La sécurité juridique recherchée par le droit OHADA à travers les actes uniformes est mise à rude épreuve. Dans le recouvrement des créances, matière qui fait partie du droit des affaires tel que défini par le Traité de Port Louis, la protection des personnes garantes et l’imparfaite adéquation des sûretés réelles, n’assurent pas aux créanciers une situation confortable dans la prévention de l’impayé. En outre, les défauts substantiels du droit et la grande considération de la personne du débiteur soit par des mesures compassionnelles, soit par des considérations tirées de l’intérêt général, s’ajoutent aux obstacles matériels pour conduire les procédures individuelles d’exécution sur les voies de l’ineffectivité. Par ailleurs, et alors qu’elles ont fait l’objet d’une récente réforme saluée par les praticiens, les procédures collectives restent handicapées par une inconséquente gestion du temps. Toutefois, en repensant la théorie des garanties personnelles et en prenant en compte la situation des créanciers modestes d’une part, et en réduisant les obstacles juridiques tout en opérant une meilleure intégration du titre exécutoire d’autre part, le droit OHADA du recouvrement des créances pourrait entrevoir des lendemains meilleurs. C’est tout l’objet de la présente étude qui appelle à une refonte d’envergure de la doctrine de la protection de la personne du débiteur. / The OHADA law on juridical security through uniform acts has seriously been tested. Notably in the matter of debts recovery, which is part of the business law as defined by the Port Louis Treaty. The guarantors’ protection as well as the imperfect adequacy of the real securities, do not guarantee the creditors a comfortable position in regards to liabilities. Moreover, the numerous deficiencies of the law and the interest shown to the borrower through compassionate measures or by considerations of each party’s general interest, are also issues that are added to the already existing material obstacles that are hindering the execution of individual enforcement proceedings. Moreover, and while they have been the subject of a recent reform praised by practitioners, collective procedures remain ineffective due to an inconsistent time management. However, by reorganizing the theory of personal guarantees and taking into account the situation of small creditors on the one hand, and the reduction of legal obstacles and a better integration of the enforcement order on the other hand, the OHADA law on debt recovery could know a better future. This is the focus of this study which calls for a major overhaul of the debtor's protection doctrine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Cristina Elias Araujo.pdf: 2063172 bytes, checksum: 3eefdd75e87d5d3b18006181fa535c62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-19 / With the increase of the international transactions in the period after Second World War and with the globalization of economies, the international commerce players started to make more frequently use of the banking guarantees. The commercial practice demanded net and safe guarantees and ended up creating a modality of guarantee in which the obligation entailed between the bank and the beneficiary is autonomous in relation to the other obligations existing between the debtor (applicant) and the beneficiary and the one existing between the applicant and the bank. The autonomous banking guarantee has legal nature of contract sui generis, as it arises from the legal principles of autonomy of the will of the parties and freedom to contract, being also possible to characterize it as an atypical guarantee. This study presents an overview of the autonomous banking guarantees, as it is presented in the contemporary commercial practice and analyses the obligation relations involved in the issuance, from simple to complex structures. In the absence of specific legislation in the majority of the countries, the jurisprudence plays a very important role to the comprehension and study of these guarantees. Despite the ruling efforts of the International Chamber of Commerce and Unidroit to regulate the subject, it is the tribunals that will limit the use and applicability of the banking guarantees, as well as the autonomy in case of manifest abuse and fraud / Com a intensificação das transações internacionais no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial e com a globalização de economias, os agentes do comércio internacional passaram a fazer uso cada vez mais freqüente de garantias bancárias. A prática comercial passou a exigir garantias mais líquidas e seguras e acabou por criar uma modalidade de garantia na qual a vinculação obrigacional entre o banco e o beneficiário é autônoma em relação aos demais vínculos obrigacionais constituídos entre o devedor (ordenador) e o beneficiário e entre o devedor (ordenador) e o banco. A garantia bancária autônoma tem natureza jurídica de contrato sui generis, pois decorre dos princípios jurídicos da autonomia da vontade das partes e da liberdade contratual, podendo ser caracterizada como uma garantia atípica. O presente estudo dá uma visão geral das garantias bancárias autônomas, tal como ela se mostra na prática comercial contemporânea, e analisa as relações obrigacionais envolvidas em sua emissão, a partir de estruturas simples e complexas. Na ausência de legislação específica na maior parte dos países, a jurisprudência desempenha um papel de suma importância para a compreensão e para o estudo dessas garantias. Não obstante o esforço normativo da Câmara de Comércio Internacional e da Unidroit para regular a matéria, são os tribunais que vão delimitar o uso e a aplicação da garantia bancária, bem como a autonomia em caso de abuso manifesto ou fraude

