Die monoklonale Proliferation maligner Plasmazellen im Knochenmark ist charakteristisch für das multiple Myelom (MM) und kann bei Erkrankten zu Störungen in der Hämatopoese sowie zu Knochenläsionen und Niereninsuffizienz führen. Die Weiterentwicklung und der Einsatz neuer Therapieoptionen konnten das Überleben von MM-Patienten zwar erheblich verbessern, jedoch gilt diese Krankheit weiterhin als unheilbar. Onkogene Mutationen und das Knochenmarkmikromilieu führen in MM-Zellen zur Entstehung eines onkogenen Signalnetzwerks, das das Wachstum und Überleben der Zellen aufrechterhält. Mutationen der GTPase RAS treten bei bis zu 50 % der MM-Patienten auf und tragen zum Überleben von MM-Zellen bei. Trotz der Häufigkeit und Bedeutsamkeit von onkogenem RAS, auch in anderen Tumorentitäten, ist die GTPase nach wie vor therapeutisch nicht angreifbar. Die GTPase RAL aus der Familie der RAS-GTPasen wird als Downstream-Effektor von RAS angesehen, der damit ebenfalls zur Aufrechterhaltung des Tumorzellüberlebens beitragen könnte. In einigen Tumorentitäten konnte bisher gezeigt werden, dass eine Überexpression von RAL in den Tumorzellen vorliegt und die Proliferation und Apoptose von Tumorzellen durch RAL beeinflusst wird. Daher stellte sich die Frage, ob RAL im MM ebenfalls das Überleben von Tumorzellen beeinflusst und ob eine direkte Verbindung zwischen onkogenem RAS und RAL besteht. In dieser Arbeit wurde die funktionelle Rolle von RAL sowie dessen Zusammenhang mit onkogenem RAS im MM untersucht. Hierbei konnte eine Überexpression von RAL in MM-Zellen im Vergleich zu MGUS oder normalen Plasmazellen beobachtet werden. In Knockdown-Analysen wurde gezeigt, dass RAL überlebensnotwendig für MM-Zellen ist. Dabei wurde in Western Blot-Analysen festgestellt, dass diese Überlebenseffekte unabhängig von MAPK/ERK-Signaling vermittelt werden. Es konnte teilweise jedoch eine Abhängigkeit von der AKT-Aktivität beobachtet werden. Da RAL-Knockdown Einfluss auf das Überleben von MM-Zellen hat, wurde eine pharmakologische Inhibition von RAL durch den Inhibitor RBC8 untersucht. RBC8 zeigte in höheren Dosen nur bei einem Teil der MM-Zelllinien eine Wirkung auf das Zellüberleben sowie auf die RAL-Aktivierung. Die Weiterentwicklung potenter RAL-Inhibitoren ist daher für eine klinische Translation einer RAL-Inhibition von großer Bedeutung. Zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen onkogenem RAS und der RAL-Aktivierung wurden RAL-Pulldown-Analysen nach Knockdown von onkogenem RAS durchgeführt. In diesen Experimenten wurde keine Abhängigkeit der RAL-Aktivierung von onkogenem RAS festgestellt. Darüber hinaus zeigten Genexpressionsanalysen nach RAS- bzw. RAL-Knockdown unterschiedliche Genexpressionsprofile. In Massenspektrometrie-Analysen wurden mögliche Effektoren, die mit RAL an der Beeinflussung des Zellüberlebens beteiligt sein könnten, untersucht. Hierbei wurden die Komponenten des Exozyst-Komplexes EXO84 und SEC5 als Interaktionspartner von RAL identifiziert. Nachdem gezeigt wurde, dass RAL ausschlaggebend für das Überleben von MM-Zellen ist, wurde eine Kombination von RAL-Knockdown mit klinisch relevanten Wirkstoffen analysiert. Diese zeigte bei der Kombination mit PI3K oder AKT-Inhibitoren verstärkte Effekte auf das Zellüberleben der MM-Zellen. Zusammenfassend wurde die Bedeutung von RAL für das Überleben von Tumorzellen im MM gezeigt und RAL als potentielles therapeutisches Target im MM beschrieben, welches unabhängig von onkogenem RAS reguliert wird. / Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic neoplasia which is characterized by monoclonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow leading to hematopoetic failure, bone lesions and renal failure. Although continuous development of existing therapeutics and new therapeutic options vastly improved MM patient survival, MM still remains an incurable disease. Oncogenic mutations and the bone marrow microenvironment