During the 2008-2009 War on Gaza between Hamas and Israel, the Arab and American media published various sensational images of this terrorist event. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and examine the ethicality of the Arab and American sensational images when covering a terrorist event perpetuated by the Other. The thesis draws on Aristotle’s theory of communication and virtue theory (fourth century B.C.), William James’s theory of truth (1907), as well as on contemporary theories, approaches and concepts in order to provide a philosophical and theoretical foundation of ethical publication of sensational images. As well, it looks into various definitions of terrorism, analyzes the Arab and American media codes of ethics, and benefits from relevant decision-making models. It has, therefore, established a theoretical model contingent to the terrorist event at stake – The Sensational Image of Terrorism Ethical Decision-Making Model (SITE-DMM). The thesis methodologically utilizes a qualitative comparative content analysis research design, analyzing a purposive sample of 144 sensational images from three Arab online media (Al-Ahram newspaper, Electronic Intifada, and Al-Jazeera.net TV); and three American online media (The New York Times newspaper, San Francisco Sentinel.com, and CNN.com TV) in order to examine the ethicality of publishing sensational images about this terrorist event in both the Arab and American media. Following a systematic analysis, guided by the suggested theoretical model – SITE-DMM, the findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the ethicality of the Arab and American sensational images during the coverage of the 2008-2009 War on Gaza.

Background: Occupational stress in nursing is common worldwide; with rates of 9.20%-68.0% of nurses suffering from stress being reported in the worldwide literature. This thesis reports an investigation into stress among hospital nurses in Gaza Strip-Palestine. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of occupational stress among hospital nurses in Gaza-Palestine and explore possible causal occupational stressors. Method: A quantitative survey design was employed, with a self-administered questionnaire pack being the data collection technique. Data were collected on psychological distress (GHQ-12), depression (SLC-D), sources of stress (NSS), trauma (IES-R) and demographic variables. Open questions were used to enable participants to describe their experiences of stressful events and enable the researcher to collect more in-depth information regarding some aspects of the stress domains. Data were analysed by SPSS using a variety of descriptive and inferential statistical methods: T-test, one way ANOVA and logistic regression were employed.Sample: The study population is the entire cohort of nurses who were working in the 16 hospitals in Gaza (1801 nurses; 985 males) during the period August 2009 through March 2010. Because of difficulties in access, only 1500 were able to receive questionnaire packs and 1133 were completed and returned (response rate=75.53%). Results: The results of this study revealed a high prevalence of psychological distress (63%, GHQ-12 cut-off=6), depression (59.7%, SCL-D cut-off=1.5) and trauma (69.4%, IES-R cut-off=35). The most severe occupational stressors were: ‘Not enough staff to adequately cover the unit’, ‘Lack of drugs and equipments required for nursing care’ and ‘Unpredictable staffing and scheduling’ respectively. The most frequent occupational stressors were: ‘Not enough staff to adequately cover the unit’, ‘Watching a patient suffer’ and ‘Lack of drugs and equipments required for nursing care’ respectively. As subscales, ‘Workload’ and ‘Death and dying’ were the most frequent and severe occupational stressors.Psychological distress was significantly associated with gender, age, experience, night shifts and extra-work. Depression was significantly associated with gender, hospital type, age, night shifts, experience and marital status. Severity of occupational stressors was significantly associated with age, night shifts, specialisation and qualifications. Frequency of occupational stressors was significantly associated with hospital type, experience specialisation and night shifts. Finally, trauma was significantly associated with hospital type, experience and night shifts. The predictors of psychological distress caseness (GHQ-12) were: depression caseness, uncertainty about treatment (severity), experience and qualifications of nurses. Protective factors were: extra work and experience of more than 15 years. Conclusion: Being a nurse in Gaza hospitals appears to be a stressful experience. More attention should be focused to develop an effective programme to reduce stress levels among Palestinian nurses in Gaza.