Este trabalho objetivou discutir as interações entre serviços de acolhimento e famílias de crianças e adolescentes em medida de acolhimento por negligência. Está organizado em quatro capítulos e no formato de artigos. O Capítulo I consiste em uma introdução ao tema dos serviços de acolhimento para crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, os avanços ao longo dos anos e desafios atuais. Traz uma perspectiva geral e histórica sobre o tema infância e adolescência no Brasil relacionada à violência e as medidas protetivas associadas. O Capítulo II relata uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada à luz da Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano, com base na inserção ecológica e com análise de dados pela Grounded Theory. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com duas famílias com crianças e adolescentes recolhidas em serviços de acolhimento de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse capítulo está descrito todo o processo de pesquisa, desde a inserção nas instituições até a análise dos dados, integrando os resultados da pesquisa, as teorias, as leis e as discussões acerca do tema. O Capítulo III discute o acompanhamento das famílias das crianças e adolescentes em serviços de acolhimento dentro do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos de Crianças e Adolescentes no Brasil. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da legislação e literatura acerca do trabalho articulado com as famílias, embasada especialmente na legislação vigente, nas orientações técnicas dos diversos serviços e políticas públicas brasileiras e na experiência das pesquisadoras. É um capítulo teórico, mas com enfoque e objetivo de contribuir com a prática do acompanhamento das famílias. O Capítulo IV integra e sintetiza as discussões anteriores, de modo a apresentar algumas considerações acerca dos serviços de acolhimento, da interação entre família e instituição, assim como do acompanhamento familiar no Sistema de Garantia de Direitos. / This study aimed to discuss the interactions between foster care and families of children and adolescents in shelter for negligence. It is organized into four chapters. The First Chapter is a introduce about foster care in Brazil, the advances and current challenges. It show an overview and historical perspective about childhood and adolescence in Brazil, violence and protective measures. The Second Chapter report a qualitative research conducted from Bioecological Theory of Human Development, ecological insertion and data analysis by the Grounded Theory. This research was conducted with two families with children and adolescents in foster care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. This chapter describes the research process, the analyze the data, integrating the results of the research, theories, laws and discussions about the subject. The Third Chapter discuss the the monitoring of families of children and adolescents in foster care into the Children's and Adolescents Rights Guarantee System in Brazil. This is a narrative review of the legislation and literature about the work with families, based in the current legislation, the technical guidance and Brazilian public policies. It’s a theoretical chapter, but the goal is contribute with the monitoring of families of children and adolescents in foster care. The Chapter IV integrates and summarizes previous discussions, in order to present some considerations about the care services, the interaction between family and institution, as well as family monitoring the Rights Guarantee System.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-18T19:03:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gilceli Chagas Moura.pdf: 1944492 bytes, checksum: f87dd5a1ce949dd59694d76b9de5e370 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-18T19:03:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Gilceli Chagas Moura.pdf: 1944492 bytes, checksum: f87dd5a1ce949dd59694d76b9de5e370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-09 / The present dissertation proposed the analysis of the student's aid program implementation in the Federal Institute of Amapa (IFAP), at Campus Macapa, and its contributions to the permanence and successful exit of professional education students. It aimed to describe the Student Aid Policy adopted in the institution; as well analyze, the perception of students and managers regarding the Student Aid Policy execution, and propose measures that enhance the performance of this policy. To achieve this purpose, we did a documentary research using the qualitative approach. The first step of the study consisted of theoretical reflections, through bibliographic review addressing the concept/definitions of essential terms that substantiate the goals of student's aid; to establish the context to the history of social rights from industrial revolution to present days, based also in current legislation. The next step was to gather information about the institution installation process; the student's aid program implementation and how the policy is being handled. In order to do that, we used as research instruments the documents available at the website, such as the Institutional Development Program (PDI) and public notice, the promotional material available to the students and budget sheets. For the third step, 20% of the students