contribute to a signaling network which sustains MM cell proliferation and survival. Within this network mutations of the RAS oncogene account for up to 50 % of MM patients. Despite its prevalence and importance not only in MM, RAS still remains undruggable. The GTPase-family Member RAL is considered as a RAS effector which might also influence maintainance of tumor cell survival. In several tumor entities RAL is overexpressed in tumor cells and influences proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, in MM RAL might also be controlled by oncogenic RAS and mediate cell survival of tumor cells. In this work, RAL’s functional role as well as the potential interconnection with oncogenic RAS was investigated. In MM cells RAL is ovexpressed compared to non-malignant MGUS or plasma cells. Knockdown analyses showed that RAL is essential for MM cell survival. These survival effects are transferred independently of MAPK/ERK signaling as shown by Western Blot analysis. However, to some extent RAL influenced MM cell survival dependently of AKT activity. Because RAL knockdown had a significant effect on MM cell survival a pharmacological inhibition was tested using the inhibitor RBC8. In a portion of MM cell lines RBC8 exerts effects on cell survival. But the effects of RBC8 on RAL activation were only visible at higher concentrations as shown by pulldown assays. Thus, subsequent development of potent RAL inhibitors is of major importance for clinical translation. To investigate whether RAL is directly activated by oncogenic RAS, RAL pulldown assays were performed after knockdown of oncogenic RAS. Strikingly, there was no direct connection between the presence of oncogenic RAS and RAL activation. Furthermore, gene expression profiles after RAS or RAL knockdown showed differing expression signatures. Potential effectors of RAL which might also influence MM cell survival were investigated in mass spectrometric analyses where the exocyst complex components EXO84 and SEC5 were identified as RAL interaction partners. Since RAL is of importance for MM cell survival, RAL knockdown was combined with clinically relevant agents. There was an enhanced induction of apoptosis upon combination of PI3K or AKT inhibitors with RAL knockdown. Taken together, the influence of RAL as a crucial mediator of MM cell survival was shown in this work. Therefore, RAL represents a potential therapeutic target which is regulated independently of oncogenic RAS.

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Yes / It has been shown previously that cancer cells with an activated oncogenic pathway, including Met activation, require Ran for growth and survival. Here, we show that knockdown of Ran leads to a reduction of Met receptor expression in several breast and lung cancer cell lines. This, in turn suppressed HGF expression and the Met-mediated activation of the Akt pathway, as well as cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. In a cell line model where Met amplification has previously been shown to contribute to gefitinib resistance, Ran knockdown sensitized cells to gefitinib-mediated inhibition of Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and consequently reduced cell proliferation. We further demonstrate that Met reductionmediated by knockdown of Ran, occurs at the post-transcriptional level, probably via a matrix metalloproteinase. Moreover, the level of immunoreactive Ran and Met are positively associated in human breast cancer specimens, suggesting that a high level of Ran may be a prerequisite for Met overexpression. Interestingly, a high level of immunoreactive Ran dictates the prognostic significance of Met, indicating that the co-overexpression of Met and Ran may be associated with cancer progression and could be used in combination as a prognostic indicator. / The authors would like to thank Cancer Research UK for the post-doctoral fellowship to H.F.Y.

