[ES] La quinta generación de comunicaciones móviles, 5G, promete ser una revolución tecnológica que vaya más allá de multiplicar la velocidad de transmisión de datos de sus predecesoras. Pretende soportar una gran cantidad de dispositivos y alcanzar latencias muy cercanas a 1 milisegundo. Para satisfacer estos ambiciosos requisitos, se han investigado nuevas tecnologías habilitadoras. Una de ellas es el uso de las bandas de ondas milimétricas (mmW) en las cuales hay una gran cantidad de espectro disponible. Para predecir las características del canal radio y evaluar las prestaciones de la 5G de forma fiable en las bandas mmW se requieren modelos de canal complejos. Concretamente, los modelos de propagación más precisos son los basados en trazado de rayos, pero su alto costo computacional los hacen inviables para la caracterización del canal radio en escenarios complejos. Por otro lado, en los últimos años, la tecnología de videojuegos ha desarrollado potentes herramientas para modelar la propagación de la luz en escenarios superrealistas. Dada la cercanía espectral entre el espectro visible y las ondas mmW, la presente Tesis ha estudiado la aplicación de las herramientas de modelado de propagación de la luz de los motores de juego para el modelado del canal radio en mmW. Esta Tesis propone un modelo de estimación de las pérdidas de propagación en mmW llamado "Modelo de Intensidad de Luz'' (LIM). Usando este modelo, basado en los procesos de iluminación realizados por los motores de juego, los transmisores de señal se sustituyen por focos de luz y la intensidad lumínica recibida en un punto se traduce a potencia de señal en milimétricas a través de una función polinómica sencilla. Una de las ventajas de usar los motores de juego es su gran capacidad y la facilidad que tiene el usuario para crear escenarios superrealistas que representen fielmente la geometría de escenarios donde se quiera evaluar el canal radio. De esta forma se pueden obtener estimaciones precisas de las pérdidas de propagación. La estimación de las pérdidas de propagación con LIM ha sido comparada con campañas de medida en las bandas de 28 GHz y 73 GHz y con otros modelos de propagación. Como resultado, el error de estimación de LIM es menor que los modelos estocásticos actuales y es comparable con el modelo de trazado de rayos. Y, además, el coste computacional de LIM comparado con el trazado de rayos es 130 veces menor, lo que posibilita el uso de LIM en escenarios altamente complejos para la estimación del canal radio en tiempo real. Los motores de juego permiten caracterizar de forma diferente la interacción de los materiales con la luz configurando el mapa de normales de sus superficies y sus funciones de dispersión y reflexión. En esta Tesis se ha determinado la caracterización de varios materiales que mejor se ajusta a medidas de laboratorio realizadas en un escenario controlado en la banda de 28 GHz. El modelo de LIM empleando materiales con esta caracterización óptima reduce más de un 50\% su error de estimación con respecto a la aplicación de LIM con los materiales por defecto, mientras que su coste computacional sigue siendo 26 veces menor que el modelo de trazado de rayos. Finalmente, se ha desarrollado sobre un motor de juego una primera versión de plataforma para la emulación de los sistemas 5G que es el punto de partida para un emulador completo de 5G. Esta plataforma no sólo contiene el modelo de LIM sino que incluye varios casos de uso de la 5G en entornos superrealistas. La plataforma, que se basa en el concepto de "Serious Game Engineering", rompe las limitaciones de los simuladores de redes móviles en cuanto a las capacidades de visualización e interacción del usuario con los componentes de la red en tiempo real. / [CA] La cinquena generació de comunicacions mòbils, 5G, promet ser una revolució tecnològica que vaja més enllà de multiplicar la velocitat de transmissió de dades de les seues predecessores. Pretén suportar una gran quantitat de dispositius i aconseguir latències molt pròximes a 1 mil·lisegon. Per a satisfer aquests ambiciosos requisits, s'han investigat noves tecnologies habilitadores. Una d'elles és l'ús de les bandes d'ones mil·limètriques (mmW) en les quals hi ha una gran quantitat d'espectre disponible. Per a predir les característiques del canal ràdio i avaluar les prestacions de la 5G de forma fiable en les bandes mmW es requereixen models de canal complexos. Concretament, els models de propagació més precisos són els basats en traçat de rajos, però el seu alt cost computacional els fan inviables per a la caracterització del canal ràdio en escenaris complexos. D'altra banda, en els últims anys, la tecnologia de videojocs ha desenvolupat potents eines per a modelar la propagació de la llum en escenaris superrealistes. Donada la proximitat espectral entre l'espectre visible i les ones mmW, la present Tesi ha estudiat l'aplicació de les eines de modelatge de propagació de la llum dels motors de joc per al modelatge