This work is devoted to the numerical solution of equations describing the dynamics of flocks of birds. Specifically, we pay attention to the Euler equations for compressible flow with a right-hand side correction. This model is based on the work Fornasier et al. (2010). Due to the complexity of the model, we focus only on the one-dimensional case. For the numerical solution we use a semi-implicit discontinuous Galerkin method. Discretization of the right-hand side is chosen so that we preserve the structure of the semi-implicit scheme for the Euler equations presented in the work Feistauer, Kučera (2007). The proposed numerical scheme was implemented and numerical experiments showing the robustness of the scheme were carried out. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The presented work deals with the discontinuous Galerkin method with the anisotropic mesh adaptation for stationary convection-diffusion problems. Basic definitions are included in an introduction where we also present the used method. The following parts describe various methods for evaluating a Riemann metric, which is necessary for anisotropic mesh adaptation. The most important part of work follows - numerical experiments carried out with ADGFEM and ANGENER software packages. In these experiments, we compare different approaches for the definition of Riemann metrics and compare their efficiency. The main output of this thesis are subroutines for evaluation of the Riemann metric including its source code.

Cette thèse vise à étudier le couplage entre méthodes de Galerkine discontinue (DG) et méthodes de différences finies (DF) en maillages hybrides non structuré / cartésien, en vue d'applications en aéroacoustique numérique. L'idée d'une telle approche consiste à pouvoir tirer profit localement des avantages respectifs de ces méthodes, soit, en d'autres termes, à pouvoir prendre en compte la présence de géométries complexes par une méthode DG en maillage non structuré, et les zones qui en sont suffisamment éloignées par une méthode DF en maillage cartésien, moins coûteuse. Plus précisément, il s'agit de concevoir un algorithme d'hybridation de ces deux types de schémas pour l'approximation des équations d'Euler linéarisées, puis d'évaluer avec attention le comportement numérique des solutions qui en sont issues. De par le fait qu'aucun résultat théorique ne semble actuellement atteignable dans un cas général, cette étude est principalement fondée sur une démarche d'expérimentation numérique. Par ailleurs, l'intérêt d'une telle hybridation est illustré par son application à un calcul de propagation acoustique dans un cas réaliste / This thesis aims at studying coupling techniques between Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and finite difference (FD) schemes in a non-structured / Cartesian hybrid-mesh context,in the framework of Aeroacoustics computations. The idea behind such an approach is the possibility to locally take advantage of the qualities of each method. In other words, the goal is to be able to deal with complex geometries using a DG scheme on a non-structured mesh in their neighborhood, while solving the rest of the domain using a FD scheme on a cartesian grid, in order to alleviate the needs in computational resources. More precisely, this work aims at designing an hybridization algorithm between these two types of numerical schemes, in the framework of the approximation of the solutions of the Linearized Euler Equations. Then, the numerical behaviour of hybrid solutions is cautiously evaluated. Due to the fact that no theoretical result seems achievable at the present time, this study is mainly based on numerical experiments. What's more, the interest of such an hybridization is illustrated by its application to an acoustic propagation computation in a realistic case