of technical education covered by the aid program responded a survey, which represented 39 students. The survey questionnaire consisted of open and closed-ended questions. Also, semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering, with the people responsible for the establishment of the aid policy in the IFAP. The results reveal that the profile of the students covered by the aid program consists mostly of black women; coming from families with low level of education; composed by 6 people that survive with an income per capita of up to half minimum wage and excluded from the government aid programs. Another fact observed was the contribution of the aid program for the students to continue their professional education, according to the results, although there are actions that aim to guarantee the stay and successful outcome of the students, the policy doesn't fully accomplish its goals, cause there is no section responsible for monitoring the students at the Dean. Aside from the lack of specific regulations, the lack of evaluation mechanisms and the small number of servants to carry out the program, which ends up in a simple cash transfer program. / A presente disserta??o se prop?s a analisar o processo de implementa??o do programa de assist?ncia estudantil do Instituto Federal do Amap? (IFAP) no Campus Macap? e suas contribui??es para a perman?ncia e a sa?da com ?xito dos estudantes na educa??o profissional. Buscou-se descrever a Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Estudantil ora adotada; bem como analisar, frente a esse modelo de refer?ncia, a percep??o dos estudantes e dos gestores quanto ? execu??o da Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Estudantil e assim propor medidas que possibilitem melhor desempenho na implementa??o dessa pol?tica na Institui??o. Para isso, utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa realizando-se pesquisa documental. A primeira etapa do estudo constituiu-se inicialmente de reflex?es te?ricas, atrav?s de revis?o bibliogr?fica abordando os conceitos/defini??es de termos essenciais que fundamentam o objetivo-fim da assist?ncia estudantil; contextualizou ainda, o percurso da garantia dos direitos sociais desde a revolu??o industrial at? os dias atuais, embasada tamb?m nas legisla??es existentes. No segundo momento, foram levantadas informa??es acerca da implanta??o da Institui??o; da implementa??o do Programa de Assist?ncia Estudantil e como hoje esta pol?tica est? sendo executada, para tal objetivo foi necess?rio utilizar como instrumentos de pesquisa o PDI, editais, a coleta de materiais informativos dispon?veis na p?gina eletr?nica e dos materiais impressos de divulga??o, disponibilizados para os alunos e planilhas or?ament?ria. Para a terceira etapa, preferiu-se a aplica??o de question?rio a 20 % dos alunos do ensino t?cnico contemplados no PAE, correspondente a 39 alunos, o referido instrumento constou de perguntas abertas e fechadas. Ainda como coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas com perguntas semiestruturadas aos atores no processo de implanta??o e operacionaliza??o do PNAES no IFAP. Os resultados revelaram que o perfil dos discentes usu?rios da assist?ncia estudantil ? caracterizado em sua maioria de mulheres; pardas, oriundas de fam?lias com baixo grau de escolaridade; composta por at? 6 pessoas as quais sobrevivem com uma renda per capita familiar de at? meio sal?rio m?nimo e exclu?das de programas governamentais. Outro dado constatado diz respeito sobre a sua contribui??o para o a perman?ncia dos estudantes na educa??o profissional, onde a pesquisa revelou que embora ocorra as a??es com vista a garantir tal perman?ncia e a sa?da exitosa, a referida pol?tica n?o consegue efetivar seus objetivos, tendo em vista que n?o ocorre um acompanhamento real dos usu?rios dos servi?os, pois a inexist?ncia um setor respons?vel no ?mbito de Reitoria; a inexist?ncia de uma regulamenta??o pr?pria; a falta de mecanismos de avalia??o e o escasso n?mero de servidores para realizar os servi?os, acaba resumindo as a??es do PAE num processo de transfer?ncia de renda.

This dissertation studies the effects of credit availability on firm-level outcomes using a new matched employer-employee panel of Chilean firms that also includes firm-bank lending and tax data. In Chapter I, using a natural experiment and a differences in differences approach, I show that firms that experienced a positive credit supply shock during the 2008-09 recession in Chile, exhibit higher labor productivity four years after the shock, even after aggregate demand and credit supply have fully recovered. Chapter II presents evidence consistent with the hypothesis that at least part of the productivity improvement is due to an increased ability of firms with access to credit to adjust labor during the recession. In particular, I find that these firms exhibit larger worker flows and use credit to adjust employment by churning more workers. Chapter III studies a government partial credit guarantee scheme for bank loans to small and medium sized enterprises using a regression discontinuity design around the threshold for eligibility. I show that the program has a large positive causal effect on firms' total borrowing, and the effect is persistent. Moreover, firms that obtain bank loans through this scheme can borrow more from loans not insured by the guarantee, which means that the program has a positive effect on the firms's total borrowing capacity. Finally, the program also helps in the formation of new bank-firm lending relationships.

