This study discusses how the World Trade Organization could promote the development of an international gas market by playing a more prominent role in regulating rights essential to effective pipeline gas transit. Gas transit is network-dependent in the sense that it cannot be established without the existence of pipeline infrastructure in the territory of a transit State and the ability to access this infrastructure. Nevertheless, at an inter-regional level, there are no sufficient pipeline networks that would allow gas to travel freely from a supplier to the most lucrative markets. The existing networks are often operated by either private or State-controlled vertically-integrated monopolies that are usually reluctant to release unused pipeline capacity to their potential competitors. These obstacles diminish the gains from trade for States endowed with scarce and relatively immobile natural resources, such as gas, including developing land-locked countries that rely on revenues from gas exports. These obstacles can also undermine Members’ energy security and their sustainable development achieved by shifting domestic production from dirty fuels to cleaner energy sources – namely gas. From a technical perspective, gas transit can be established by invoking what is referred to in this study as ‘third-party access’ and/or ‘capacity establishment’ rights. The first main question that this thesis analyses is, therefore, whether, and, if so, how these rights are regulated by WTO rules relevant to transit, including: GATT Article V:2 (first and second sentences) establishing the principles of freedom of transit and non-discrimination, the ‘non-violation complaint’ provision under GATT Article XXIII:1(b), and the GATS. This question has not been answered by WTO panels or examined sufficiently by scholars. The key contribution of this study to the existing academic literature on energy transit lies in the fact that this study analyses the above rules through the prism of systemic integration of WTO law sources with other relevant rules of public international law, including principles of general international law and treaties regulating transit. By contrast, previous researchers discussed the regulation of third-party access and capacity establishment rights from a limited perspective of WTO law. The second main question examined in this study is how WTO transit rules could be improved through a legislative reform to regulate particular aspects of trade in pipeline gas better – namely third-party access and capacity establishment rights. This question is answered by exploring two options: the codification of the existing principles of general international law relevant to these rights in the WTO legal system and the progressive development of WTO transit rules through the expansion of additional commitments of Members on energy services under the GATS. While this study analyses the relationship between WTO transit obligations and inherent ancillary rights (namely third-party access and capacity establishment rights) implied in these obligations in the context of trade in pipeline gas, the conclusions reached here may have practical application in other areas of network-bound trade, such as trade in electric power.

Orientador: João Batista Fogagnolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T06:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcatrao_MaurodosSantos_M.pdf: 3580618 bytes, checksum: b8c15735174b64bdbb58cb26181043c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A grande expansão da malha de duto terrestre que vem ocorrendo nos últimos anos no Brasil, principalmente com a construção de linhas únicas para o escoamento de gás natural, representa um novo desafio às equipes de manutenção. A interrupção do fornecimento de gás, devido à parada para manutenção pode representar o colapso de muitas cidades. Situações programadas de paradas operacionais são muito comuns porem envolve recursos humanos e financeiros vultosos, nem sempre disponíveis. Os riscos envolvidos no preparo e condicionamento para a retirada de operação de um gasoduto ou oleoduto, alem dos mesmos cuidados ao retorno normal às atividades requer planejamento minucioso. Nas aplicações envolvendo processos de soldagem sobre o duto em operação, isto é , com fluxo interno na forma gás ou liquido, é necessário garantir a ausência de vazamento de produto, ou seja, onde se tenha o produto totalmente confinado no interior da linha, viabilizando a execução de soldagem e, portanto, não ocorrendo à possibilidade de ignição do produto nela contido. Em uma soldagem executada diretamente sobre uma tubulação com fluxo interno é necessário considerar-se dois tipos de riscos de origem antagônica: Perfuração e trincas a frio. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a aplicação do processo de soldagem MAG mecanizado com transferência metálica por curto-circuito com controle de corrente, alternativo ao comumente utilizado, eletrodo revestido, com intuito de obtenção de maior segurança nas aplicações para baixas espessuras na parede do duto, além de almejar maior produtividade e qualidade das soldagens / Abstract: The great expansion of the onshore pipeline grid that has been occurring in recent years in Brazil, especially with the construction of single lines for the flow of natural gas, represents a new challenge to the maintenance teams. The interruption of gas supply due to maintenance downtime can represent the collapse of many cities. Scheduled stops operating situations are very common however involve financial and human resources heavily, not always available. The risks involved in the preparation and conditioning for the withdrawal of operation of a pipeline or pipeline, besides the same care to return to normal activities require careful planning. In applications involving welding process on the pipe in operation, ie, internal flow with the gas or liquid form, it is necessary to ensure no leakage of product, ie, where the product has completely confined within the line, allowing performing welding and therefore not occurring the possibility of ignition of the product contained therein. In welding performed directly on a pipe with internal flow is necessary to consider two types of risks antagonistic source: Drilling and cracking cold. The objective of this study and discuss the application of mechanized MAG welding process with metal transfer short-circuit with current control, alternative to the commonly used electrode coated with the aim of achieving greater safety in applications for low thicknesses in the duct wall , and aim for higher productivity and quality of the welds / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis deals with the geopolitical aspects resulting from the increasing EU dependence on natural gas imports from the external suppliers. In addition to the investigation into he current situation of the EU market with natural gas, nature of major suppliers is explored, the thesis tries to identify the main risks to the security of supplies, especially the possibility of politically motivated supply disruption. From a broader perspective, it scrutinizes whether the natural gas market is driven by the market-based principles and regulated by international organizations (Market and Institutions scenario) or the bilateral relations between producer and consumer are the decisive factor (Regions and Empires scenario). Furthermore, the analysis of relevant documents issued by the EU institutions is also included and the thesis aims to assess the feasibility of the single 2 European external energy policy. Finally, the thesis includes two case-studies: the first one is dealing with energy relations between Russia and Belarus and Ukraine. The second one is dedicated to the Nord Stream gas pipeline project.