Orientadores: Nilson Ivo Tonin Zanchin, Beatriz Gomes Guimaraes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T09:39:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scapin_SandraMaraNaressi_D.pdf: 11335048 bytes, checksum: 153f9eea9142fb7f3cb17de59a608da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As GTPases da família Rab regulam o transporte intracelular de vesículas em eucariotos. Cada Rab atua em uma via de transporte específica e seu mecanismo de ação se dá através da realização de um ciclo de ligação e hidrólise de GTP. Neste trabalho, foi determinada a estrutura cristalográfica das formas inativa (ligada a GDP) e ativa (ligada a GppNHp) da GTPase Rab11b, um membro da subfamília Rab11 que está envolvida na reciclagem de proteínas dos endossomos para a membrana plasmática, no tráfego de vesículas da rede trans-Golgi para a membrana plasmática e na fagocitose. Os resultados foram confrontados com os dados estruturais da Rab11a descritos anteriormente. A Rab11b inativa cristalizou como um monômero, o que gera conflitos a respeito da formação de dímeros funcionais pela Rab11a. A Rab11b e a Rab11a ativas divergiram em relação à posição e à interação da serina 20, que é importante na hidrólise de GTP, mas apresentaram taxas hidrolíticas semelhantes in vitro. Visando uma investigação mais ampla da família Rab, a GTPase Rab21 também foi cristalizada, mas os cristais difrataram até 2.90 Å de resolução. Ensaios de desnaturação térmica revelaram que a Rab21 é estruturalmente mais instável do que a Rab11, talvez pela presença de cisteínas que estão susceptíveis à oxidação, contribuindo para a agregação e precipitação da proteína. A Rab11 é bastante estável, e possivelmente forma estruturas do tipo beta-amilóide em altas temperaturas. Este trabalho envolveu também o estudo funcional da interação entre a proteína TIP41 humana (TIPRL) e o fator de transcrição MafB. A TIPRL é uma proteína conservada que foi identificada como uma ativadora de MAP quinases enquanto sua homóloga em levedura foi caracterizada como um antagonista da via de sinalização da quinase TOR que regula o crescimento celular. A MafB está envolvida no controle transcricional em diversos processos de desenvolvimento, mas seus reguladores ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. A interação direta entre a TIPRL e a MafB inteira, ou seu domínio bZIP isolado, foi confirmada através de ensaios de ligação in vitro. As proteínas co-localizaram no núcleo de células HEK293 e nossos resultados preliminares mostram que a TIPRL inibe a atividade transcricional da MafB in vivo, embora apenas interfira na ligação in vitro do domínio bZIP da MafB ao seu DNA-alvo mediante a estabilização do complexo TIPRL-bZIP. A TIPRL pode, portanto, constituir um novo regulador da atividade de MafB / Abstract: GTPases of the Rab family are responsible for the intracellular transport of vesicles. Each family member acts on a specific transport pathway and their function is regulated by GTP binding and hydrolysis, cycling between inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) forms. In this work, we describe the crystal structure of inactive and active forms of the GTPase Rab11b, a member of the Rab11 subfamily which is involved in recycling of proteins from endosomes to the plasma membrane, in polarized transport in epithelial cells, in the transport of molecules of the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane and in phagocytosis. The Rab11b structure showed several differences from the Rab11a isoform previously described. Inactive Rab11b crystallized as a monomer, contradicting the hypothesis about functional dimers formed by Rab11a. Active Rab11b differ from Rab11a relative to the position of the serine 20 sidechain, which is involved in GTP hydrolysis, although both GTPases show similar GTP hydrolysis rates in vitro. In order to obtain structural information on Rab GTPases, Rab21 was also crystallized, but the crystals diffracted to a relatively low resolution (2.90 Å). Rab21 is a cysteine rich protein, showing a higher instability relative to Rab11b. Thermal unfolding followed by circular dicroism confirmed this hypothesis. Both Rab11b and Rab11a show a relatively high thermal stability and circular dicroism analysis indicate that they undergo conversion to structures rich in beta-strands upon thermal denaturation. This work includes also studies on the function of TIPRL in regard to its interaction with the transcription factor MafB. TIPRL is a conserved human protein identified as an activator of MAP kinases whereas its yeast counterpart Tip41 functions as an antagonist of the TOR kinase pathway. MafB is a large member of the Maf family of bZIP transcription factors controlling developmental processes in vertebrates. Regulation of MafB is critical, for example, during erythroid differentiation. A direct interaction between TIPRL and full length MafB and the bZIP domain of MafB was confirmed by in vitro interaction assays. TIPRL is localized throughout the whole cell and overlaps with MafB in the nucleus of HEK293 cells. Preliminary assays showed that TIPRL inhibits transcriptional activation mediated by MafB in HEK293 cells, although MafB shows a higher binding affinity to its target DNA relative to TIPRL in vitro. This evidence indicates that TIPRL may control