Nicholas Adams (1993) suggests that the destruction of the built environment and architecture of a city during war is an effective way of demoralizing and even eradicating the enemy. Goonewardena and Kipfer (2007) suggest that the built environment helps establish not only the common shared spaces in which individuals live their lives, but a sense of place and community identity. When buildings and public spaces are anthropomorphized, their destruction affects every aspect of a community. Urbicide as a tactic of urban warfare has changed the look and feel of many places such as the Balkans, Germany in World War II, and The Gaza Strip. The many faces of war have changed the landscape and homogeneity of the areas affected. Long-term, continual bombardment, precision attacks, and incursions by armies have in many cases all but destroyed the pre-existing physical environment. In its stead, is created a non-permanent built environment on the verge of destruction or change by non-civil forces. This investigation uses The Gaza Strip as a case study and looks into the impermanence of the built environment. The continual violence of change has greatly affected the resident Palestinian population. I will also examine how the temporary nature of the built environment and constant threats of change and destruction have affected everyday spaces. Although the population understands the potentially transitory nature of the structures, this does not deter them from rebuilding, when materials are available. Using data obtained from different nongovernmental organisations and aid agencies, this paper examines how repeated bombardment, precision attacks, and incursions reconfigure space, buildings and the functionality of the built environment in The Gaza Strip. Changes in the form and functionality are conceptualized as continuous processes that produce constant rounds of rebuilding. The shape and composition of the built environment is evaluated after specific bombardments, attacks and incursions in order to assess the extent and form of rebuilding. The results show that each round of destruction is followed by differing degrees of reconstruction that again restructure the look of the built environment. / Geography

This article charts the development of the Palestinian Authority from its creation as an interim authority under the Oslo Accords towards becoming a failed (quasi-)state. By 2009 ¿ 15 years after its inception and ten years after the proposed final status negotiations ¿ the PA was split between a criminalized isolated entity in Gaza under the control of Hamas and an internationally recognized ¿caretaker government¿ in the West Bank under the control of Fatah and donor-supported technocrats. The role of violence ¿ i.e. the power of ¿shock and awe¿ ¿ in the creation of this failed (quasi-)state is emphasized: Israel's 2002 military campaign, Operation Defensive Shield, the sanctions and blockade imposed after the election of Hamas in January 2006, and the violence on the Palestinian street which split the PA in two. The article concludes by arguing that the PA failed (quasi-)state is presiding over the demise of the Palestinian dream of a viable state comprising both the West Bank and Gaza.

Le conflit à Gaza de l’hiver 2008-2009 paraît au premier abord comme un conflit entre Israël et le Hamas palestinien. Mais la presse en a fait un conflit à dimension régionale et internationale. La presse s’est plus orientée vers les sujets de géopolitique et des relations internationales. Les journaux étudiés explorent pratiquement les mêmes thèmes, mais ne partagent pas toujours les mêmes conclusions. L’une des caractéristiques de la couverture faite par la presse est l’intervention des points de vue dans l’information.Les journalistes mettent souvent en évidence leurs prises de position. Du point de vue de la théorie des Relations internationales, l'action européenne, égyptienne et parfois même iranienne est dictée par une approche réaliste des relations internationales favorisant le dialogue et le partage des intérêts. Alors que l'action des États-Unis de l'époque de George BUSH fils à une approche idéaliste, idéologique et rigide qui exclut tous les acteurs étatiques ou non étatiques de la résolution de ce conflit. Le conflit s’est déroulé dans un contexte international privé d'autorité suprême qui impose l'ordre, l'ONU n'ayant qu'un rôle humanitaire lors de ce conflit. Le conflit prend une dimension autre que politique, une partie des intervenants soulignent une dimension religieuse, voire l’enjeu de civilisation.La presse manque de recul et d’analyse historique. Elle ne contextualise pas les évènements. C’est une constatation sur le conflit israélo-palestinien en général. En fin, la presse accorde une part importante au conflit à Gaza malgré la désaffection d’un nombre de plus en plus élevé de Français. Ce constat pousse la presse à donner de moins en moins de visibilité à ce conflit. / The conflict in Gaza in the winter of 2008-2009 seems at first primarily as a conflict between Israel and the Palestinian Hamas. But the press has given it regional and international dimensions. The press is more oriented towards the subjects of geopolitics and international relations. The newspapers studied generally explore the same subjects, but do not always share the same conclusions. One of the characteristics by the press is the intervention of the viewpoints in information. Journalists frequently expose their positions. From the point of view of International Relations theory, European, Egyptian and even Iranian action isdictated by a realistic approach to international relations for dialogue and distribution of interests. While the action of the United States (from the time of George BUSH son) is an idealistic approach, ideological and rigid which excludes all actors (state and non-state) from the resolution of this conflict. The conflict took place in an international context deprived from supreme authority that imposes order. UN has an only humanitarian role in that conflict. The conflict takes on a dimension other than political. Part of the authors gives it a religious dimension, even the issue of civilization. Press has an deficiency of perspective and historical analysis. It does not contextualize the events. This is a situation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in general. At the end, the press gives an interest in the conflict in Gaza despite the disaffection of a highly increasing number among the French. This observation leads to the release of less visibility to this conflict.