del canal radie en mmW. Aquesta Tesi proposa un model d'estimació de les pèrdues de propagació en mmW anomenat "Model d'Intensitat de Llum'' (LIM). Usant aquest model, basat en els processos d'il·luminació realitzats pels motors de joc, els transmissors de senyal se substitueixen per focus de llum i la intensitat lumínica rebuda en un punt es tradueix a potència de senyal en mil·limètriques a través d'una funció polinòmica senzilla. Una dels avantatges d'usar els motors de joc és la seua gran capacitat i la facilitat que té l'usuari per a crear escenaris superrealistes que representen fidelment la geometria d'escenaris on es vulga avaluar el canal ràdio. D'aquesta forma es poden obtindre estimacions precises de les pèrdues de propagació. L'estimació de les pèrdues de propagació amb LIM ha sigut comparada amb campanyes de mesura en les bandes de 28~GHz i 73~GHz i amb altres models de propagació. Com a resultat, l'error d'estimació de LIM és menor que els models estocàstics actuals i és comparable amb el model de traçat de rajos. I, a més, el cost computacional de LIM comparat amb el traçat de rajos és 130 vegades menor, la qual cosa possibilita l'ús de LIM en escenaris altament complexos per a l'estimació del canal ràdio en temps real. Els motors de joc permeten caracteritzar de forma diferent la interacció dels materials amb la llum configurant el mapa de normals de les seues superfícies i les seues funcions de dispersió i reflexió. En aquesta Tesi s'ha determinat la caracterització de diversos materials que s'ajusta millor a mesures de laboratori realitzades en un escenari controlat en la banda de 28 GHz. El model de LIM emprant materials amb aquesta caracterització òptima redueix més d'un 50 % el seu error d'estimació respecte a l'aplicació de LIM amb els materials per defecte, mentre que el seu cost computacional continua sent 26 vegades menor que el model de traçat de rajos. Finalment, s'ha desenvolupat sobre un motor de joc una primera versió de plataforma per a l'emulació dels sistemes 5G que és el punt de partida per a un emulador complet de 5G. Aquesta plataforma no solament conté el model de LIM sinó que inclou diversos casos d'ús de la 5G en entorns superrealistes. La plataforma, que es basa en el concepte de "Serious Game Engineering", trenca les limitacions dels simuladors de xarxes mòbils quant a les capacitats de visualització i interacció de l'usuari amb els components de la xarxa en temps real. / [EN] The fifth generation of mobile communications, 5G, promises to be a technological revolution that goes beyond multiplying the data transmission speed of its predecessors. It aims to support a large number of devices and reach latencies very close to 1 millisecond. To meet these ambitious requirements, new enabling technologies have been researched. One of these is the use of millimetre-wave bands (mmW) in which a large amount of spectrum is available. Complex channel models are required to predict radio channel characteristics and reliably evaluate 5G performance in the mmW bands. Specifically, the most accurate propagation models are those based on ray tracing, but their high computational cost makes them unfeasible for radio channel characterization in complex scenarios. On the other hand, in recent years, video game technology has developed powerful tools to model the propagation of light in super realistic scenarios. Given the spectral closeness between the visible spectrum and the mmW waves, the present Thesis has studied the application of light propagation modeling tools from game engines for radio channel modeling in mmW. This Thesis proposes a model for estimating propagation losses in mmW called "Light Intensity Model'' (LIM). Using this model, based on the lighting processes performed by the game engines, the signal transmitters are replaced by light sources and the light intensity received at a point is translated into signal strength in mmW through a simple polynomial function. One of the advantages of using the game engines is their great capacity and the ease with which the user can create super realistic scenarios that faithfully represent the geometry of scenarios where the radio channel is to be evaluated. In this way, accurate estimates of propagation losses can be obtained. The estimation of propagation losses with LIM has been compared with measurement campaigns in the 28 GHz and 73 GHz bands and with other propagation models. As a result, the LIM estimation error is smaller than the current stochastic models and is comparable with the ray tracing model. In addition, the computational cost of LIM compared to ray tracing is 130 times lower, allowing the use of LIM in highly complex scenarios for real-time radio channel estimation. The game engines allow to characterize in a different way the interaction of the materials with the light configuring the normal map of their surfaces and their scattering and reflection functions. In this Thesis it has been determined the characterization