magnetic nanomaterials for a sustainable chemical approachZuin, André 20 June 2011 (has links)
Através do uso de reagentes ambientalmente corretos, foram desenvolvidos métodos mais simples que os tradicionais para obtenção de diversos tipos de nanopartículas de magnetita (MagNP) funcionalizadas. Em todos os casos foi confirmado um comportamento superparamagnético consistente com a presença de monodomínios magnéticos de Fe3O4, com diâmetros médios de partícula inferiores a 100 nm, além de histerese nula acima de 280 K, Tb=90K em H=500 Oe e magnetização de saturação em torno de 90 emu g-1. Os métodos de síntese das MagNP foram conduzidos em solventes derivados do biodiesel de soja/mamona, em substituição ao insumos importados, permitindo uma redução significativa nos custos de produção desse tipo de nanomaterial, e viabilizando sua produção em larga escala. Os nanomateriais foram voltados inicialmente para captura, separação e reciclagem de insumos e produtos químicos, incluindo poluentes, catalisadores e enzimas, utilizando ímãs externos. Os procedimentos desenvolvidos proporcionaram uma alternativa verde para os processos convencionais que fazem uso extensivo de solventes, geram muito descarte, e utilizam processos com alta demanda de energia, como centrifugação, extração por solventes e filtração sob altas pressões. As MagNP foram especialmente projetadas para serem dispersas em diversos meios polares e apolares, de acordo com o tipo de funcionalização química na superfície, utilizando principalmente moléculas orgânicas anfifílicas capazes de se ligar na superfície do Fe3O4 por meio de grupos polares, e com matrizes carbonáceas por meio de interações hidrofóbicas. Dessa forma foram gerados novos nanomateriais superparamagnéticos incorporando diversos tipos de matrizes que foram testadas para a remoção de óleo e de compostos orgânicos responsáveis por odores e cores indesejadas em efluentes industriais, bem como para a captura, transporte, recuperação, análise de espécies metálicas ou orgânicas. Foram testadas janelas ópticas e displays nos quais a intensidade de luz transmitida ou refletida pode ser modulada com ímãs externos. O projeto, financiado pela PETROBRÁS contemplou ainda outras aplicações sigilosas, que foram omitidas desta tese. Seu andamento abriu uma importante janela em prol da sustentabilidade, levando ao início do desenvolvimento no Laboratório, da nanomagneto-hidrometalurgia verde para obtenção e reciclagem de metais estratégicos, e de trabalhos de despoluição magnética de ambientes contaminados. / New routes for low cost production of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MagNP) have been pursued in this Thesis, by employing environmentally compatible chemicals and resources. The nanomaterials exhibited typical superparamagnetic behavior consistent with the presence of magnetic monodomains, revealing no hysteresis above 280 K, Tb = 90 K at H = 500 Oe, and saturation magnetization as high as 90 emu g-1. The synthetic procedures were carried out using biocompatible solvents derived from biodiesel of soybean and Brazilian mamona seeds, leading to substantial reduction of cost for large-scale production. The superparamagnetic nanoparticles were initially designed for capturing, transporting and recycling chemicals or drugs, including pollutants, catalysts and enzymes, using external magnets. They provide a green alternative strategy for conventional processes that make extensive use of solvents, generate too much waste, and proceeds through highly energetic demanding steps such as centrifugation, solvent extraction and high-pressure filtration. In our work, the MagNPs were appropriately modified for working in polar and non-polar media, employing for instance, amphiphilic species for interacting with Fe3O4 using the available polar groups, and also with carbon surfaces by means of hydrophobic interactions. Accordingly, new superparamagnetic nanomaterials incorporating several types of materials carbon based. It was observed that the carbon materials containing 15 to 20% of magnetic nanoparticles could be completely removed from the media with the use of a magnet. In this way, the functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles proved useful for the removal of oil spills and of organic pollutants from industrial processing water, as well as for the capture, removal and recovery of metallic elements and organic species from the effluents. In addition, as a proof of concept, smart windows and displays were elaborated based on the modulation of the transmitted or reflected light by the external magnet. This work was sponsored by PETROBRÁS, and also covered missing, non-authorized aspects involved in two patent applications. Finally, an important consequence to be mentioned is the contribution of this project for launching new chemical routes towards sustainability, such as the development in this Laboratory, of green, magnetic nano-hydrometalurgy for processing and recycling strategic metals, and of the magnetic remediation of polluted environments using the functionalized nanomaterials.
|
Page generated in 0.0353 seconds