Jusqu’en 451, la plupart des moines sont des ascètes urbains et suburbains. Ils vivent d’une manière autonome, empiètent volontiers sur les prérogatives des clercs et constituent une concurrence à l’autorité des évêques. Après le concile de Chalcédoine, les ascètes commencent à migrer vers les déserts proches de Jérusalem et de Gaza. Le succès de l’érémitisme et la rupture de certains avec le pouvoir épiscopal rallié au dogme chalcédonien sont les deux facteurs principaux de cette transformation du monachisme. Le problème de la soumission des moines à l’autorité épiscopale se déplace alors de la cité au désert. La fin du Ve siècle marque un tournant majeur dans le monachisme de Gaza et de Jérusalem. A partir de cette période, il évolue définitivement vers des usages conformes aux canons chalcédoniens sous l’impulsion des patriarches de Jérusalem et de leurs opposants gaziotes. Les fondations privées et publiques de grands koinobia dans le désert et l’émergence de « patrons » d’ermites qui financent des laures placent les moins sous le contrôle d’higoumènes eux-mêmes soumis à l’évêque. Les monastères se multiplient alors rapidement dans la première moitié du Vie siècle. Leur succès est accéléré par la montée de l’insécurité dans le désert et la démocratisation du mode de vie érémitique qu’ils permettent. Les pouvoirs civils et religieux sont donc parvenus à faire rentrer progressivement les moines dans un « carcan » que les lois de Justinien achèvent de formaliser. L’émergence d’un monachisme organisé et centralisé entraîne aussi son intégration définitive dans les structures du pouvoir byzantin, tout en assignant à l’autorité charismatique une place qui reste ambiguë. / Until 451 AD, most of the monks were urban and suburban ascetics. They lived independently, willingly impinged on the prerogatives of the clergy and were in competition for the bishops’ authority. After the Council of Chalcedon, ascetics began to migrate to the desert near Jerusalem and Gaza. The success of the anchoritic way of life and the severance of some monks with episcopal power rallied to Chalcedonian dogma are the two main factors in the monastic change. The problem of the monks’ submission to the episcopal authority moved therefore from the city to the desert. The late 5th century marked a major turning point for monasticism of Gaza and Jerusalem. From this moment, it definitely evolved towards practices consistent with Chalcedonian dogma under the pulse of patriarchs of Jerusalem and their Gaza opponents. Private and public foundations of large koinobia in the desert and the emergence of “patrons” of hermits who funded laurae placed monks under the control of abbots who were themselves subjected to bishops. Monasteries then multiplied rapidly in the first half of the 6th century. Their success was accelerated by the growing insecurity in the desert and democratization of anchoritic way of life they allowed. Therefore, civil and religious powers were able to gradually bring the monks in a “straitjacket” which was completely formalized by the Justinian laws. The emergence of an organized and centralized monasticism also entailed its final integration into the structures of the Byzantine power, while assigning the charismatic authority an ambiguous place