MafB activity in vivo / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Orientador: Nicola Amanda Conran Zorzetto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_AngelicaAparecidaAntoniellis_M.pdf: 1268408 bytes, checksum: 22c750391706cfa07cb1fd66d9e8a9c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Durante a resposta inflamatória, os neutrófilos e outros leucócitos aderem ao endotélio, deixando os vasos sanguíneos e movimentando-se ativamente em direção ao foco inflamatório. A migração dos neutrófilos para sítios inflamatórios depende de uma série de eventos adesivos e quimiotáticos, resultantes da ativação de moléculas de adesão como as selectinas e integrinas e receptores de quimiocinas. Devido às suas propriedades, os neutrófilos podem ser ativados por proteínas de sinalização intracelular, as Rho GTPases, que auxiliam os neutrófilos a desempenhar esta função por interferirem em mudanças no citoesqueleto. Estas proteínas também estão envolvidas na adesão e proliferação celular. Os neutrófilos são capazes de sintetizar óxido nítrico (NO), sendo que esta produção de NO é um importante componente da resposta imune inata durante a inflamação. Estudos demonstraram que os neutrófilos têm papel indutor na geração de inflamação e esforços visando compreender o mecanismo adesivo destas células nos processos inflamatórios podem ser um ponto chave para intervenções farmacológicas em doenças que são caracterizadas por inflamação vascular com consequente obstrução de fluxo sanguíneo. Diante disso, este estudo objetivou avaliar o papel da via do NO e das Rho GTPases no mecanismo pelo qual os estímulos inflamatórios aumentam a adesão de neutrófilos. Também foi avaliado os efeitos da sinvastatina na modulação das propriedades adesivas de neutrófilos, como ferramenta para auxiliar no estudo do envolvimento das Rho GTPases, Rac1 e RhoA, no processo adesivo destas células. Este mecanismo foi estudado a partir de neutrófilos isolados do sangue periférico por ensaios de adesão estática e em fluxo e citometria de fluxo. Além disso, foi analisada a expressão gênica das Rho GTPases, Rac1 e RhoA, através de PCR em tempo real. Sob potente estímulo de TNF-?, as propriedades adesivas dos neutrófilos aumentam significativamente. Inibidores de NO sintase e doadores de NO não alteraram as propriedades adesivas de neutrófilos quando estimulados com TNF-?. Não observamos grande diferença quanto à adesão e expressão das moléculas de adesão na superfície dos neutrófilos usando inibidor de Rac1, porém o composto Y-27632, inibidor de ROCK (Rho-associated coiled coil forming protein serine/threonine kinase), proteína efetora de RhoA, mostrou aumentar a adesão dos neutrófilos sob condições basais. O uso da sinvastatina modulou as propriedades adesivas e a expressão de Mac-1 nos neutrófilos na presença de um estímulo inflamatório, apoiando evidências de seu uso como anti-inflamatório. Em destaque foi observado que o Y-27632 reverteu o efeito da sinvastatina sob estímulo de TNF-? e que o mevalonato e os isoprenóides intermediários da via do colesterol, GGPP e FPP, não foram capazes de reverter o efeito da sinvastatina. Dados indicam que a via de sinalização dependente em NO-GMPc aparentemente não modula as propriedades adesivas dos neutrófilos sob condições inflamatórias. Por outro lado, resultados indicam que as Rho GTPases parecem estar envolvidas na regulação das propriedades adesivas dos neutrófilos sob condições inflamatórias. O envolvimento de ROCK na adesão celular ainda não está completamente compreendido, mas de acordo com nossos resultados podemos sugerir a hipótese de que esta enzima efetora tenha um papel na inducão de adesão dos neutrófilos na presença de um estímulo inflamatório. A sinvastatina foi capaz de inibir as propriedades adesivas de neutrófilos quando ativados indicando mais uma utilidade desta classe de drogas no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias. O papel das Rho GTPases nas propriedades adesivas dos neutrófilos sob condições inflamatórios ainda precisa ser melhor elucidado / Abstract: During the inflammatory response, neutrophils and other leukocytes adhere to the endothelium leaving the blood vessels and actively moving towards the inflammatory focus. The migration of neutrophils to inflammatory sites depends on a variety of chemotactic and adhesive events resulting from the activation of adhesion molecules such as selectins and integrins and chemokine receptors. Due to its properties, neutrophils may be activated by small intracellular signaling proteins, the Rho GTPases, which help neutrophils to fulfill this function by interfering in cytoskeletal changes. These proteins are also involved in cell adhesion and proliferation. The neutrophils are able to synthesize nitric oxide (NO), and this production of NO is an important component of innate immunity during inflammation. Studies have shown that neutrophils play a role in inducing inflammation and generation of efforts to understand the adhesive mechanism exerted by neutrophils in inflammatory processes may be a key point for pharmacological interventions for diseases that are characterized by vascular inflammation with consequent obstruction of blood flow. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the role of the NO pathway and the Rho GTPases in the mechanism by which inflammatory stimuli increases neutrophil adhesion. We also assessed the effects of simvastatin on neutrophil adhesive properties as a tool to aid in studying the involvement of Rho GTPases, RhoA and Rac1 in these mechansims. Neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood and aspects of adhesion studied by static and flow adhesion assays as well as flow cytometry. In addition, we analyzed the gene expression of Rho GTPases, Rac1 and RhoA by real time - PCR. Following a strong stimulation with TNF-?, the adhesive properties of neutrophils increase significantly. NO synthase inhibitors and NO donors did not modify the adhesive properties of neutrophils when stimulated with TNF-?. We did not observe any significant differences in the adhesion of neutrophils and the expression of adhesion molecules on their surface in the presence of a Rac1 inhibitor. However, an inhibitor of ROCK (Rho-associated coiled coil forming protein serine/threonine kinase, an efector protin for the RhoA), Y-27632, was shown to increase the adhesion of neutrophils under basal conditions. The use of simvastatin decreased adhesive properties and modulated the expression of Mac-1 of neutrophils in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus, supporting the use of this class of drugs as anti-inflammatory agents. Importantly, the attenuating effects of simvastatin on TNF-? stimulated neutrophil adhesion were reversed by Y-27632, whereas the cholesterol pathway intermediates, mevalonate, and the isoprenoids, GGPP FPP, were unable to reverse the effects of this drug. Data indicate that the NO-cGMP signaling pathway does not appear to modulate the adhesive properties of neutrophils under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, results suggest that Rho GTPases may be involved in the regulat ion of the adhesive properties of neutrophils. The involvement of ROCK in cellular adhesion is not yet fully understood but, according to our findings, it may be hypothesized that this protein effector has a role in the induction of neutrophil adhesion. Simvastatin was able to inhibit the adhesive properties of neutrophils when activated, indicating another use of this class of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The role of Rho GTPases in the adhesive properties of neutrophils under inflammatory conditions should be further elucidated / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

The function of GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) in diverse intracellular pathways depends on their ability to switch between two forms, a GDP-bound (inactive) form and a GTP bound (active) form in a highly regulated GTPase cycle. The inactivation step of this cycle is regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) which increase the intrinsic rate of hydrolysis of bound GTP; the activation step is regulated by a diverse family of GDP/GTP exchange factors (GEFs). A unique model system, which consists of the 13 kDa GEF Mss4 and the monomeric G protein Rab3A involved in presynaptic neurotransmission, was chosen to study the mechanism of G-protein regulation. Structure of Rab3A at high resolution The 2.0 Å crystal structure of Rab3A, bound to a non-hydrolyzable GTP-analog (GppNHp), enables a detailed description of the structural determinants that stabilize the active conformation and regulate GTPase activity within the Rab family. Although the overall structure is similar to that of GppNHp-bound Ras and other GTPases, localized but significant differences are observed in the vicinity of the conformational switch regions and the α3/β5 loop. The active conformation is stabilized primarily by extensive hydrophobic contacts between the switch I and II regions. Novel interactions with the γ phosphate, mediated by serine residues in the P-loop and switch I region, impose stereochemical constraints on the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis and provide a structural explanation for the broad range of GTPase activities within the Rab family. Residues implicated in interactions with effectors and regulatory factors map to a common face of the protein. The asymmetric distribution of charged and non-polar residues suggests a plausible orientation with respect to vesicle membranes that would position predominantly hydrophobic surfaces to interact with membrane-associated effectors and regulatory factors. Thus, the structure of Rab3A establishes a framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of Rab proteins in vesicle trafficking. High resolution structure of Mss4 and structure-based mutagenesis Activation of monomeric Rab GTPases, which function as ubiquitous regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, requires the catalytic action of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Mss4, an evolutionarily conserved Rab exchange factor, promotes nucleotide release from exocytic but not endocytic Rab GTPases. Chapter III describes the results of a high resolution crystallographic and mutational analysis of Mss4. The 1.65 Å crystal structure of Mss4 reveals a network of direct and water mediated interactions that stabilize a partially exposed structural sub-domain derived from four highly conserved but non-consecutive sequence elements. The conserved sub-domain contains the invariant cysteine