of several materials that best fits to laboratory measurements made in a controlled scenario in the 28 GHz band. The LIM model using materials with this optimal characterization reduces by more than 50% its estimation error with respect to the application of LIM with default materials, while its computational cost remains 26 times lower than the ray tracing model. Finally, a first version of a platform for the emulation of 5G systems has been developed on a game engine, which is the starting point for a complete 5G emulator. This platform not only contains the LIM model but also includes several 5G use cases in super realistic environments. The platform, which is based on the concept of "`Serious Game Engineering", breaks the limitations of mobile network simulators in terms of visualization capabilities and user interaction with network components in real time. / Inca Sánchez, SA. (2019). Serious Game Engineering and Lighting Models for the Realistic Emulation of 5G Systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132695

Title: Multi-platform Multiplayer RPG Game A multi-platform game, which would be able to run on various devices with Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 systems, was created in this work. It was supposed to be a universal game client executable on desktop PCs, notebooks, tablets or mobile phones. The game was supposed to be role-playing game (RPG) with focus on turn-based action combat. In this work, a 3D scene renderer was written which supports rendering simple scenes with objects and animated characters. A cross-device communication library based on bluetooth technology was implemented in this project as well. This communication library allows two game clients running on two different types of devices to communicate with each other. Then a server-client communication library was created. This library was then used to implement a game server which offers online gaming feature.

Um motor de jogo é uma ferramenta que facilita a criação de jogos eletrônicos garantindo a reutilização de softwares. Por sua origem tecnológica, os motores de jogo atuais, tanto comerciais quanto acadêmicos, tendem a primar pelo número de funcionalidades específicas, em detrimento da usabilidade, o que amplia o período de tempo necessário para seu aprendizado. Com o objetivo de melhor adaptar um motor de jogo didático às necessidades pedagógicas, este trabalho propõe uma interface interativa para motores denominada Game Wrench e criada através de métodos de Interação Humano-Computador. Como se tratam de áreas multidisciplinares, é também apresentado um embasamento teórico sobre os diversos aspectos envolvidos, a começar pela adoção de uma definição precisa para o conceito de jogo. O cenário específico para o qual este ambiente de programação (motor e interface) foi desenvolvido é composto pelos alunos da disciplina Computação Gráfica da Escola Politécnica da USP, que programam sobre um motor de jogo didático chamado enJine. Através de um protótipo em papel, testes de usabilidade foram realizados com parte desses alunos, o que gerou diversas diretrizes para a programação final da interface. Uma versão preliminar dessa interface usando plataforma Java foi desenvolvida, gerando diversos resultados e contribuições ao longo do processo, como artefatos de projeto (personas, cenários), ferramentas de desenvolvimento (estrutura GAML, classes para enJine, widgets especializados) e diretrizes sobre a metodologia utilizada (avaliação heurística, prototipagem em papel, teste de usabilidade). / Game engines are tools to aid the development of computer and video games through software reuse. Once born in a technological environment, present game engines, either commercial or not, are normally worried more about the number of implemented features than usability issues. These characteristics may extend the period of learning-time. To address the goal of better adapting a didactic game engine to pedagogical needs, this study proposes an interactive interface for engines called Game Wrench, following Computer-Human Interface methods. Being multidisciplinary fields, a theoretical base on the related subjects is presented, starting with a precise definition for the concept of gaming. Undergraduate students of Escola Politecnica da USP enrolled in a Computer Graphics course where they develop games using a didactic engine called enJine, compose the specific scenario for which this programming environment was developed. Using paper prototypes, usability tests were conducted with some of these students, generating a list of guidelines for implementing this interface. A preliminary Java version of the interface was made available, generating results and contribution throughout the design process, such as design artifacts (personas, scenarios), programming tools (GAML specification, enJine classes, specialized widgets) and guidelines for the methodology adopted (heuristic evaluation, paper prototypes, usability tests).