Estuda-se o problema de equilíbrio sem força de corpo de uma esfera anisotrópica sob compressão radial uniformemente distribuída sobre o seu contorno no contexto da teoria da elasticidade linear clássica. A solução deste problema prediz o fenômeno inaceitável da auto-intersecção em uma região próxima ao centro da esfera para uma dada faixa de parâmetros materiais. Sob o contexto de uma teoria de minimização do funcional de energia potencial total da elasticidade linear clássica com a restrição de que o determinante do gradiente da função mudança de configuração seja injetivo, este fenômeno é eliminado. Aplicam-se duas formulações do Método dos Elementos Finitos de Galerkin Descontínuo (MEFGD) para obter soluções aproximadas para o problema de equilíbrio da esfera sem restrição. A primeira formulação do MEFGD aproxima diretamente os campos de deslocamento e deformação infinitesimal. A consideração do campo adicional de deformação na formulação do MEFGD aumenta o número de graus de liberdade associados aos nós da malha de elementos finitos e, consequentemente, o custo computacional. Com o objetivo de reduzir o número de graus de liberdade, introduz-se neste trabalho uma formulação alternativa do MEFGD. Nesta formulação, o campo de deformação infinitesimal não é obtido diretamente da inversão do sistema de equações resultante, mas sim por pós-processamento, a partir do campo de deslocamento aproximado. As soluções aproximadas obtidas com ambas as formulações do MEFGD são comparadas com a solução exata do problema sem restrição e com soluções aproximadas obtidas com o Método dos Elementos Finitos de Galerkin Clássico (MEFGC). Ambas as formulações do MEFGD fornecem melhores aproximações para a solução exata do que as aproximações obtidas com o MEFGC. Os erros entre a solução exata e as soluções aproximadas obtidas com a formulação alternativa do MEFGD são um pouco maiores do que os erros correspondentes obtidos com a formulação original do MEFGD. Este aumento nos erros é compensado pelo menor esforço computacional exigido pela formulação alternativa. Este trabalho serve de base para o estudo de problemas com restrição de injetividade utilizando o método de Galerkin descontínuo. / The equilibrium problem without body force of an anisotropic sphere under radial compression that is uniformly distributed on the sphere\'s boundary is investigated in the context of the classical linear elasticity theory. The solution of this problem predicts the unacceptable phenomenon of self-intersection in a vicinity of the center of the sphere for a given range of material parameters. This phenomenon can be eliminated in the context of a theory that minimizes the total potential energy of classical linear elasticity subjected to the restriction that the deformation field be injective. Two formulations of the Finite Element Method using Discontinuous Galerkin (MEFGD) are used to obtain approximate solutions for the unconstrained problem. The first formulation of the MEFGD approximates both the displacement and the strain fields. The consideration of the strain as an additional field in the formulation of the MEFGD increases the number of degrees of freedom associated to the finite elements and, therefore, the computational cost. With the objective of reducing the number of degrees of freedom, an alternative formulation of the MEFGD is introduced in this work. In this formulation, the strain field is not obtained directly from the inversion of the resulting linear system of equations, but from a post-processing calculation using the approximate displacement field. The approximate solutions obtained with both formulations of the MEFGD are compared with the exact solution of the problem without restriction and with approximate solutions obtained with the Finite Element Method using Classical Galerkin (MEFGC). Both formulations of the MEFGD yield better approximations for the exact solution than the approximations obtained with the MEFGC. The errors between the exact solution and the approximate solutions obtained with the alternative formulation of the MEFGD are slightly higher than the corresponding errors obtained with the original formulation of the MEFGD. These errors are compensated by the fact that the alternative formulation requires less computational effort than the computational effort required by the original formulation. This work serves as a basis for the study of problems with the injectivity restriction using the discontinuous Galerkin method.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de análise da heterogeneidade do concreto a partir de modelos computacionais desenvolvidos com o método de Galerkin livre de elementos. Esse método se caracteriza pela discretização de um domínio de interesse por um conjunto de partículas sem que exista explicitamente uma malha de elementos no sentido convencional. O objetivo é a previsão das propriedades mecânicas macroscópicas do material resultante a partir das fases individuais e do arranjo geométrico. O concreto foi admitido, na escala mesoscópica, como um composto formado por inclusões (agregado graúdo) imersas em uma matriz (argamassa). Para a simulação foi desenvolvida uma formulação multiregiões onde se admitiu que cada agregado e a argamassa são domínios distintos interligados nas suas interfaces. Para isto foram utilizadas técnicas de subdivisões do domínio (elemento representativo) ao ponto que os seus comportamentos mecânicos não foram comprometidos. Para simular o processo das perdas de rigidez com a formação da fissuração no concreto foi admitido o efeito da mecânica do dano contínuo através do modelo de Mazars. Para as análises foram desenvolvidos modelos computacionais bidimensionais e tridimensionais da heterogeneidade do concreto. A geometria dos agregados foi aproximada por circunferências e elipses no caso 2D e por esferas e elipsoides no caso 3D. Como conclusão a metodologia de multiregiões com o método de Galerkin livre de elementos foi satisfatória e os modelos apresentaram caminhos preferenciais de ruptura adequados durante a evolução da danificação. / This thesis presents a methodology for analyzing the heterogeneity of concrete from computational models developed with the element free Galerkin method. This method is characterized by discretization of a domain of interest by a set of particles with no explicit mesh in the conventional sense. The goal is to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material resulting from the individual phases and the geometric arrangement. The concrete was assumed, in the mesoscopic scale, as a compound formed by inclusions (coarse aggregate) embedded in a matrix (mortar). For the simulation, a formulation was developed where multi regions were admitted, assuming that each aggregate and mortar are distinct domains connected by their interfaces. For this we used techniques of subdivisions of the domain (representative elements) to the point that their mechanical behaviors were not compromised. To simulate the process of loss of stiffness with the formation of cracks in the concrete, continuum damage mechanics was admitted through Mazars model. For the analysis, two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer models of the heterogeneity of the concrete were developed. The shape of the aggregates was approximated by circles and ellipses in the two-dimensional case, and by spheres and ellipsoids for the 3D problems. In conclusion the multi region methodology with the element free Galerkin methods was satisfactory and the models presented suitable preferred paths for the rupture during the evolution of damage.