Syftet med studien är att identifiera faktorer som påverkar möjligheten för småföretagare att få banklån på mindre orter. Metoden som används i studien är en kvalitativ metod som bygger på tre stycken intervjuer med respondenter som befinner sig på banker belägna på mindre orter. Kombinerat med detta genomförs en deltagande observation då jag arbetar på en av bankerna. Utifrån det insamlade materialet identifierades det att den lokala kännedomen spelar en stor roll för bankerna vid kreditgivningen tillsammans med småföretagarnas historiska skötsamhet. Samt att bankerna använder sig av scoring där de bedömer småföretagarnas återbetalningsförmåga. I övrigt är det viktigt för bankerna att småföretagen utformar en bra affärsidé som är realistisk och hållbar. Dessa kriterier är desamma oavsett kund de möter. / The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that affect the possibility for small business owners to obtain bank loan in smaller towns. The method used in the study is a qualitative method based on three interviews with relevant respondents on the banks located in smaller towns. Combined with this, a participant observations is performed because I work at one of the banks. Based on the collected material, it was identified that the local knowledge plays a major role for the banks in the granting of credit along with the historical care of the small business owners. The banks also use scoring where they assess the ability of repayment capacity. Otherwise, it is important for the banks that small companies design a good business idea that is realistic and sustainable. These criteria are the same regardless of the customer they meet.

Dans le monde des affaires, et plus particulièrement dans les petites et moyennes entreprises, le recours au crédit n'est pas rare. Mais, la faiblesse de la garantie que constitue le capital social conduit souvent les établissements de crédit à subordonner leur soutien à des garanties personnelles du chef d'entreprise. Le chef d'entreprise s'engage ainsi fréquemment à honorer les dettes sociales sur son patrimoine personnel si sa société n’y satisfait pas elle-même. Pour ce faire, le contrat de cautionnement est très sollicité, tant en droit français qu'en droit OHADA, grâce à sa simplicité et sa souplesse. Cependant, les réformes législatives de ces dernières années en faveur des cautions mettent cette institution en péril. Les créanciers sont de plus en plus réticents à accorder du crédit à cause de la protection excessive dont les cautions bénéficient. De plus, diverses circonstances peuvent affecter la vie de la société créancière ou débitrice et doivent être prises en compte au regard de leurs conséquences sur le contrat de cautionnement. Afin de remédier à la frilosité des créanciers, il faut trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts de la caution et ceux des créanciers, mais également encadrer l’accès à la fonction de chef d'entreprise en mettant à leur disposition des formations spécifiques en matière financière et en gestion d'entreprise car « n'est pas chef d'entreprise qui veut ». / In the worldwide of business and mainly for the little companies, It’s not seldom to make loans nearby of the bank. But the weakness of the garantees what represent the social capital bring sometimes the etablishment of loan to subordinate the granting of this credit to the society to obtaining personal garantees of the head of the company. So, it’s frequent to see the head of company giving their commitment nearby a creditor to honor the social debts on the company’s assets in case where the society couldn’t satisfy his own obligations. The contract of the deposit hold a place of choice in french law and OHADA law due to of his simplicity and flexibility. However most of rules made recently in favor of deposit have a tend to put in jeopardize this institution. The creditor are more and more reluctant to grant a loan due to of excessive protection whose they bénéfit. In addition, the situation of the deposit can be evolve until make him lose him first statut. The creditor society or the debtor can be affected more or less by various circumstances. These circumstances must be taken into account and have a result on the deposit contract, mainly on the commitment of the deposit. In order to solve the fear of the creditors, we will have to find a balance between the interests of the deposit and the creditors, but also to frame the access to function of the head of company in putting in place to their disposal any specific training in the field of finance and management because « ain’t a head of company who want ».