Um motor de jogo é uma ferramenta que facilita a criação de jogos eletrônicos garantindo a reutilização de softwares. Por sua origem tecnológica, os motores de jogo atuais, tanto comerciais quanto acadêmicos, tendem a primar pelo número de funcionalidades específicas, em detrimento da usabilidade, o que amplia o período de tempo necessário para seu aprendizado. Com o objetivo de melhor adaptar um motor de jogo didático às necessidades pedagógicas, este trabalho propõe uma interface interativa para motores denominada Game Wrench e criada através de métodos de Interação Humano-Computador. Como se tratam de áreas multidisciplinares, é também apresentado um embasamento teórico sobre os diversos aspectos envolvidos, a começar pela adoção de uma definição precisa para o conceito de jogo. O cenário específico para o qual este ambiente de programação (motor e interface) foi desenvolvido é composto pelos alunos da disciplina Computação Gráfica da Escola Politécnica da USP, que programam sobre um motor de jogo didático chamado enJine. Através de um protótipo em papel, testes de usabilidade foram realizados com parte desses alunos, o que gerou diversas diretrizes para a programação final da interface. Uma versão preliminar dessa interface usando plataforma Java foi desenvolvida, gerando diversos resultados e contribuições ao longo do processo, como artefatos de projeto (personas, cenários), ferramentas de desenvolvimento (estrutura GAML, classes para enJine, widgets especializados) e diretrizes sobre a metodologia utilizada (avaliação heurística, prototipagem em papel, teste de usabilidade). / Game engines are tools to aid the development of computer and video games through software reuse. Once born in a technological environment, present game engines, either commercial or not, are normally worried more about the number of implemented features than usability issues. These characteristics may extend the period of learning-time. To address the goal of better adapting a didactic game engine to pedagogical needs, this study proposes an interactive interface for engines called Game Wrench, following Computer-Human Interface methods. Being multidisciplinary fields, a theoretical base on the related subjects is presented, starting with a precise definition for the concept of gaming. Undergraduate students of Escola Politecnica da USP enrolled in a Computer Graphics course where they develop games using a didactic engine called enJine, compose the specific scenario for which this programming environment was developed. Using paper prototypes, usability tests were conducted with some of these students, generating a list of guidelines for implementing this interface. A preliminary Java version of the interface was made available, generating results and contribution throughout the design process, such as design artifacts (personas, scenarios), programming tools (GAML specification, enJine classes, specialized widgets) and guidelines for the methodology adopted (heuristic evaluation, paper prototypes, usability tests).

Game engine is a set of supporting tools and services for game development. It is a component designed for reuse in different games. Therefore it is very important for game engine to be designed properly as for any successfully used reusable component. The main objective in this research is to present flexible and easily extensible architectural solution suitable for the game engine, based on the analysis of today’s game engine context and existing software architecture design. During the analysis we reviewed different types of software architecture and its implementation methods, and defined functional requirements for game engine. As the result we have chosen data-driven architecture design as the most suitable for the engine development and created our game engine prototype. For each game engine module we have provided design solution and its implementation approach referring to chosen architecture.

Describing planned acoustic design by single number ratings yields a weak link to the subjective event, especially when the single number ratings are interpreted by others than experienced acousticians. When developing infrastructure, tools for decision making needs to address visual and aural perception. Visual perception can be addressed using game engines and this has enabled the establishment of tools for visualizations of planned constructions in virtual reality. Audio engines accounting for sound propagation in the game engine environment are steadily developing and have recently been made available. The aim of this project is to simulate airborne sound insulation by extending the support of recently developed audio engines directed towards virtual reality applications. The case studied was airborne sound insulation between two adjacent rooms in a building, the sound transmitted to the receiving room through the building structure resulting from sound pressure exciting the structural elements in the adjacent source room into vibration. The receiving room composed modelled space in the game engine Unreal Engine and Steam Audio was the considered audio engine. Sound transmission was modelled by filtering based on calculations of transmission loss via direct and flanking paths using the model included in the standard EN 12354-1. It was verified that the filtering technique for modelling sound transmission reproduced attenuations in correspondence with the predicted transmission loss. Methodology was established to quantify the quality of the audio engine room acoustics simulations. A room acoustics simulation was evaluated by comparing the reverberation time derived from simulation with theoretical predictions and the simulated reverberation time showed fair agreement with Eyring’s formula above its frequency threshold. The quality of the simulation of airborne sound insulation was evaluated relating the sound field in simulation to insulation classification by the standardized level difference. The spectrum of the simulated standardized level difference was compared with the corresponding sound transmission calculation for a modelled scenario. The simulated data displayed noticeable deviations from the transmission calculation, caused by the audio engine room acoustics simulation. However, the simulated data exhibited cancellation of favourable and unfavourable deviations from the transmission calculation resulting in a mean difference across the spectrum below the just noticeable difference of about 1 dB. Single number ratings was compared and the simulated single number rating was within the standard deviation of how the transmission model calculates predictions for a corresponding practical scenario measured in situ. Thus, the simulated data shows potential and comparisons between simulated data, established room acoustics simulation software and in situ measurements should further be made to deduce whether the deviations entails defects in the airborne sound insulation prediction or is an error imposed by the audio engine room acoustics simulation.