This paper surveys U.S. foreign policy in the late 1970s and early 1980s as the American administration reacted to the Soviet Union's interventions in Afghanistan and Poland and to its planned gas pipeline to Western Europe. Chapter I outlines the origins of the pipeline project; Chapters II and III describe U.S. foreign policy toward the Soviets during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Chapter IV focuses on the economic sanctions imposed against the Soviet Union by the United States and their failure to block or delay the pipeline, and Chapter V stresses the inability of economic sanctions-- in this and other instances--to achieve political ends.

O assunto básico da pesquisa, como o titulo selecionado, refere-se às estruturas lineares e às faixas necessárias para sua implantação como as linhas de infra-estrutura de rodovias e demais modais de transporte, bem como a infra-estrutura de energia realizada por meio de dutos e linhas de transmissão. As partes da pesquisa selecionadas para a Tese fazem referência aos módulos que serão desenvolvidos, a saber: Primeiro Módulo: Trata dos antecedentes do projeto de pesquisa e da natureza da tipologia de infra-estrutura das estruturas lineares que estão inseridas nas malhas viárias e nas redes de energia. Segundo Módulo: A Cidade Linear sob o olhar da natureza do percurso das águas e da natureza do percurso da energia. A Ocupação de São Paulo, desde a procura do sítio sustentado, o ambiente natural, até a ocupação metropolitana. O sistema de transportes desenhando o ambiente construído até a esfera regional. Terceiro Módulo: A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental AIA na implantação de projetos de estruturas lineares, com base no conceito de impacto ambiental e as metodologias adotadas para sua quali e quantificação. Quarto Módulo: As Formas de Participação Pública são discutidas visando apontar os benefícios de seu procedimento. A participação pública no Processo de Avaliação do Projeto por meio de Técnicas de Comunicação e Audiências Públicas entre outras. Quinto Módulo: Como considerações finais os casos de empreendimentos lineares apresentados na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo são classificados de forma a buscar alternativas para futuros empreendimentos de mesma natureza. O modelo proposto para avaliação de projeto é objeto de analise. O desenvolvimento da infra-estrutura, de rodovias, ferrovias, linhas de transmissão e dutovias, estão inseridos em segmentos de redes ou malhas de energia ou transportes, as quais deverão se apropriar de corredores de grandes extensões em território que deverá ser avaliado de forma sustentável. / The research´s main subject, as seen in the title, Linear Structure Projects: Transport roads and energy trails sustentainable limits, refers to the linear structures and the lanes that are needed to its implantation like the roads structure lanes and also different kinds of transportation, transmission energy lines and pipelines. The researchs extracts selected to the Thesis, make references to the chapters that are going to be developed they are: Chapter one: Research projects previous considerations were analyzed as well as the linear structures types that are inside of all transportation and energy net. Chapter two: The linear city under the eyes of the water and energy nature course. São Paulo`s territorial occupation, since the search of sustainable place, the natural environment, until metropolitan occupation.The transport system drawing the built environment until the regional boundary. Chapter three: The Environmental Impact Assessment EIA on the implantation of linear structures projects, with basis on environmental impact concepts and suitable methodologies for quality and quantity evaluation. Chapter four: The ways of public participation are discussed aiming the benefits of its procedure. Public participation on the projects analysis process through communication techniques and public hearings among others. Chapter five: Come to conclusion after analyzing the select cases on São Paulo`s metropolitan area, alternatives were brought to discussion for a new future construction with same typologies of linear structures. A new model of project evaluation is presented. The segments of transport and energy nets must be evaluated with sustainable basis.