residues required for Zn2+ binding as well as the residues implicated in the interaction with Rab GTPases. A strictly conserved DΦΦ motif, consisting of an invariant aspartic acid residue (Asp73) followed by two bulky hydrophobic residues (Met74 and Phe75), encodes a prominently exposed 310 helical turn in which the backbone is well ordered but the side chains of the conserved residues are highly exposed and do not engage in intramolecular interactions. Substitution of any of these residues with alariine dramatically impairs exchange activity towards Rab3A, indicating that the DΦΦ motif is a critical element of the exchange machinery. In particular, mutation of Phe75 results in a defect as severe as that observed for mutation of Asp96, which is located near the zinc binding site at the opposite end of Rab interaction epitope. Despite severe defects, however, none of the mutant proteins is catalytically dead. Taken together, the results suggest a concerted mechanism in which distal elements of the conserved Rab interaction epitope cooperatively facilitate GDP release. The basis for selective recognition of exocytic Rab family GTPases by Mss4 Rab3A is involved in Ca2+ -dependent exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Mss4, an evolutionarily conserved Rab exchange factor, promotes nucleotide release from exocytic RabGTPase (Rab1, Rab3A, Rab8, and Rab10, Sec4 and Ypt1) but not endocytic Rab GTPases (Rab2, Rab4, Rab5, Rab6, Rab9 and Rab11). To understand the basis for selective recognition of exocytic Rab family GTPases by Mss4, a structure based mutagenesis study of Rab3A was conducted. Three residues in Rab3A (Phe51, Val61 and Thr89) were found to be critical for interaction with Mss4. Phe51 is located at the N- terminus of the switch region, adjacent to the Mg2+ and nucleotide binding site. Val61 in the β2 strand and Thr89 in the switch II region flank a triad of hydrophobic residues that is conserved in the Rab family. These residues comprise critical determinants underlying the broad specificity of Mss4 for exocytic Rab family proteins. In addition to determining the high resolution crystal structures of Rab3A and Mss4, the experiments described above identify critical structural determinants for the exchange activity of Mss4 and provide insight into the selective recognition of Mss4 by exocytic Rab GTPases.

A síndrome de McCune Albrigth (SMA) é uma doença genética não hereditária, com incidência estimada entre 1/100.000 e 1/1.000.000 casos/ano. A SMA caracteriza-se clinicamente pela tríade: displasia óssea fibrosa (FD), manchas cutâneas café-com-leite e hiperfunção endócrina tais como: síndrome de Cushing, pseudo-puberdade precoce, hipertiroidismo, acromegalia. O diagnóstico da SMA clássica é usualmente baseado no quadro clínico associado a dosagens hormonais e exames de imagem, principalmente cintilografia do esqueleto. No entanto, quadros atípicos e formas parciais muitas vezes dificultam o diagnóstico preciso da síndrome. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar dentre as técnicas de PNA (peptide nucleic acid) e PCT em Tempo Real, para a detecção de polimorfismos de base única (SNPs), a técnica mais sensível para a discriminação das mutações ativadoras da subunidade da proteína G. Para este estudo foram selecionados 32 pacientes, 1 masculino e 31 femininos, com SMA, todos em seguimento no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. Como resultado positivo, apresentamos nesse trabalho pela primeira vez o uso do RT-PCR genotipagem na detecção das mutações ativadoras da proteína G, em DNA extraído de tecidos afetados e em leucócitos de sangue periférico, sendo a técnica considerada sensível o suficiente para discriminar de forma simples e rápida as mutações ativadoras da PGs. Sugerimos nesse estudo o uso da técnica de discriminação alélica pelo sistema Taqman. Essa técnica possibilita a detecção destas mutações gsp no sangue periférico mesmo numa baixa porcentagem, uma vez que nem sempre o tecido afetado (gônada, osso, hipófise) é disponível. / The McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a genetic disease, with incidence estimated at 1/100.000 and 1/1000000 cases per year. MAS is clinically characterized by the triad: bone fibrous dysplasia (FD) café-au-lait skin spots and endocrine hyperfunction, such as: precocious puberty (PP), Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism and acromegaly. The diagnosis of MAS is originally based on clinical characteristics associated with hormonal and imaging studies. However, atypical and partial forms often hamper the accurate diagnosis of the syndrome. For this study we selected 32 patients, 1male and 31 females, all being treated in Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo. As a positive result, we showed for the first time the use of Real Time PCR/genotyping for the detection of activating mutations of the stimulatory G protein, using blood leucocytes DNA. This technique was sensible and can bring fast results for the patient and the physician, making the diagnosis easier. Our study proposes the use of allelic discrimination by Taqman system, which can be used as a probe that allows the identification of specific genotypes. These techniques could help detect these mutations in peripheral blood when the affected tissue is not available.