Collaborative design inträffar när flera aktörer samarbetar för ett gemensamt mål eller intresse som inte kan åstadkommas ensamt. Collaborative design sker antingen i ett co-located möte ”ansikte mot ansikte” eller distribuerat möte ”distansmöte”. Distribuerade möten, oftast via ett nätverkssystem, sker då olika aktörer av ett projekt inte befinner sig i närheten av varandra. Målet med distribuerad kommunikation är att kunna återskapa det fysiska mötet i ett virtuellt möte.  Syftet med denna studie är utveckling av en kommunikationsmetod som med hjälp av förstärkt verklighet kan visualisera och överföra information mellan arkitekt och beställaren i ett distribuerat möte. Metoden baseras på mjukvaruutveckling i spelmotorer vilka har kapacitet för skapande av realtidsvisualiseringar i kombination med flera skript som kan utföra många komplexa funktioner, inklusive synkron dataöverföring. Då examensarbetet fokuserar på distribuerad kommunikation har mjukvaruutvecklingen begränsats till endast smarta mobiltelefoner, detta på grund av stora tillgängligheten till enheten i allmänheten. Ett ytterligare syfte är undersökning om hur överföring av BIM kan simplifieras och automatiseras till spelmotorn Unity.  Utvecklingen av demonstratorn visar att BIM-överföring kan ske via scheman skapade i BIMmjukvaror såsom Autodesk Revit som inläses av skript i Unity. Överföringsmetoden visualiserar BIM i realtid och även skapandet av funktioner som integrerar BIM, inklusive våningsplanväljare och lagervisningsväxlare. Systemet för nätverkssynkronisering möjliggör synkron kommunikation mellan alla aktörer genom användande av funktioner och flera skript som möjliggör positionssynkning, skärmdelning och objektdelning. Resultatet från studien gällande förstärkt verklighet har kombinationen av fördelar och nackdelar varierade beroende på aktörernas erfarenhet. Den utvecklade mjukvaran med tillhörande metod visar på potential för användning gällande distribuerad kommunikation. / Collaborative design occurs when individuals work together to achieve a common goal or interest that cannot be accomplished alone. Collaborative design take place either in a co-located meeting “face to face” or a distributed meeting “distance meeting”. Distributed meetings, often via a networking system, occur when individuals of a project don’t have the opportunity for a colocated meeting. The goal of distributed communication is to be able to recreate the physical confrontation in a virtual meeting.  The purpose of this study is to develop a communication software that, with addition of augmented reality, can visualize and share information between architects and clients in a distributed meeting. For software development game engine Unity is used, which has the capacity to create a real-time visualization in combination with scripts that can add features such as synchronous data transfer. As the thesis focuses on distributed communication a limitation has been put on used devices to only consider smartphones, this is due to the high level of availability of the device in general. An additional purpose of the thesis is to simplify and automate BIM transfer to Unity game engine. The development of a demonstrator shows that BIM transfer can be done via usage of schedules that can be created in BIM software such as Autodesk Revit, which is later read by scripts in Unity. The software visualizes BIM in real time and supports creation of functions that can integrate with BIM, including plan selector “våningsplanväljare” and layer manager “lagervisningsväxlare”. The network synchronization system enables synchronous communication between all users, using functions such as position sync, screen sharing and object sharing. There has been a combination of advantages and disadvantages for augmented reality that varied depending on individual experience. The developed software with methods has potential for usage in use of distributed communication.