Le couple constitue dans notre société une structure favorisant la solidarité. Il trouve une expression sous trois modes de vie reconnus par la loi : le mariage, le Pacs, le concubinage. Tous trois sont ouverts sans condition de différence de sexe. La loi a construit un cadre juridique à cette solidarité (très organisé, impératif, où la volonté contractuelle qui a plus de place aujourd’hui est soumise au contrôle du juge) dans le mariage, puis dans le Pacs où a été laissé une place bien plus grande à la volonté contractuelle. Elle a abandonné à la jurisprudence le soin de remédier aux conséquences que l’absence de texte relatif au concubinage pouvait avoir dès lors que l’équité et la justice le commandaient. Lorsque la loi ne les a pas prévus, c’est la jurisprudence qui a construit les mécanismes juridiques justifiant l’existence d’une solidarité du couple. La solidarité relève donc bien de la nature même du couple. Il existe une unité à la vie de couple parce que celle-ci répond à des caractéristiques, à des nécessités, qui sont identiques quel que soit le mode de vie, qu’il y ait ou non différence de sexe dans le couple. Les différenciations auxquelles aboutit la reconnaissance de plusieurs modes de vie en couple apparaissent aujourd’hui de plus en plus inadéquates. La reconnaissance d’une seule forme officielle de vie en couple constituerait le moyen d’effacer les différences dans la mise en oeuvre de la solidarité et permettrait ainsi de corriger les effets négatifs liés à la solidarité du couple. Ce cadre juridique serait constitué d’un ensemble de règles obligatoires, essentielles à la vie de couple, concernant tant les intérêts extra patrimoniaux que les intérêts patrimoniaux ; une place serait laissée à l’organisation contractuelle de la vie de couple. C’est dans les deux fonctions de la solidarité, que sont l’entraide entre les membres du couple et la garantie vis-à-vis des tiers créanciers du couple, que se construirait ce droit nouveau de la solidarité dans une union civile unique. / The couple constitutes in our company a structure supporting solidarity. It finds an expression under three lifestyles recognized by the law: the marriage, Pacs, the common-law marriage. All three are open without condition of difference in sex. The law built a legal framework with this solidarity (very organized, imperative, where the contractual will which has more room today is subjected to the control of the judge) in the marriage, then in Pacs where a place much larger was left with the contractual will. It gave up with jurisprudence the care to cure the consequences that the absence of relative text to the common-law marriage could have since equity and justice ordered it. When the law did not envisage them, it is the jurisprudence which built the legal mechanisms justifying the existence of solidarity of the couple. Solidarity thus concerns well the nature even of the couple. There exists a unit with the life of couple because this one answers characteristics, with needs, which are identical whatever the lifestyle, that there is or not difference in sex in the couple. Differentiations to which the recognition of several lifestyles in couple leads appear increasingly inadequate today. The recognition of the only one official shape of life in couple would constitute the means of erasing the differences in the implementation of solidarity and would thus make it possible to correct the negative effects related to solidarity of the couple. This legal framework would consist of a set of obligatory rules, essential with the life of couple, concerning as well the patrimonial extra interests as the patrimonial interests; a place would be left with the contractual organization of the life of couple. It is in the two functions of solidarity that are the mutual aid between the members of the couple and the guarantee with respect to the creditor thirds of the couple that would build this new right of solidarity in a single civil union.

Le travail décrit dans cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte du développement et de la validation des systèmes réactifs synchrones. Il vise à tirer parti de certaines formes de structuration des programmes durant le processus de développement et de validation. Nous étudions premièrement l'utilisation d'opérateurs réguliers de types "itérateurs" qui permettent d'exprimer assez facilement des programmes réguliers manipulant des tableaux. Nous montrons aussi comment, au moment de la validation, on peut tirer partie de ces structures régulières pour rendre la preuve d'une propriété plus<br />simple. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la spécification dite "par contrat" où un couple (assume, guarantee) est associé à chaque composant pour spécifier les hypothèses sur l'environnement et les<br />propriétés satisfaites par le composant sous ces hypothèses. Nous montrons l'intérêt de tels contrats à la fois en terme de spécification et de vérification pour le cas particulier des systèmes synchrones.<br />Nous proposons une série d'algorithmes de transformations de programmes (aussi bien autour de l'utilisation des itérateurs que des contrats) utilisable comme pre-processeur d'objectifs de preuve pour les outils de validation. Nos propositions, notamment sur l'aspect langage des itérateurs, ont répondu à des besoins rencontrés dans les applications industrielles, particulièrement autour du langage Lustre, auquel nous appliquons nos résultat. Ces propositions seront bientôt incluses dans la version industrielle du langage.

<p>Aggressive fiscal and monetary policies by governments of countries and central banks in developed markets could somehow push inflation to some very high level in the long run. Due to the decreasing of pension fund benefits and increasing inflation rate, pension companies are selling inflation-linked products to hedge against inflation risk. Such companies are seriously considering the possible effects of inflation volatility on their investment, and some of them tend to include inflationary allowances in the pension payment plan. In this dissertation we study the management of pension funds of the defined contribution type in the presence of inflation-recession. We study how the fund manager maximizes his fund&rsquo / s wealth when the salaries and stocks are affected by inflation. In this regard, we consider the case of a pension company which invests in a stock, inflation-linked bonds and a money market account, while basing its investment on the contribution of the plan member. We use a benchmarking approach and martingale methods to compute an optimal strategy which maximizes the fund wealth.</p>