Essa dissertação tem como objetivos a tradução ao português brasileiro e o estudo de duas declamações, quais sejam O jovem herói (Decl. 5) e O velho sovina (Decl. 6), creditados a Corício de Gaza, um professor de retórica cuja produção se situou na primeira metade do séc. VI d.C. Primeiramente, apresentam-se as traduções. Em seguida, o estudo, que é dividido em dois blocos: o primeiro capítulo busca contextualizar o corpus tendo em vista a conjuntura histórico-literária na qual ambas as declamações se inserem. O segundo capítulo corresponde à analise descritiva e interpretativa das principais características estilísticas, linguística e argumentativa de ambos os textos. / The main goals of this research are the translation into Brazilian Portuguese and an introductory study of two declamations, The Young Hero (Decl. 5) and The Miser Old Man (Decl. 6), credited to Choricius, a teacher of rhetoric who worked and lived in the 6th century Gaza. Firstly, I present the translation, then the study, which is divided into two sections: in the first chapter I contextualize both declamations historically and in the literary sense. In the second chapter I present a descriptive and interpretative analysis of the main stylistic, linguistic and argumentative characteristics of both texts.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivos a tradução ao português brasileiro e o estudo de duas declamações, quais sejam O jovem herói (Decl. 5) e O velho sovina (Decl. 6), creditados a Corício de Gaza, um professor de retórica cuja produção se situou na primeira metade do séc. VI d.C. Primeiramente, apresentam-se as traduções. Em seguida, o estudo, que é dividido em dois blocos: o primeiro capítulo busca contextualizar o corpus tendo em vista a conjuntura histórico-literária na qual ambas as declamações se inserem. O segundo capítulo corresponde à analise descritiva e interpretativa das principais características estilísticas, linguística e argumentativa de ambos os textos. / The main goals of this research are the translation into Brazilian Portuguese and an introductory study of two declamations, The Young Hero (Decl. 5) and The Miser Old Man (Decl. 6), credited to Choricius, a teacher of rhetoric who worked and lived in the 6th century Gaza. Firstly, I present the translation, then the study, which is divided into two sections: in the first chapter I contextualize both declamations historically and in the literary sense. In the second chapter I present a descriptive and interpretative analysis of the main stylistic, linguistic and argumentative characteristics of both texts.

La recherche historique concernant Gaza et sa région s’est limitée longtemps aux seules sources écrites. S’y sont ajoutées récemment des découvertes archéologiques grâce aux fouilles du site de Blakhiyah sur le littoral, une collection privée particulièrement riche et un trésor monétaire découvert à Rafah. C’est à l’appui de l’ensemble de ces découvertes et en reprenant l’ensemble de la documentation existante que l’histoire de Gaza et sa région sont revues en rassemblant l’ensemble des informations numismatiques, littéraires et archéologiques de ce nouveau matériel. En particulier pour les périodes perses et hellénistiques l’apport documentaire de la numismatique permet d’envisager une place spécifique de Gaza comme un atelier d’émission monétaire spécifique, à rayonnement local par des frappes aux types locaux, et à rayonnement plus vaste par des frappes aux types athéniens. Par ailleurs, les découvertes numismatiques et archéologiques ainsi mises au jour permettent d’entrevoir une dimension ancienne et approfondie des relations entre la cité et le monde arabe, ainsi que le rôle de ces relations pour la période hasmonéenne et romaine. / Historical research concerning Gaza and its region has long been limited to written sources. Archeological discoveries have recently been added to it thanks to different sources : the excavation of the Blakhiyah site on the coast, a particularly rich private collection and a monetary hoard discovered in Rafah. It is in support of all these discoveries and by taking up all the existing documentation that the history of Gaza and its region are reviewed by gathering all the numismatic, literary and archaeological information of this new equipment. Particularly for the Persian and Hellenistic periods, the documentary contribution of numismatics makes it possible to envisage a specific place in Gaza as a specific currency issuing workshop, with local influence by strikes to local types, and with a wider radiation by Athenian type strikes. In addition, the numismatic and archaeological discoveries thus uncovered allow to glimpse an old and deep dimension of the relations between the city and the Arab world, as well as the role of these relations during the Hasmonean and Roman period.

A news story is built up by certain indicators that tell the reader where and at what time the story takes place, who participates in it, and of course, what has happened. Most of them also contain a complicated action, that changes the normal condition into a new one, as well as an outlook on the possible consequences the incident might have led to. The way a story is told, what is said and what is being left out, could have an effect on our thoughts, attitudes and opinions. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a subject that is extensively covered by the media with varying content of information. It developed into yet another war in the summer of 2014, and two of Sweden’s biggest newspapers, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, published hundreds of articles from the ongoing events in the Middle East. A total of 40 of these articles have been analyzed in this study. By using a method of narrative analysis which reveal the indicators first mentioned in this abstract, the author has been able to see the differences and similarities between the newspapers’ articles from the war. The differences in the way the events are told could have an effect people’s opinon and attitudes towards the opposite sides of the conflict.