Denna rapport behandlar utvecklingen av den spelmotor samt spellogik som används i spelet Steam Tale utvecklat under projektnamnet Project Steam Age av gruppen StormBound. Spelet utvecklades i första hand för mobila enheter, och i rapporten ingår även en kort undersökning av mobila spel i ett historiskt perspektiv. Även spelets genre, JRPG, en förkortning av Japanese Role Playing Game, kommer att förklaras som hastigast med referenser till andra spel inom genren. Spelet programmerades för Android OS version 2.3 och framåt i språket Java. En av svårigheterna som påträffades, såsom beskrivs i rapporten, var att säkerställa att spelet fungerar för den varierande prestanda som mobila enheter utgör, inklusive aspekter såsom med eller utan hårdvaruacceleration av grafik, varierande mängd lagringsutrymme och processorkärnor samt storlek på skärmar. Därtill bör man vid skapandet av en applikation av denna typ beakta resurshantering, framförallt beträffande grafik och ljud, ett ämne som behandlas i denna rapport. / This report concerns the development of the game engine and game logic that are used within the game Steam Tale, which during the development process was known as Project Steam Age, by the group StormBound. The game was developed targeting mobile devices, and within this report is included a short perspective on the history of mobile gaming. The game’s genre, JRPG, short for Japanese Role Playing Game, and peripheral concepts in regards to it are explained as well, and in relation to other genres and games available. The game was made for Android v2.3 and later and as such coded in Java. Amongst the difficulties encountered, as detailed within this report, were the task of ensuring that the game runs on a wide range of phone hardware, including aspects such as both with and without hardware-based graphical acceleration, varying amounts of storage space and CPU-cores, as well as differing screen sizes. Furthermore, at the creation of applications such as this one should consider resource handling, especially concerning graphics and sounds, a topic discussed in this report.

This report concerns the development of the game engine and game logic that are used within the game Steam Tale, which during the development process was known as Project Steam Age, by the group StormBound. The game was developed targeting mobile devices, and within this report is included a short perspective on the history of mobile gaming. The game’s genre, JRPG, short for Japanese Role Playing Game, and peripheral concepts in regards to it are explained as well, and in relation to other genres and games available.   The game was made for Android v2.3 and later and as such coded in Java. Amongst the difficulties encountered, as detailed within this report, were the task of ensuring that the game runs on a wide range of phone hardware, including aspects such as both with and without hardware-based graphical acceleration, varying amounts of storage space and CPU-cores, as well as differing screen sizes. Furthermore, at the creation of applications such as this one should consider resource handling, especially concerning graphics and sounds, a topic discussed in this report. / Denna rapport behandlar utvecklingen av den spelmotor samt spellogik som används i spelet Steam Tale utvecklat under projektnamnet Project Steam Age av gruppen StormBound. Spelet utvecklades i första hand för mobila enheter, och i rapporten ingår även en kort undersökning av mobila spel i ett historiskt perspektiv. Även spelets genre, JRPG, en förkortning av Japanese Role Playing Game, kommer att förklaras som hastigast med referenser till andra spel inom genren.   Spelet programmerades för Android OS version 2.3 och framåt i språket Java. En av svårigheterna som påträffades, såsom beskrivs i rapporten, var att säkerställa att spelet fungerar för den varierande prestanda som mobila enheter utgör, inklusive aspekter såsom med eller utan hårdvaruacceleration av grafik, varierande mängd lagringsutrymme och processorkärnor samt storlek på skärmar. Därtill bör man vid skapandet av en applikation av denna typ beakta resurshantering, framförallt beträffande grafik och ljud, ett ämne som behandlas i denna rapport.

Title: Multi-platform Multiplayer RPG Game A multi-platform game, which would be able to run on various devices with Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 systems, was created in this work. It was supposed to be a universal game client executable on desktop PCs, notebooks, tablets or mobile phones. The game was supposed to be role-playing game (RPG) with focus on turn-based action combat. In this work, a 3D game engine was written which supports rendering simple scenes with objects and animated characters. The engine was developed using DirectX. The engine was written in .NET C# using SharpDX library. A cross-device communication framework based on bluetooth technology was implemented in this project as well. This communication framework allows two game clients running on two different devices to communicate with each other.