Le givrage a été identifié comme un danger important dès le début de l'aéronautique.L'accrétion de givre sur les ailes d'avion, due à la présence de gouttelettes surfonduesdans les nuages, cause parmi d'autres conséquences néfastes une dégradation des performancesaérodynamiques pouvant conduire au décrochage. C'est pourquoi les avionneursdéveloppent depuis longtemps des systèmes de protection. Comme les essais en vols ou ensoufflerie sont souvent complexes à mettre en oeuvre et onéreux, la simulation numériqueest devenue un outil efficace et complémentaire pour dimensionner ces systèmes.Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la modélisation de l'accrétion de givre, duruissellement et des systèmes de protection thermique. Elle s'articule en sept chapitres.Après avoir présenté les enjeux et contexte, on introduit une approche tricouche permettantde modéliser l'accrétion de givre et le ruissellement de manière instationnaire. Les troischapitres suivants traitent des méthodes de discrétisation de ce modèle ainsi que de soncouplage avec un modèle du système de protection thermique. Les deux derniers sontconsacrés à la présentation des résultats de simulations numériques montrant l'intérêt del'approche développée et la faisabilité de simulations complètes de phénomènes d'accrétionde givre sur une paroi chauffée ou non. / Icing has been identified as a serious issue since the start of aeronautics. Ice accretion onwings, due to supercooled droplets inside clouds, leads to severe degradation of aerodynamicperformances, among other undesirable effects. Therefore, aircraft manufacturers have sincea long time developed ice protection systems. As flight tests or wind tunnel experimentsare often complicated to implement and expensive, numerical modeling is an effective andcomplementary tool to design those systems. This thesis concerns the modeling of ice accretion, runback and thermal ice protectionsystems. It consists of seven chapters. The first one is dedicated to the presentation of theconcerns and the context. Then a three layer approach allowing to model in an unsteadyway ice accretion and runback is presented. Following three chapters deal with this modeldiscretization as well as a method to couple it with a thermal ice protection system model.Two last chapters are dedicated to numerical simulations showing the sake of the approachand the feasibility of a whole simulation of ice accretion on a heated or unheated surface.

Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma formulação apropriada à análise de guias de ondas eletromagnéticos, cobrindo do espectro de microondas até o da óptica. Nas regiões a partir do ultravioleta, os comprimentos de onda são equivalentes às dimensões atômicas e a formulação necessita de uma abordagem quântica, que não é considerada neste estudo. A formulação é fundamentada nos métodos vetorial magnético e dos elementos finitos (MEF), em meios não homogêneos, anisotrópicos e não dissipativos, embora a dissipação possa ser facilmente introduzida na análise. Deu-se preferência à formulação com o campo magnético em vez do elétrico, pelo fato do campo magnético ignorar descontinuidades elétricas. Ele é contínuo em regiões de permeabilidade homogênea, propriedade dos meios dielétricos em geral ( = 0), independente da permissividade dos respectivos meios, conquanto os campos elétricos sejam descontínuos entre regiões de permissividades diferentes. / This work presents a suitable formulation to the analysis of electromagnetic waveguide, covering the spectrum of the microwave to optics. In regions from the ultraviolet, the wavelengths are equivalent to atomic dimensions and the design needs a quantum approach, which is not considered in this study. The formulation is based on the magnetic vector and the finite element methods (FEM), in non-homogeneous, anisotropic and non-dissipative dielectric materials, while the dissipation can be easily introduced in the analysis. Preference was given to the formulation with the magnetic field, because the magnetic field ignores electrical discontinuities. It is continuous in regions of homogeneous permeability, property of all dielectric materials (=0), independent of the permissiveness of respective regions, while electric fields are discontinuous between regions of different permittivities.