O assunto básico da pesquisa, como o titulo selecionado, refere-se às estruturas lineares e às faixas necessárias para sua implantação como as linhas de infra-estrutura de rodovias e demais modais de transporte, bem como a infra-estrutura de energia realizada por meio de dutos e linhas de transmissão. As partes da pesquisa selecionadas para a Tese fazem referência aos módulos que serão desenvolvidos, a saber: Primeiro Módulo: Trata dos antecedentes do projeto de pesquisa e da natureza da tipologia de infra-estrutura das estruturas lineares que estão inseridas nas malhas viárias e nas redes de energia. Segundo Módulo: A Cidade Linear sob o olhar da natureza do percurso das águas e da natureza do percurso da energia. A Ocupação de São Paulo, desde a procura do sítio sustentado, o ambiente natural, até a ocupação metropolitana. O sistema de transportes desenhando o ambiente construído até a esfera regional. Terceiro Módulo: A Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental AIA na implantação de projetos de estruturas lineares, com base no conceito de impacto ambiental e as metodologias adotadas para sua quali e quantificação. Quarto Módulo: As Formas de Participação Pública são discutidas visando apontar os benefícios de seu procedimento. A participação pública no Processo de Avaliação do Projeto por meio de Técnicas de Comunicação e Audiências Públicas entre outras. Quinto Módulo: Como considerações finais os casos de empreendimentos lineares apresentados na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo são classificados de forma a buscar alternativas para futuros empreendimentos de mesma natureza. O modelo proposto para avaliação de projeto é objeto de analise. O desenvolvimento da infra-estrutura, de rodovias, ferrovias, linhas de transmissão e dutovias, estão inseridos em segmentos de redes ou malhas de energia ou transportes, as quais deverão se apropriar de corredores de grandes extensões em território que deverá ser avaliado de forma sustentável. / The research´s main subject, as seen in the title, Linear Structure Projects: Transport roads and energy trails sustentainable limits, refers to the linear structures and the lanes that are needed to its implantation like the roads structure lanes and also different kinds of transportation, transmission energy lines and pipelines. The researchs extracts selected to the Thesis, make references to the chapters that are going to be developed they are: Chapter one: Research projects previous considerations were analyzed as well as the linear structures types that are inside of all transportation and energy net. Chapter two: The linear city under the eyes of the water and energy nature course. São Paulo`s territorial occupation, since the search of sustainable place, the natural environment, until metropolitan occupation.The transport system drawing the built environment until the regional boundary. Chapter three: The Environmental Impact Assessment EIA on the implantation of linear structures projects, with basis on environmental impact concepts and suitable methodologies for quality and quantity evaluation. Chapter four: The ways of public participation are discussed aiming the benefits of its procedure. Public participation on the projects analysis process through communication techniques and public hearings among others. Chapter five: Come to conclusion after analyzing the select cases on São Paulo`s metropolitan area, alternatives were brought to discussion for a new future construction with same typologies of linear structures. A new model of project evaluation is presented. The segments of transport and energy nets must be evaluated with sustainable basis.