Os tumores hipofisários representam cerca de 10% a 15% das neoplasias intracranianas. Embora a etiopatogenia ainda não seja plenamente caracterizada, muitos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na tumorigênese hipofisária já foram desvendados. Utilizandose da metodologia de arranjos de cDNA contendo aproximadamente 20.000 genes, nosso grupo recentemente comparou a expressão de duas condições distintas: um pool de quatro adenomas hipofisários clinicamente não funcionantes e a metástase de um carcinoma hipofisário não funcionante. Vários genes mostraram-se diferencialmente expressos, entre eles, CRABP1 (cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1), CRABP2 (cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2), GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) e RERG (RAS-like, estrogen-regulated, growth inhibitor). Este estudo visou avaliar a expressão desses quatro genes em uma série de 59 adenomas hipofisários (30 adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes, 13 somatotrofinomas, 8 corticotrofinomas e 8 prolactinomas), comparando cada grupo tumoral com um conjunto de tecidos hipofisários normais. Enquanto os prolactinomas demonstraram expressão reduzida do RNAm dos genes CRABP1 e CRABP2 quando comparados ao grupo de tecidos normais, os somatotrofinomas apresentaram expressão reduzida apenas do RNAm de CRABP2. Os adenomas clinicamente não funcionantes, por sua vez, demonstraram menor expressão do RNAm de GRP e maior expressão do RNAm de RERG quando comparados ao grupo de hipófises normais. Portanto, observou-se que tanto o gene CRABP1 quanto os genes CRABP2, GRP e RERG apresentaram diferenças na expressão do transcrito entre os grupos de adenomas de hipófise, contudo, seu papel na tumorigênese hipofisária permanece a ser investigado. / Pituitary tumors account for approximately 10%-15% of the intracranial neoplasms. Although the pathogenesis is not fully characterized, many molecular mechanisms involved in pituitary tumorigenesis have been unraveled. Using the methodology of cDNA microarray containing approximately 20000 genes, our group recently compared the expression of two distinct conditions: a pool of four clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and a spinal cord metastasis of a nonfunctioning pituitary carcinoma. Several genes were shown to be differentially expressed, among them, CRABP1 (cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1), CRABP2 (cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2), GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) and RERG (RAS-like, estrogen-regulated, growth inhibitor). This study aimed to evaluate the expression of these four genes in a series of 59 pituitary adenomas (30 nonfunctioning, 13 GH-secreting, 8 ACTH-secreting and 8 PRL-secreting adenomas), comparing each tumor group with a set of normal pituitary tissues. While PRL-secreting adenomas showed lower expression of CRABP1 and CRABP2 mRNA when compared with normal tissues, GH-secreting adenomas had only lower expression of CRABP2 mRNA. Clinically nonfunctioning adenomas showed lower expression of GRP mRNA and higher expression of RERG mRNA when compared with the normal pituitary glands. Therefore, it was observed that not only the CRABP1 gene but also the CRABP2, GRP and RERG genes showed differences in transcript expression between the groups of pituitary adenomas. However, their role in pituitary tumorigenesis remains to be investigated.