Optimal control problems (OCPs) governed by convection dominated diffusion-convection-reaction equations arise in many science and engineering applications such as shape optimization of the technological devices, identification of parameters in environmental processes and flow control problems. A characteristic feature of convection dominated optimization problems is the presence of sharp layers. In this case, the Galerkin finite element method performs poorly and leads to oscillatory solutions. Hence, these problems require stabilization techniques to resolve boundary and interior layers accurately. The Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method is one of the most popular stabilization technique for solving convection dominated OCPs. The focus of this thesis is the application and analysis of the SUPG method for distributed and boundary OCPs governed by evolutionary diffusion-convection-reaction equations. There are two approaches for solving these problems: optimize-then-discretize and discretize-then-optimize. For the optimize-then-discretize method, the time-dependent OCPs is transformed to a biharmonic equation, where space and time are treated equally. The resulting optimality system is solved by the finite element package COMSOL. For the discretize-then-optimize approach, we have used the so called allv at-once method, where the fully discrete optimality system is solved as a saddle point problem at once for all time steps. A priori error bounds are derived for the state, adjoint, and controls by applying linear finite element discretization with SUPG method in space and using backward Euler, Crank- Nicolson and semi-implicit methods in time. The stabilization parameter is chosen for the convection dominated problem so that the error bounds are balanced to obtain L2 error estimates. Numerical examples with and without control constraints for distributed and boundary control problems confirm the effectiveness of both approaches and confirm a priori error estimates for the discretize-then-optimize approach.

This work is concerned with the applicability of several approximation methods (finite section method, Galerkin and collocation methods with maximum defect splines for uniform and non uniform meshes) to operators belonging to the closed subalgebra generated by operators of multiplication bz piecewise continuous functions and convolution operators also with piecewise continuous generating function.

This thesis is focused on direct numerical simulation (DNS) of compressible and incompressible fully developed and developing turbulent flows between isothermal walls using a discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM). Three cases (Ma = 0.2, 0.7 and 1.5) of DNS of turbulent channel flows between isothermal walls with Re ~ 2800, based on bulk velocity and half channel width, have been carried out. It is found that a power law seems to scale mean streamwise velocity with Ma slightly better than the more usual log-law. Inner and outer scaling of second-order and higher-order statistics have been analyzed. The linkage between the pressure gradient and vorticity flux on the wall has been theoretically derived and confirmed and they are highly correlated very close to the wall. The correlation coefficients are influenced by Ma, and viscosity when Ma is high. The near-wall spanwise streak spacing increases with Ma. Isosurfaces of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor are more sparsely distributed and elongated as Ma increases. DNS of turbulent isothermal-wall bounded flow subjected to favourable and adverse pressure gradient (FPG, APG) at Ma ~ 0.2 and Reref ~ 428000, based on the inlet bulk velocity and the streamwise length of the bottom wall, is also investigated. The FPG/APG is obtained by imposing a concave/convex curvature on the top wall of a plane channel. The flows on the bottom and top walls are tripped turbulent and laminar boundary layers, respectively. It is observed that the first and second order statistics are strongly influenced by the pressure gradients. The cross-correlation coefficients of the pressure gradients and vorticity flux remain constant across the FPG/APG regions of the flat wall. High correlations between the streamwise/wallnormal pressure gradient and the spanwise vorticity are found near the separation region close to the curved top wall. The angle of inclined hairpin structure to streamwise direction of the bottom wall is smaller (flatter) in the FPG region than the APG region. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-21 13:59:53.084