The transportation of oil and gas and their products through the pipelines is a safe and economically efficient way, when compared with other methods of transportation, such as tankers, railroad, trucks, etc. Although pipelines are usually well-designed, during construction and later in service, pipelines are subjected to a variety of risks. Eventually, some sections may experience corrosion which can affect the integrity of pipeline, which poses a risk in high-pressure operations. Specifically, in pipelines with long history of operation, the size and location of the corrosion defects need to be determined so that pressure levels can be kept at safe levels, or alternatively, a decision to repair or replace the pipe section can be made. To make this decision, there are several assessment techniques available to engineers, such as ASME B31G, MB31G, DNV-RP, software code called RSTRENG. These assessment techniques help engineers predict the remaining strength of the wall in a pipe section with a corrosion defect. The corrosion assessment codes in the United States, Canada and Europe are based on ASME-B31G criterion for the evaluation of corrosion defects, established based on full-scale burst experiments on pipes containing longitudinal machined grooves, initially conducted in 1960s. Because actual corrosion defects have more complex geometries than machined grooves, an in-depth study to validate the effectiveness of these techniques is necessary. This study is motivated by this need. The current study was conducted in several stages, starting with the deformation behavior of pipe steels. In Phase 1, true-stress-true plastic strain data from the literature for X42 and X60 steel specimens were used to evaluate how well four commonly used constitutive equations, namely, those developed by Hollomon, Swift, Ludwik and Voce, fit the experimental data. Results showed that all equations provided acceptable fits. For simplicity, the Hollomon equation was selected to be used in the rest of the study. In Phase 2, a preliminary finite element modeling (FEM) study was conducted to compare two failure criteria, stress-based or strain-based, performed better. By using data from the literature for X42 and X60 pipe steels, experimental burst pressure data were compared with predicted burst pressure data, estimated based on the two failure criteria. Based on this preliminary analysis, the stress-based criterion was chosen for further FEM studies. In Phase 3, failure data from real corrosion pits in X52 pipe steels with detailed profiles were used to develop a FEM scheme, which included a simplified representation of the defect. Comparison of actual and predicted burst pressures indicated a good fit, with a coefficient of determination (R2) level of 0.959. In Phase 4, burst pressure levels were estimated for real corrosion pits for the experiments from the same study as in Phase 3, but only with corrosion pit depths and length and without corrosion widths. Widths were estimated from the data used in Phase 3, by using an empirical equation as a function of pit length. There was significant error between experimental and predicted burst pressure. Errors in Phases 3 and 4 were compared statistically. Results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in the error when the width of the corrosion pit is unknown. This finding is significant because none of the assessment techniques in the literature takes width into consideration. Subsequently, a parametric study was performed on three defect geometries from the same study in Phase 3. The pit depths and lengths were held constant but widths were changed systematically. In all cases, the effect of the pit width on burst pressure was confirmed. In Phase 5, the three assessment techniques, ASME B31G, MB31-G and DNV-RP were evaluated by using experimental test results for X52 pipe. Synthetic data for deeper pits were developed by FEM and used along with experimental data in this phase. Two types of the error were distinguished to classify defects. Type I errors (α) and Type II errors (β) were defined using Level 0 evaluation method. Results showed that although ASME B31G is the most conservative technique, it is more reliable for short defects than MB31G and DNV-RP. The least conservative technique was DNV-RP but it yielded β error, i.e., the method predicted a safe operating pressure and pipe section would fail. Therefore, DNV-RP is not recommended for assessment of steel pipes, specifically for X52 pipes.

Under the current intensive development of the world economy, there is a significant increase in integration of strategic sectors in countries towards the regional and international networks. Therefore, the potential of pipeline transport begins to take special foreign economic and geopolitical importance. The current status and development of this field is the object of an increased interest of all parties that are involved in the transport of raw materials. The more trades there are with oil and gas, the more issues related to its transport are occurred which all parties involved in the transport system faced to deal with. In the context of rapidly developing interconnection of global economies on regional level along with its undeniable reflection on international situation, it makes the functioning of already existing system of pipelines and realization of new projects related to construction of pipelines, with issues of economic, ecological and technical character that play an important role in delivering strategic energy products to world markets. At the same time the strong competition for the construction of pipeline facilities increases its geopolitical significance.

The diploma thesis is focused on the energy security of the European union, specifically on the import of natural gas. The dependence on the import of natural gas is one of the key questions for the energy security of the EU. One of the tools for dealing with this issue is diversification of the suppliers a searching for a new sources of energy to sustain the economical development of the EU. One of the goals of the EU' Energy security strategy is to lower its dependence on gas imports from Russia. In the lights of recent events, when the gas supply was disrupted a few times, because of the events on Ukraine, Russian aggression in the eastern part of Ukraine and annexation of the Crimea, EU is looking for a better alternative. The research is trying to find out what is the role of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, which will bypass Ukraine and go straight from Russia to Germany and will have impact on other Central and Eastern European countries. The question is whether the project is viable vis-a-vis energy security framework metrics and whether there are better alternatives such as the Southern Gas Corridor or the possibility to import liquified natural gas LNG from elsewhere. Apart from the energy security framework the geopolitics is taken into an account and will try to explain the power...

Разработана математическая модель управления с помощью пакета Simulink Matlab, проведена идентификация и оптимизация многоконтурной модели стабилизации температуры газа, разработаны два типа регуляторов: процорциально-интегрально-дифференциальный и нечеткий лингвистический по алгоритму Мамдани. / A mathematical control model has been developed using the Simulink Matlab package, identification and optimization of a multi-contour model of gas temperature stabilization has been carried out, two types of regulators have been developed: a percortial-integral-differential and fuzzy linguistic according to the Mamdani algorithm.